Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Research Articles

Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from Patchouli Extracted via Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC-CO2) Extraction.

Patchouli extracts and oils extracted from Pogostemon cablin are essential raw material for the perfume and cosmetics industries, in addition to being used as a natural additive for food flavoring. Steam distillation is a standard method used for plant extraction. However, this method causes thermal degradation of some essential components of the oil. In this study, patchouli was extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) under different conditions of pressure (10–30 MPa) and temperature (40–80 °C). The chemical components of the crude extracted oil and the functional group were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide was shown to provide a higher yield (12.41%) at a pressure of 20 MPa and a temperature of 80 °C. Patchouli alcohol, Azulene, δ-Guaiene, and Seychellene are the main bioactive compounds that GC-MS results have identified. FTIR spectra showed alcohol, aldehyde, and aromatic ring bond stretching peaks. Extraction of patchouli with supercritical carbon dioxide provided a higher yield and a better quality of the crude patchouli oil.

Supercritical Fluid Extraction with CO2 of Curcuma longa L. in Comparison to Conventional Solvent Extraction.

Curcuma longa L. is a traditional medicinal and spice plant containing a variety of lipophilic active substances with promising therapeutic properties. In this work, the solvent properties of supercritical carbon dioxide in a pressure and temperature range of 75–425 bar and 35–75 °C were investigated when Curcuma longa rhizomes were extracted. The three main curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, together with the three main constituents of the essential oil, i.e., ar-turmerone, α-turmerone, and β-turmerone, were analyzed in the resulting extracts. For statistical evaluation, experiments were performed employing a full factorial design, in which flow rate, extraction time, and drug load were kept constant. Within the given conditions, the experimental design revealed an optimum yield of all aforementioned substances, when supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was performed at 425 bar and 75 °C. For comparison, solvent extracts using methanol and n-hexane were prepared and their main components were characterized using LC-MS. The stability of the extracts was monitored upon storage for 6 months at 22 and 40 °C under protection from light. The decomposition of individual compounds was mainly observed in the presence of residual water in the extracts.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from round kumquat (Fortunella japonica) peel using supercritical CO2 extraction

In this study, the highest oil yield of kumquat peel essential oil extraction of 3.89±0.03% was achieved under the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction condition including 250 bars, 50°C, fluid rate of 20 g/min and 120 min of extraction. Limonene comprising 39.25% was the main component of the oil. It showed 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) cation radical (ABTS•+) scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value of 25.29±0.17mM Trolox equivalent (mM TE)/g dry weight and 6.25±0.15 mM TE/g dry weight, 4565 and 4623 folds lower than those of vitamin C, respectively. Inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of pure oil equaled to that of (i) 9.2 µg/mL Ampicillin solution against Bacillus subtilis, (ii) 23.4 µg/mL Ampicillin solution against Staphylococcus aureus, (iii) 7.2 µg/mL Streptomycin solution against Klebsiella pneumoniae, (iv) 35.1 µg/mL Amikacin solution against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and (v) 37.7 µg/mL Amikacin solution against Proteus mirabilis. Meanwhile, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of the oil was 5 mg/mL for B. subtilis and 10 mg/mL for the rest bacteria.

Combined supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and chromatography of the algae fatty linoleic and linolenic acid

Combined supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and chromatography of the algae fatty linoleic and linolenic acid

Phytocosmetic Containing Pink Pepper Extracts Obtained by Sustainable Extraction.

Pink pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) has high potential for commercial use because of its biological activities (anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antioxidant activities, among others). Herein, the antioxidant activity of a topical formulation containing pink pepper extract obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction is reported. The effects of extraction pressure (100-300 bar) and temperature (40-60 °C) on its antioxidant activity were investigated. The extracts obtained at 50-60 °C showed a higher inhibition percentage in the α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay (80.16-91.27 %), regardless of pressure. The extract obtained under optimized conditions (200 bar and 50 °C) was incorporated into an oil-in-water emulsion containing 2 % (m/m) pink pepper extract. The product presented a creamy texture, light rose color, mild spicy odor, and desirable pH for a topical formulation. Furthermore, the product was stable and remained effective when stored and protected from heat and light, showing 35.38 % inhibition of DPPH.

Parrotia persica Yellow and Amber Leaves’ Lipophilic Phytochemicals Obtained by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was used for the extraction of Parrotia persica yellow and amber leaves. The lipophilic phytochemicals present in the analyzed leaves were as follows: neophytadiene, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, octadecanal, 1-octadecanol, phytol, squalene and α-tocopherol. α-cadinol was present in yellow and β-sitosterol in amber leaves. The Box–Behnken design was used for the optimization of pressure, temperature and CO2 flow rate and response surface methodology for the total extraction yield and α-tocopherol relative amount. The total extraction yield was 1.62% for yellow and 1.52% for amber leaves. The α-tocopherol relative amount was 80.03 mg per 100 g of dry plant material for yellow leaves and 315.30 mg per 100 g of dry plant material for amber leaves. The effects of temperature and CO2 flow rate were found to have a significant influence on the total extraction yield for both plant materials analyzed. The effects of pressure and temperature significantly influenced the α-tocopherol relative amount in both plant materials used. The optimum extraction conditions for the total extraction yield were 30 MPa, 40 °C and 3 kg·h−1 CO2 flow rate for both plant samples. In the case of the α-tocopherol relative amount, the optimum temperature was 40 °C, while the pressure and CO2 flow rate were slightly different. The predicted values matched well with the experimental values for the total extraction yield and α-tocopherol relative amount in all plant materials used for the experiment.

Solubility of Rosmarinic Acid in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction from Orthosiphon stamineus Leaves

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is present in a broad variety of plants, including those in the Lamiaceae family, and has a wide range of pharmacological effects, particularly antioxidant activity. To extract RA from Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) leaves, a Lamiaceae plant, a suitable extraction process is necessary. The present study used a green extraction method of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) extraction with the addition of ethanol as a modifier to objectively measure and correlate the solubility of RA from OS leaves. The solubility of RA in SCCO2 was determined using a dynamic extraction approach, and the solubility data were correlated using three density-based semi-empirical models developed by Chrastil, del Valle-Aguilera, and Gonzalez. Temperatures of 40, 60, and 80 °C and pressures of 10, 20, and 30 MPa were used in the experiments. The maximum RA solubility was found at 80 °C and 10 MPa with 2.004 mg of rosmarinic acid/L solvent. The RA solubility data correlated strongly with the three semi-empirical models with less than 10% AARD. Furthermore, the fastest RA extraction rate of 0.0061 mg/g min−1 was recorded at 80 °C and 10 MPa, and the correlation using the Patricelli model was in strong agreement with experimental results with less than 15% AARD.

The Current State and Prospects for the Use of Herbal Medicines for Wound-Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Action in Kazakhstan: A Literature Review

BACKGROUND: As dosage forms, oils, drops, ointments, solutions, films, and suppositories represent phytopreparations for external use. The use of the drug “Kyzyl mai” in clinical practice pursues the achievement of wound-healing (including anti-burn effect), anti-inflammatory, reparative, metabolic, antibacterial, antiviral, and analgesic effects. AIM: We aimed to analyze the range of soft dosage forms in the form of suppositories with herbal components in their composition, used as anti-inflammatory and wound-healing agents. METHODS: The design in this study was a literature review article. Search for articles using relevant ones obtained from data based on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar obtained 283 articles. RESULTS: There are 12 articles that are relevant and discuss their content and use in the health. CONCLUSION: This review presents new dosage forms have been created – medicinal film “Fiadent,” medicinal film “Normophyt,” medicinal film with Piyavit. On the basis of chamomile extract obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, the optimal composition and technological scheme for the production of anti-inflammatory suppositories for use in proctology have been developed. The article describes a literature review of suppositories of anti-inflammatory action based on essential oil of balsamic poplar buds which have been developed.

Component Composition and Biological Activity of Various Extracts of Onosma gmelinii (Boraginaceae).

Onosma roots are widely used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases throughout the world. In this study, for the first time, we investigated the component composition and biological activity of various extracts from the roots of Onosma gmelinii collected in the highlands of the Kakpakty Mountains of the Almaty region (Republic of Kazakhstan). Extracts were obtained by three different methods: percolation extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The component composition of the extracts was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), naphthoquinones by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and spectrophotometric method. In this study, the presence of shikonin and its derivatives in the extracts was confirmed. The concentration of naphthoquinones during CO2 extraction was about 40%, during ultrasonic extraction about 3%, and during percolation extraction about 1.3%. The GC-MS method identified 69 chemical compounds in the ultrasonic extract, 46 compounds in the CO2 extract, and 51 compounds in the percolation extract. The extracts were tested on a panel of bacteria and viruses: two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027); nine Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538-P, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-39, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 51625, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615, Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC BAA-660, Enterococcus hirae ATCC 10541, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51575, Enterococcus faecium ATCC 700221); and two fungal species (Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida albicans ATCC 2091); five subtypes of influenza virus A (A/FPV/Weybridge/78 (H7N7), A/Swine/Iowa/15/30 (H1N1), A/black-headed gull/Atyrau/743/04 (H13N6), A/FPV/Rostock/1934 (H7N1), A/Almaty/8/98 (H3N2)). The root extracts of Onosma gmelinii showed antibacterial activity in different degrees against all tested Gram-positive bacterial strains, while no inhibitory effect on Gram-negative bacteria was observed. The results indicated that the ultrasonic extract effectively inhibits the growth of the majority of tested Gram-positive bacteria (MBC from 18.3 to 293.0 µg/mL). CO2 extract had the greatest bactericidal activity (MBC from 0.1 to 24.4 µg/mL). Percolation extract insignificantly inhibited bacterial growth (MBC from 2343.8 to 4687.5 µg/mL). CO2 extract and ultrasonic extract significantly reduced the activity of C. albicans. The results of the antiviral action showed that the ultrasonic extract has the greatest effectiveness against different subtypes of the influenza virus A, while other extracts did not show significant activity.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of squalene rich cod liver oil: Optimization, characterization and functional properties

Cod liver oil (CLO) was extracted using conventional hexane and pressing methods or ecofriendly supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). The extraction main parameters including temperature (A), pressure (B), and CO2 flow rate (C) were optimized using response surface methodology. The oil chemical composition, safety, thermostability, and biological properties were characterized. The optimized SC-CO2 extraction conditions were A = 49 °C, B = 29.9 MPa, and C = 4.97 mL/min. Time-dependent extraction curves revealed a 68%, 85%, and 89% CLO recovery in 5, 15, and 20 h, respectively. SC-CO2-extracted oil contained the highest squalene (≈150 µg/mL) and vitamins D and K concentrations and the lowest toxic heavy metal levels. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that SC-CO2-extracted oil was more susceptible to thermal degradation because of its high purity. SC-CO2-extracted CLO exhibited radical scavenging and antimicrobial functions and was cytotoxic for cancer cells suggesting its potential use in the nutraceutical industry and novel functional material designs.

Microalgal fractionation for lipids, pigments and protein recovery

Microalgae fractionation was investigated combining supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of lipids and pigments and protein extraction from the residues, on Chlorella vulgaris and Nannochloropsis oculata. The results indicated that for N. oculata, chlorophyll (a) is extracted rapidly and selectively apart from Chlorophyll (b), representing 34% and 0.41% in 30 min at 450 bar and 50 °C and up to 43% and 0.48% at 750 bar at the same time and temperature, respectively. The extraction profile of chlorophyll (a) is similar to of neutral lipids. For C. vulgaris, the results emphasized the importance of adding a co-solvent during the supercritical extraction to achieve 30% of chlorophyll (a), while the extraction of other pigments was lower especially for chlorophyll (b) extraction yield reaching 0.1% of its total content. Then for the second time, the extraction of proteins was studied on N. oculata delipidated cake. The results showed that the higher the level of delipidation, the higher the extraction yield, with an increase from 54% for crude cake to 73% for delipidated cake.

Extraction and encapsulation of squalene-rich cod liver oil using supercritical CO2 process for enhanced oxidative stability

We produced squalene-rich cod liver oil (CLO) and solid-lipid particles (SLP) were produced using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction and gas saturated solutions (PGSS) processes respectively. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used for encapsulation. The encapsulation yield and efficiency (EE) of the SLPs obtained from the oil under 25 MPa, 4:20 (SCO:PEG, w/w) condition, were 71.13 % ± 0.44 % and, EE 35.52 % ± 0.22 %, respectively. The optimum conditions included 25 MPa, 4:20 (SCO:PEG, w/w), the bulk density and tapped density of the SLPs were 0.30 ± 0.02 and, 0.33 ± 0.02 g/cm3, respectively. The corresponding Carr’s index (CI) value was the lowest at 9.09 ± 0.97 and the smallest particle size was 315.83 µm with 9-PEG, making it suitable for commercial applications. Microencapsulated CLO was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Upon evaluation, the antioxidant activity of squalene was enhanced with 9-PEG at ABTS+ 142.60 ± 5.71 mgTE/g and, DPPH 30.38 ± 1.44 mgTE/g. Encapsulated CLO (22.50 ± 0.30 meq/kg) showed improved oxidative stability than bare CLO. Therefore, encapsulation of functional oils obtained via SC-CO2 extraction using PGSS process inhibits oxidation and facilitates its commercial applications.

A comparison of the performance of conventional and eco-friendly extraction methods in the evaluation of total phenolics, antioxidant activity, and chemical composition of anise

ABSTRACT In this work, the essential oil of Pimpinella anisum seeds was obtained by six different extraction methods. In the chemical composition analysis, 4, 6, 4, 1, 20, and 8 compounds were detected in the extracts obtained by Soxhlet, Ultrasonic-assisted (UAE), hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus (HDC), subcritical water extraction (SWE), supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (ScCO2) using three solvents (methanol (ScCO2-Met), ethanol (ScCO2-Et), and hexane (ScCO2-H)) and supercritical 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (ScR134a) methods, respectively. Also, the performances of the applied methods were compared by analysing the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of the extracts. Anethole was the main component of all extracts obtained by SWE (94.5%) and Soxhlet (94.5%) methods, respectively. Also, TPC values were the highest (508.5 mg GAE/100 g kb) in ScR134a extract and the lowest (27.77 mg GAE/100 g kb) in HDC extracts. The antioxidant capacity was found to be the highest in ScCO2-H (IC50 = 1.58 mg/mL) and the lowest in Soxhlet extracts (IC50 = 0.07 mg/mL). The results showed the great effectiveness of eco-friendly extraction SWE, ScCO2-Et, and ScR134a methods.

Supercritical CO2 Extract from Microalga Tetradesmus obliquus: The Effect of High-Pressure Pre-Treatment.

High-pressure pre-treatment followed by supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) extraction (300 bar, 40 °C) was applied for the attainment of the lipophilic fraction of microalga Tetradesmus obliquus. The chemical profile of supercritical extracts of T. obliquus was analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (UHPLC-ESI-HRMS). Moreover, the impact of ScCO2 on the microbiological and metal profile of the biomass was monitored. The application of the pre-treatment increased the extraction yield approximately three-fold compared to the control. In the obtained extracts (control and pre-treated extracts), the identified components belonged to triacylglyceroles, fatty acid derivatives, diacylglycerophosphocholines and diacylglycerophosphoserines, pigments, terpenes, and steroids. Triacylglycerols (65%) were the most dominant group of compounds in the control extract. The pre-treatment decreased the percentage of triacylglycerols to 2%, while the abundance of fatty acid derivatives was significantly increased (82%). In addition, the pre-treatment led to an increase in the percentages of carotenoids, terpenoids, and steroids. Furthermore, it was determined that ScCO2 extraction reduced the number of microorganisms in the biomass. Considering its microbiological and metal profiles, the biomass after ScCO2 can potentially be used as a safe and important source of organic compounds.

Valorization of brewer’s spent grain by consecutive supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis

The double effect of supercritical carbon dioxide, sc-CO2, in a biorefinery concept applied to brewer’s spent grain (BSG) was assessed in this work. Extraction conditions to remove and valorize the lipophilic fraction were studied (20–40 MPa and 40–80 °C) obtaining a maximum yield of 5.70 ± 0.07 g/100 gBSG at 80 °C and 40 MPa. High pressures and temperatures resulted in higher content of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds, as well as higher antioxidant capacity. It was observed an improvement of the enzymatic hydrolysis yield by cellulase in the sc-CO2 treated BSG compared to the non-treated. This improvement could be partially attributed to the removal of the lipid fraction and to morphological changes of BSG after sc-CO2. Based on this double benefit, sc-CO2 can play an important role on biomass valorization.

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Vegetable Oils: Retrospective and Prospects

AbstractSupercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) extraction is projected as one of the most viable alternatives to conventional hexane extraction due to its density‐dependent solvent power, low viscosity, moderately high diffusion coefficient, and low‐temperature operative conditions. Demands for retention of bioactive compounds in oils like wheat germ oil, rice bran oil, almond oil, etc., are increasing and that can be easily met up by this alternative solvent. Solvent extraction of oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid, like flaxseed oil, microbial oil, etc., is highly sensitive. Prolonged heating during removal of solvent often leads to degradation of essential fatty acids. As the phase change is done by changing the pressure, the use of SC‐CO2 overcomes such issues. It is quite evident that degumming, one of the processing steps in refining of vegetable oils, will not be required if SC‐CO2 is used for extraction. Moreover, in some other cases, bioactive compounds will be retained in the de‐fatted meal and can be recovered with better purity. All these factors will add to the overall economy. A detailed review of the application of SC‐CO2 for the extraction of vegetable oils—the initial reports, current status, and future prospectsis presented in this paper.Practical applications: In recent years, the oils and fats industry has gone through several technological advancements and the most important of them was shifting to physical refining process from highly polluting chemical process. The industry may see another major change in the extraction process in the near future. Hexane has been enlisted as a hazardous air pollutant as per the Clean Air Act, 1990. Recent reports show that hexane may have some role even in ozone layer depletion. Scientists are looking forward to alternatives. SC‐CO2 has emerged as one of the most suitable alternatives. The large capital investment required for the installation of SC‐CO2‐based extraction plants was a major drawback. However, ready availability of critical machineries and advancements in terms of automation has brought down the capital expenditure significantly. The utilization of superior quality by‐products generated by the process of SC‐CO2 extraction may be an added advantage for the overall economy of the process.

Supercritical CO2 extraction of bioactive compounds from local Peganum Harmala plant seeds and optimization of the extraction yield and the antioxidant activities

A great variety of natural plants provide an important source of bioactive compounds having interesting applications in sensitive fields like food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, particularly with the development of the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Therefore the present study focused on the study of this technique to extract valuable bioactive substances from seeds of a local natural plant known as Peganum harmala. The properties of the extracts were also considered, particularly insisting on the antioxidant activity potential. The extraction yield was optimized and the corresponding operating conditions were determined. A Box-Behnken statistical design was used to investigate the effect of operating parameters like pressure, temperature and particle size at a fixed supercritical CO2 flow rate of 50 g min−1 for an extraction time of 180 min. Furthermore, the total antioxidant activity of the plant extracts was assessed using the 2, 2-diphényl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method whereas the Response surface methodology (RSM) combined with Box-Behnken design was used for the optimization of process key parameters. The highest extraction yield was achieved at a pressure of 300 bar, a temperature of 55 °C and a particle size of 0.3 mm. A maximum total phenolic content (TPC) and a 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of 79.04 mg GAE/g E and 172.199 μg/mL, respectively were obtained at 100 bar and 35 °C for a particle size of 0.9 mm, whereas a total flavonoid content of 7.10 mg QE/g E was obtained still at 35 °C and for a particle size of 0.9 mm but at a pressure of 170.7 bar. Finally supercritical CO2 extraction showed to be an efficient technology, creating an added value through bioactive compounds with targeted properties like the antioxidant activity.

Process Optimization for Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Origanum vulgare L. Essential Oil Based on the Yield, Carvacrol, and Thymol Contents.

Origanum vulgare L. essential oil (OEO) is widely known for its good biological activity, but different extraction methods with significant implications on the yield of OEO and the content of the thymol and carvacrol. As an efficient method for extracting essential oils (EO), the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SC-CO2) can improve the yield of EOs while protecting their main active components from loss. In this study, the process optimization of SC-CO2 of OEO was carried out. The effects of extraction pressure, temperature, time, and modifier concentration on the composite score of OEO extraction process were investigated. Response surface analysis was performed using a Box-Behnken design with three levels and four independent variables. Steam distillation (SD) and lipophilic solvents (n-hexane) extraction (LSE) were compared with SC-CO2 for OEO yields. OEOs extracted by the three methods were qualitatively and semi-quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. The results showed that extraction pressure was the most significant factor affecting the OEO yield, thymol, and carvacrol content. In the optimal conditions (pressure: 217 bar, temperature: 54°C, time: 2 h, modifier concentration: 14%), the yield of OEO reached up to 1.136%, and the contents of thymol and carvacrol reached 53.172 and 41.785 mg/g, respectively. SC-CO2 was the best extraction method compared to the other two methods. Under the optimal conditions, yield and the content of main components can be effectively improved. It can provide a theoretical basis for the industrial extraction of OEO. Taking the comprehensive score as the index, the interaction between the four independent variables in the supercritical fluid extraction process was evaluated by the response surface method. The effects of extraction parameters on the yield of EOs and the contents of thymol and carvacrol were comprehensively investigated.

Optimization of extraction process parameters of caffeic acid from microalgae by supercritical carbon dioxide green technology

PurposeIn this study, the optimization of extraction process parameters of caffeic acid content from Spirulina platensis is performed by supercritical green technology.MethodsEspecially, the optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction parameters was carried out employing Box-Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM). Alongside, the three levels of extraction parameters i.e. extraction pressure, extraction time and temperature have been fixed. As a response, the caffeic acid content of the extracts was determined by HPLC. The statistical analysis (ANOVA) of developed mathematical models was used in the process.ResultsThe extract exhibited the highest content of caffeic acid as 72.11 µg/g of dw at the optimized extraction conditions of 360.08 bar pressure for 57.13 min extraction time at 38.31 °C temperature. Simultaneously this extract exhibited the highest content of total phenolic content (76.87 µg GAE/g dw), reducing power (2278 µg BHT/g dw), FRAP value (4.19 mM FeSO4 equivalent/g dw) and IC50 for DPPH activity (89.28 µg/mL).ConclusionIt has been also noted that supercritical fluid extract can significantly retard the growth of microorganisms in litchi beverage. Consequently, we can also predict that isolated SC-CO2 antioxidant containing fraction would have hopeful for foodstuff preservative.

Quantification of Curcumin Obtained from Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Curcuma domestica Valet. Rhizomes

Background: Curcumin is well known bioactive compound available in Curcuma domestica Valet i.e. turmeric. The research work was carried with intention to get maximum yield of medicinally active constituents (Curcumin) of Curcuma domestica Valet. rhizomes through supercritical fluid extraction. Methods: The experiments were conducted in the year 2013-14. Process parameters namely pressure, temperature, flow rate and particle size were optimized using a Taguchi method. During investigation, L9 orthogonal array experimental design was followed. Result: The optimized values of pressure, temperature, flow rate and particle size obtained were 35 MPa, 40°C, 25 g/min and 0.246 mm, respectively. Significant improvement in the yield of curcumin and extract was obtained under optimum operating conditions.