Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Method Research Articles

Field Assessment of Lamium album in Reducing Mycotoxin Biosynthesis in Winter Wheat Infected by Fusarium culmorum

Fungicides play a crucial role in conventional agriculture for disease control, but their prolonged use raises health and environmental concerns. Fusarium culmorum (F. culmorum), a major wheat pathogen causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Fusarium crown rot (FCR), poses significant mycotoxigenic threats. The application of natural plant extracts has been proven to fight against phytopathogenic fungi. This study aimed to a field experiment that was carried out at the Field Experimental Station of the Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute in Winna Góra, Poland, during the 2022/2023 season to evaluate the potential of Lamium album (L. album) flower extract as a foliar spray against mycotoxigenic fungi in two winter wheat varieties: Arkadia and Julius. The supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method (SC-CO2) was employed to obtain the L. album flower extract. Ergosterol (ERG) and mycotoxin accumulation in the harvested wheat grains were analyzed using chromatography-based methods. The results demonstrated a notable reduction in ERG content in the field plots treated with L. album flower extract, from 26.07 µg/g (control group) to 8.91 µg/g (extract-treated group) for Arkadia and from 70.02 µg/g (control group) to 30.20 µg/g (extract-treated group) for Julius. The treatment with L. album reduced mycotoxin biosynthesis in both varieties, with deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) production significantly decreased. Additionally, Arkadia exhibited greater resistance to Fusarium infection, and the antifungal effect of L. album was more pronounced than in the Julius variety, which proved to be more sensitive. In conclusion, L. album flower extract exhibited promising antifungal effects in field experiments to fight against F. culmorum in winter wheat varieties, suggesting a potential alternative to synthetic fungicides. However, as complete prevention of mycotoxin contamination was not achieved, further research is warranted to optimize extract concentrations and conduct long-term analyses to consider this plant extract as a sustainable control agent.

Essential Oils of Taxodium distichum Winter Leaves Obtained by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Method and Hydrodistillation

The extraction of Taxodium distichum needles was done using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and hydrodistillation. SC CO2 extraction of T. distichum winter leaves was conducted at different pressures and temperatures using a central composite rotatable design. The optimal extraction conditions concerning the yield and α-tocopherol relative amount were determined by response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for the highest extraction yield of 3.97% were at 17.79 MPa and 62.70 °C and the highest α-tocopherol relative amount of 85.99 mg per 100 g of the plant material was at 22.07 MPa and 35.86 °C. The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation contained 62 compounds and (-)-caryophyllene oxide was dominant (55.55%). The T. distichum essential oil obtained by SC CO2 extraction and hydrodistillation had a different composition. The desirable compounds influence the choice of the extraction method.

A comparative study of conventional and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction methods for the recovery of bioactive compound from Lion’s Mane mushroom (Hericium erinaceus)

Lion’s Mane mushroom (Hericium erinaceus), LM, is a medicinal mushroom which has various bioactive compounds within its fruiting bodies. However, during the cultivation, a large amount of the irregular-shape LM (Ir-LM) was generated. This mushroom type was considered a mushroom by-product. In this study, conventional solvent extraction (Maceration) and supercritical fluid extraction using carbon dioxide (SCFE-CO2) were performed to compare the recovery of ergosterol, hericenone C, and hericene A content from Reg-LM and Ir-LM fruiting bodies. Furthermore, two extraction conditions (40°C at 200 bar and 70°C at 350 bar) were conducted for the SCFE-CO2technique. The results showed that SCFE-CO2methods produced a higher recovery of ergosterol and hericenone C as compared to the Maceration techniques. SCFE-CO2extracts were determined for their antioxidant activities. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract from 70°C at 350 bar was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the extract obtained from 40°C at 200 bar. The results revealed the use of green technology supercritical fluid extraction using carbon dioxide to recover bioactive compounds from mushroom by-products and apply for high-value added products.

Fast discrimination of avocado oil for different extracted methods using headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy with PCA based on volatile organic compounds

Abstract To establish a method for fast discrimination of avocado oil for different extracted methods, the headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy (HS-GC-IMS) combined with principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze non-target volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The results showed that 40 VOCs were identified, and the VOCs of the extraction method had a significant difference and had been well distinguished in PCA. The species and content of avocado oil obtained by squeeze method were more than the aqueous methods and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction methods (SC CO2). In addition, the different avocado oil had their characteristic compounds: the 2-acetylthiazole and ethyl propionate were the unique compounds in the avocado oil obtained by SC CO2. A rapid method for the determination of avocado oil obtained by different extraction methods based on HS-GC-IMS had been established, and the method was fast and simple and had a good application prospect in the prediction of avocado oil processing methods.

Characterization and Biological Activities of Seed Oil Extracted from Berberis dasystachya Maxim. by the Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Method.

Characterization of the structure and pharmacological activity of Berberis dasystachya Maxim., a traditional Tibetan medicinal and edible fruit, has not yet been reported. In this study, central composite design (CCD) combined with response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the extraction conditions of B. dasystachya oil (BDSO) using the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction method, and the results were compared with those obtained by the petroleum ether extraction (PEE) method. The chemical characteristics of BDSO were analyzed, and its antioxidant activity and in vitro cellular viability were studied by DPPH, ABTS, reducing power assay, and MTT assay. The results showed that the maximum yield of 12.54 ± 0.56 g/100 g was obtained at the optimal extraction conditions, which were: pressure, 25.00 MPa; temperature 59.03 °C; and CO2 flow rate, 2.25 SL/min. The Gas chromatography (GC) analysis results showed that BDSO extracted by the SC-CO2 method had higher contents of unsaturated fatty acids (85.62%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (57.90%) than that extracted by the PEE method. The gas chromatography used in conjunction with ion mobility spectrometry (GC–IMS) results showed that the main volatile compounds in BDSO were aldehydes and esters. BDSO also exhibited antioxidant ability in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, normal and cancer cells incubated with BDSO had survival rates of more than 85%, which indicates that BDSO is not cytotoxic. Based on these results, the BDSO extracted by the SC-CO2 method could potentially be used in other applications, e.g., those that involve using berries of B. dasystachya.

Suspected Hepatotoxicity With a Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extract of Artemisia annua in Grapeseed Oil Used in New Zealand.

A case series of hepatotoxicity associated with an extract of Artemisia annua L. was identified through the New Zealand spontaneous adverse drug reaction reporting system. A. annua extract, produced using a supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method and formulated with grapeseed oil, has been marketed in New Zealand as a natural product for joint health. As of 31 January 2019, the New Zealand Pharmacovigilance Centre had received 29 reports of hepatic adverse reactions occurring in patients taking A. annua extract in grapeseed oil. The case reports were assessed for patient and adverse reaction characteristics, patterns of A. annua extract use and causality (based on the WHO-UMC system for standardized case causality assessment). Patients were aged 47 to 93 years (median 67). Time to onset of hepatotoxicity from starting A. annua extract was 7 days to approximately 12 months in the 23 reports with this information. Nineteen of these reports indicated onset within 12 weeks. A. annua extract was the sole suspect medicine in 27 reports. A few patients had possible predisposing conditions. Twenty-seven patients were reported to have recovered or improved on stopping A. annua extract. Nine patients required hospital admission. The pattern of hepatic injury varied. Jaundice, often with pruritus and dark urine, was experienced by 16 patients. There was considerable consistency across case reports from various reporters. We assessed the case reports as a series using the Bradford Hill guidelines for causal inference and concluded that there was a safety signal of a causal association between the A. annua extract and hepatotoxicity sufficient to be communicated and investigated further.

Larvicidal effects of supercritical extract of Melia azedarach and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis product on late instar of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

The intense use of synthetic products for the control of Aedes aegypti has led to the development of resistance and imposes health risks to other flora and fauna. This study assessed the larvicidal potential of Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) fruit extract obtained by the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) on second and third instar A. aegypti larvae under laboratory conditions. The assays were performed in disposable cups containing 100 250, 500, 750, 1,000 and 2,000 μg/ml extracts of M. azedarach, and 0.0005, 0.001, 0.0015, 0.002, and 0.0025 g/L of VectoBac WG®; the controls contained only water. Ten active larvae were added to each well, and the number of living larvae was counted each day for 72 h. Treatment efficiency was calculated using Abbott's equation. Insecticidal efficiency increased with M. azedarach extract concentration, with significant effects in the 1.000 and 2.000 μg/mL concentration range. Bti efficiency was 100 % in the first 24 h. The results indicate the possibility of A. aegypti population control using supercritical extracts of M. azedarach.

Biological screening of Ajuga iva extracts obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide and pressurized liquid extraction

Extracts obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SCE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) from the Ajuga iva aerial parts growth in three different geographical sites of Alegria were analysed. Tocopherols in SCE Extracts were quantified by HPLC, α-tocopherol dominated the profile in both A. iva of Bejaia (BEJ) and Bordj Bou Arreridj (BBA), while β-tocopherol was the lowest. PLE method produced higher extraction yields than SCE method, which ranged from 0.31 to 24.95% (w/w), the water gave the best yields extraction. Total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 15.60 to 63.45mg GAE/g DWE; also the water gave higher total yield of phenolics, and the best TPC from DWP. The antioxidant activity was assessed by different assays, water and SCE extracts showed a slightly higher antioxidative effect than that obtained by Ethanol and Acetone. A slight opposite trend was obtained with the FRAP antioxidant activity; Acetone was the best extract after SCE extracts. Small differences in antioxidant activity values were found between the different sites of A. iva: BEJ, BBA, and ELO.

Green Extraction of Antimicrobial Bioactive Compound from Piper Betle Leaves: Probe type Ultrasound-assisted Extraction vs Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction

The utilisation of green method for medicinal plant extraction has become a trend and an acceptable method in many areas of research and development. In this study, bioactive compounds were extracted from dried Piper betle leaves using the probe type ultrasound-assisted extraction and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction to investigate the best green extraction method in terms of yield, extraction time, cost and recovery of bioactive compounds. The probe type ultrasound-assisted extraction method resulted in a high yield, reduced extraction time, easy handling, and cost-effective compared to supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method. The results showed that probe type ultrasound-assisted extraction was the best green extraction method to achieve a high yield in a very short time (15 min) compared to the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method (120 min). The yield of probe type ultrasound-assisted extraction (18.98 %) was more than 13 time higher than supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (1.47 %) of dried Piper betle leaves. The operation of probe type ultrasound-assisted extraction is simple and less energy consuming. The green extraction was subjected to Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. A total of 72 bioactive compounds from probe type ultrasound assisted extraction and 84 bioactive compounds from supercritical carbon dioxide extraction were isolated and identified from the dried leaves of Piper betle. The presence of various bioactive compounds from dried Piper betle leaves can be a promising source for potential antimicrobial agents and Piper betle is justified as a plant with medicinal properties.

Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Capsicum frutescens Extracted by Supercritical CO2, Ultrasound and Traditional Solvent Extraction Methods

In this study, Capsicum frutescens was extracted by supercritical CO2, ultrasound assisted and traditional solvent (ethanol, water and ethanol: water (50:50)) extraction methods. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed and comparison with TBHQ by DPPH and β-carotene bleaching methods was done. Moreover, efficacy of C. frutescens extracts in stabilizing soybean oil during accelerated storage was studied. The results show that the extract form ethanol: water (50:50) ultrasonic treatment had the highest amount of phenols (810 mg gallic acid/ gr extract, tocopherols (233.01 μg α-tocopherol/mL extract) and antocyanin content (331.59 μg/mL extract) caused to evaluate its highest antioxidant activity (65.97% radical scavenging and 49.6% β-carotene-linoleic bleaching) and thermal stability (4.68 h) at 120°C in soybean oil. However, the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method as a safe extraction method also preserved the phenolic, tocopherol and antocyanin content of C. frutescens extract (705.9 mg gallic acid/ gr extract, 299.29 μg α-tocopherol/ mL extract and 300.66 μg/ mL extract, respectively). And can remarkably protect the oil from lipid oxidation (OSI, 4.50 h). Results of different extraction methods can strongly reveal the C. frutescens extracts has remarkable potential for stabilization of edible oils.

Comparison on Oil Yield of <i>Phoenix dactylifera </i>Seed Oil Extraction by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Solvent Extraction Method at 50°C

Oil yield extraction from Phoenix dactylifera seed was compared at 50°C based on highest oil yield results using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method. The comparison was based on the efficiency of the method to extract high quality pure oil without addition of organic solvent. Time taken to extract the oil was also evaluated as part of the method’s performance. Analysis of component in the oil was done using gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Oleic acid revealed to be the main fatty acid in Phoenix dactylifera seed oil, followed by palmitic acid, lauric acid, ascorbyl palmitate and others.

Abietane diterpenes from Plectranthus madagascariensis: A cytotoxicity screening

Plectranthus genus (Lamiaceae) includes interesting plants with medicinal uses. Their ethnopharmacological application as anti-infectious medicines has been correlated with the presence of bioactive diterpenes that frequently show cytotoxicity against human tumour cell lines [1 – 3]. This study describes the cytotoxic screening carried out with extracts of Plectranthus species P. madagascariensis Benth., P. neochilus Schltr. and P. porcatus Winter & Van Jaarsv. A total of 26 aqueous, acetonic and methanolic extracts from the three Plectranthus species were obtained using different extraction techniques. The aqueous extracts were prepared by infusion, decoction and microwave techniques. The organic extracts were prepared by maceration, ultrasounds and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction methods. All the extracts were tested for their cell toxicity using a crystal violet assay in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The acetonic P. madagascariensis extract obtained by maceration was the most cytotoxic with IC50 values of ≈ 64 µg/ml. The bioactive extract was submitted to a cytotoxicity bioguided fractionation by different chromatographic techniques including semi-preparative HPLC. Compounds 7α-acetoxy-6β-hydroxyroyleanone 1 and coleon U 2 were identified with HPLC-DAD by comparison with the standard diterpenes previously isolated from P. grandidentatus [2] and confirmed using spectroscopic methods. We report the first cytotoxicity bioguided fractionation of a P. madagascariensis acetonic extract. The high levels of cytoxicity of the bioactive extract may be at least partially due to diterpenes 1 and 2, which are known antiproliferative abietanes [2,3]. P. madagascariensis species seems to be a good raw vegetal material for the isolation of lead anticancer drugs for further modulation.

Separation of Oleoresin from Ginger Rhizome Powder Using Green Processing Technologies

AbstractGinger oleoresin is an important condiment in food and pharmaceutical industries because of its antioxidant and polyphenolic compounds. The effects of various extraction methods on yield parameters were presented in this article. The ultrasound treatment showed its potential to increase oleoresin extraction rate. The ultrasound‐assisted supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was found to be the best method of extraction with the highest oleoresin yield of 8.15 ± 0.06% at 35°C temperature and 25 MPa pressure. The supercritical carbon dioxide extraction had 6.87% oleoresin yield at 25 MPa pressure, 40°C and 15 g/min CO2 flow rate. The signal‐to‐noise ratio showed that pressure and temperature had significant effect on the oleoresin yield, but their effect on flow rate was not significant. The ultrasound‐assisted solvent extraction was 1.75 times faster than simple soxhlet extraction.Practical ApplicationsSupercritical carbon dioxide extraction is an environment‐friendly technology that separates pure compound from natural resource. Limitations of the solvent extraction method and steam distillation, such as residual organic solvent in product and degradation of thermally liable compounds, respectively, are major factors toward supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method gaining much attention in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors. Ginger consists of specific oleoresin because of the presence of phenolic compounds. It has significant use in some foods and medicines as well. Hence, the optimization of the process to separate this oleoresin is an uphill task because of lack of literature. The orthogonal array design is a tool to reduce the number of experiments, and can become a useful tool in optimizing the experiment. This reduces the time of the experimentation, the cost on research, while obtaining better results. In this regard, the study was conducted to extract ginger oleoresin using supercritical carbon dioxide and orthogonal array design.

Applicability of Static Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction in Biogeochemical Characterization of Oil Shales

This study aimed at the assessment of applicability of static supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method (SFE) in biogeochemical characterization of oil shales as an alternative to the standard Soxhlet extration. A comparative investigation on yields and compositions of the solvent soluble bitumoids and their constituents extracted from Estonian Kukersite and Dictyonema oil shales by using Soxhlet extraction method (SEM) and static CO2 supercritical fluid extraction in an autoclave at varied subpyrolysis temperatures was carried out. Resulting from TLC- and GC-MS-analyses, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and neutral oxygen compounds were separated and identified. For the first time, in the composition of the Kukersite bitumoid, homologous series of n-alkanones-3 to n-alkanones-7 were detected. The extracts obtained were similar in both group and individual composition, and geochemical parametres calculated on the basis of aliphatic hydrocarbons including that made static SFE applicable to geochemical investigation of oil shales.

산조인(Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) 에센셜오일 흡입이 인간의 뇌파에 미치는 영향

Essential oils have been used to treat psychophysiological disorders, but their effects on human electroencephalographic (EEG) activity have not been thoroughly investigated. We evaluated the effects of essential oil of Zizyphus jujuba seeds, a Korean folk medicine known as San-Jo-In, on human EEG activity. For this purpose, essential oil was extracted from San-Jo-In by the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method. The effect of its inhalation on EEG activity was evaluated by measuring the EEG power spectrum (25 indices) in 20 healthy participants. The results of the EEG power spectrum indicated that the values of the theta wave decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the left (from 17.277 to 13.854 μV) and right parietal (from 15.324 to 13.020 μV) regions compared to the other regions. During the inhalation of San-Jo-In oil, the EEG spectrum values of fast alpha, relative gamma, and spectral edge frequency increased 50% compared to those before inhalation. The values of the fast alpha wave increased significantly (p<0.05) in the left prefrontal (from 0.063 to 0.085 μV), right prefrontal (from 0.064 to 0.085 μV), and left frontal (from 0.073 to 0.100 μV) regions following inhalation of the San-Jo-In essential oil. The changes in the EEG activities following inhalation of San-Jo-In suggest that the oil can improve psychological well-being by increasing attention and relaxation.

Comparison between Supercritical CO2 Extraction and Hydrodistillation for Two Species of Eucalyptus: Yield, Chemical Composition, and Antioxidant Activity

In this work, 2 Eucalyptus species extracts (Eucalyptus cinerea and Eucalyptus camaldulensis) were prepared by hydrodistillation (HD) and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SCE) techniques. The best yields of E. cinerea and E. camaldulensis (27.5 and 8.8 g/kg, respectively) were obtained using SCE at 90 bar, 40 °C compared to HD (23 and 6.2 g/kg, respectively). Extracts were quantified by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 1,8-cineole and p-menth-1-en-8-ol were the major compounds of E. cinerea essential oil obtained by HD (64.89% and 8.15%, respectively) or by SCE (16.1% and 31.87%, respectively). Whereas, in case of E. camaldulensis, 1,8-cineole (45.71%) and p-cymene (17.14%) were the major compounds obtained by HD, and 8,14-cedranoxide (43.79%) and elemol (6.3%) by SCE. Their antioxidant activity was assessed using 2 methods: 2,2-azino-di-3-ethylbenzothialozine-sulphonic acid radical cation (ABTS(•+) ) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH(•) ). In the SCE extracts from both E. cinerea and E. camaldulensis, a promising radical scavenging activity was observed with ABTS(•+) , (65 and 128 mg/L, respectively). The total phenolics composition of the extracts was measured and the range was 2 to 60 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g dry plant material. The SCE method was superior to HD, regarding shorter extraction times (30 min for SCE compared with 4 h for HD), a low environmental impact, allows production of nondegraded compounds and being part of green chemistry.

Topical Wound-Healing Effects and Phytochemical Composition of Heartwood Essential Oils ofJuniperus virginianaL.,Juniperus occidentalisHook., andJuniperus asheiJ. Buchholz

Ethnobotanical surveys indicated that in the traditional medicines worldwide, several Juniperus species are utilized as antihelmintic, diuretic, stimulant, antiseptic, carminative, stomachic, antirheumatic, antifungal, and for wound healing. In the present study, essential oils obtained from heartwood samples of Juniperus virginiana L., Juniperus occidentalis Hook. and Juniperus ashei J. Buchholz were evaluated for wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities by using in vivo experimental methods. The essential oils were obtained by the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method. Linear incision and circular excision wound models were performed for the wound-healing activity assessment. The tissues were also evaluated for the hydroxyproline content as well as histopathologically. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oils, the test used was an acetic acid-induced increase in capillary permeability. The essential oil of J. occidentalis showed the highest activity on the in vivo biological activity models. Additionaly, the oil of J. virginiana was found highly effective in the anti-inflammatory activity method. The experimental data demonstrated that essential oil of J. occidentalis displayed significant wound-healing and anti-inflammatory activities.

Comparison of Essential Oils Compositions of Citrus maxima Merr. Peel Obtained by Cold Press and Vacuum Stream Distillation Methods and of Its Peel and Flower Extract Obtained by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Method and Their Antimicrobial Activity

The oils and extracts of the fruit peels of pomelo (Citrus maxima Merr. cultivar ‘khao-yai’) were obtained by cold-pressing (CP), vacuum steam distillation (VSD) and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SC-CO2) and the extract of the flowers was obtained by SC-CO2. The composition of the oils and extracts of the peel and flower were determined by GC and GC/MS. Fifty, 53 and 60 components of the oils and extract from peels by CP, VD and SC-CO2 were identified, respectively. Their main components were limonene (93.4–95.4%). Fifty-one components of the flower extract were identified and the main component was also limonene (86.2–86.8%). The oils and extract of pomelo showed fairly good activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans.

Optimization of Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Essential Oil from &lt;i&gt;Herba Moslae &lt;/i&gt; by Response Surface Methodology and Its Chemical Composition Analysis

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method was employed to extract the essential oil in Herba Moslae.The optimal conditions were determined by response surface methodology (RSM).Box-Behnken design was applied to evaluate the effects of three independent variables (temperature, pressure and extraction time) on the yield of the essential oil of Herba Moslae.The optimal conditions to obtain the highest yield of essential oil of Herba Moslae were determined as following values: 50°C of temperature, 20MPa of pressure and 77 min of dynamic extraction time. Under these optimal conditions, the experimental results agreed with the predicted values obtained by using analysis of variance. This indicates a high goodness of fit of the model used and the success of response surface methodology. Furthermore, the chemical compositions of essential oil in Herba Moslae were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The results showed that thymol (41.87%), carvacrol (26.91%) and p-Cymene (9.27%) are the major constituents in the essential oil of Herba Moslae.

Comparison of the antimicrobial activity and the essential oil composition of Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa and J. oxycedrus subsp. rufescens obtained by hydrodistillation and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction methods

Comparison of the antimicrobial activity and the essential oil composition of Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa and J. oxycedrus subsp. rufescens obtained by hydrodistillation and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction methods