Electrode Materials For Supercapacitors Research Articles

Local Structure Distortion in Mn, Zn Doped Cu₂V₂O₇: Supercapacitor Performance and Emergent Spin-Phonon Coupling.

Supercapacitors are rapidly gaining attention as next-generation energy storage devices due to their superior power and energy densities. This study pioneers the investigation of Mn/Zn co-doping in α-Cu₂V₂O₇ (CVO) to enhance its performance as a supercapacitor electrode material. Structural and local Structural properties of Mn/Zn co-doped CVO have been investigated through X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS), revealing significant distortions that enhance supercapacitor performance. The optimized sample demonstrates a remarkable specific capacitance of 1950.95Fg-1, energy density of 97.54Whkg-1, and enhanced capacitive retention, attributed to the unique Cu coordination environment and improved charge transfer kinetics. Temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy unveils spin-phonon coupling (SPC), particularly in VO₄ stretching modes, supported by magnetic measurements that shows a reduction in the Néel temperature and the emergence of zero field-cooled (ZFC) exchange bias (EB). This work is the first to report the impact of local structure distortion on both supercapacitor performance and SPC in CVO, offering a novel strategy for developing high-performance energy storage materials with spintronics potential. In addition, the assembled symmetric optimized supercapacitor shows a high energy density of 93.32Whkg-1 and excellent cycling stability. A prototype device incorporating the optimized CVO successfully powers eight commercial LED bulbs, demonstrating its practical application potential.

Polyaniline/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite as an Electrode for Symmetric and Asymmetric Supercapacitors

ABSTRACTPolyaniline‐based composites with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were synthesized using chemical polymerization. Characterization techniques, including X‐ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible) absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy, confirmed that both polyaniline (Pani) and the Pani/rGO composite were in the emeraldine salt state. The synergistic effect of Pani and rGO increases the polaron band and improves the electrical conductivity, which is confirmed by spectroscopic analysis. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that Pani had a granular morphology, whereas the Pani/rGO composite had a layered morphology. This layered morphology indicates that adding rGO can enhance the conductivity and electrochemical activity. The electrochemical studies of the Pani/rGO composite electrode showed a specific capacitance of 261 F g−1 at a current density of 2.4 A g−1. The electrochemical performance of the Pani/rGO composites for energy storage devices was examined via two‐electrode cell assembly. Pani/rGO was utilized as a cathode, whereas various carbon materials (CNFs, MWCNTs, AC) were used as anodes. A maximum energy density of 7.9 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 325 W kg−1 was observed in the Pani/rGO//PMAC asymmetric supercapacitor at a voltage of 1.4 V. The electrochemical performance results show that the Pani/rGO composite is an efficient supercapacitor electrode material.

Recent advancements in layered double hydroxides as an electrode material for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors

Recent advancements in layered double hydroxides as an electrode material for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors

One-Step Synthesis CuCoNiSxO4−x Thio/Oxy Spinel on Ni Foam for High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors

Mixed transition metal sulfides are promising materials for positive electrodes of asymmetric supercapacitors because they have a large potential for increasing the electrical characteristics of these devices. The paper presents the results of a study of a material based on spinel CuCoNiSxO4−x with both sulfide and oxide sublattices, prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method directly on nickel foam, forming an array of whiskers. Electrochemical studies showed that a positive electrode, CuCoNiS2O2, exhibited a high specific capacitance of 3612 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1. The assembled asymmetric supercapacitor with activated carbon as a negative electrode achieved a specific capacitance of 133.5 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and a potential window of 1.7 V. Its energy density was 53.6 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 805 W kg−1 and the power density reached 17,000 W kg−1 at an energy density of 18.9 W h kg−1. The assembled device exhibits 52% of capacitance retention after the 20,000 cycles at a current density of 10 A g−1 with 97% coulombic efficiency. These results demonstrate that the CuCoNiSxO4−x system is competitive with other quaternary transition metal sulfides, and this type of spinel is a perspective electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors.

Correction: Pan et al. Lignin-Derived Activated Carbon as Electrode Material for High-Performance Supercapacitor. Molecules 2025, 30, 89

Adjustment of Authorship Order [...]

Exploring the Connection Between the Structure and Activity of Lignin-Derived Porous Carbon Across Various Electrolytic Environments

Porous carbon holds great potential for application in supercapacitors due to its rich pore structure and high specific surface area. In this research, lignin served as the starting material for the production of lignin-derived carbon materials via a carbonization-activation process. The resulting porous carbon materials underwent rigorous characterization using SEM, BET, Raman, XRD, and XPS to uncover their morphological and structural intricacies. Notably, the optimal product, achieved with a mass ratio of lignin to KOH and KCl at 1:2:0.5 and activation temperature at 700 °C, emerges as an excellent electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors. This superior carbon material boasts a remarkable specific surface area of 2730 m2 g−1, demonstrating an electrochemical capacitance up to 406 F/g at 1 A/g, its high performance surpasses many existing carbon materials. To further investigate the potential application of ELC in electric double-layer capacitors, the electrochemical properties of ELC in 6 M KOH, 1 M Na2SO4, and 1 M Et4NBF4/PC electrolytes were investigated, the reasons for the differences in ELC’s electrochemical performance in different electrolytes are discussed and analyzed in detail, and the advantages and disadvantages of ELC’s performance in capacitor devices of different systems are compared and analyzed. This was performed to compare the electrochemical performance of ELC and commercial YP-50F capacitor carbon in an electric double-layer capacitor, and to investigate the potential application of ELC.

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxithiophene) coated on vanadium oxide hydration nanobelts enhancing ammonium-ion storage for hybrid supercapacitors.

The development of electrode materials for aqueous ammonium-ion supercapacitors (NH4+-SCs) has garnered significant attention in recent years. Poor intrinsic conductivity, sluggish electron transfer and ion diffusion kinetics, as well as structural degradation of vanadium oxides during the electrochemical process, pose significant challenges for their efficient ammonium-ion storage. In this work, to address the above issues, the core-shell V2O5·nH2O@poly(3,4-ethylenedioxithiophene) composite (denoted as VOH@PEDOT) is designed and prepared by a simple agitation method to boost the ammonium-ion storage of V2O5·nH2O (VOH). The 3,4-ethylenedioxithiophene (EDOT) monomer polymerizes on the VOH surface to form a polymer shell resulting in the formation of VOH@PEDOT core-shell structure, and also introduces oxygen vacancies. The conductive PEDOT coating enhances the conductivity of VOH, facilitates electron transfer and transport capabilities, as well as relieves the structural degradation of VOH. As expected, with the breaking/formation of hydrogen bond between NH4+ and V-O layers, VOH@PEDOT exhibits more efficiently reversible (de)intercalation of NH4+, thus having a high specific capacitance of 409F·g-1 at 0.5 A·g-1 and improve cyclic stability in NH4Cl/PVA electrolyte. The study demonstrates that the conducting polymer can enhance the electrochemical performance of vanadium oxides for NH4+-SCs, offering new insights for designing and developing vanadium oxide electrode materials for high-efficient NH4+ storage.

Optimizing La₂MnXO₆ Double Perovskite for Superior Electrochemical Efficiency in Supercapacitors

ABSTRACTDouble perovskite oxides (POs) are effective electrode materials for supercapacitors (SCs). Nevertheless, adapting their unique architectures to boost the electrochemical performance remains tricky. Herein, we present exceptional La2MnXO6 (X = Co, Fe) double perovskites as SC electrode materials. The sol–gel method has prepared La2MnCoO6 (LMCO) and La2MnFeO6 (LMFO) nanorods. XRD revealed that LMCO and LMFO have monoclinic crystal structures with lattice constants of a = 5.517 Å, b = 5.528 Å, c = 7.805 Å, β = 89.926°, and a = 5.549 Å, b = 5.557 Å, c = 7.783 Å, β = 89.931°, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy indicated the existence of uniformly distributed nanorods. The bandgap using Tauc's plot was determined as 1.38 and 1.24 eV for La2MnCoO6 and La2MnFeO6, respectively. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy further characterized the prepared LMCO and LMFO nanorods. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigation confirmed the existence of La3+, Mn3+, Fe3+, O2−, and La3+, Mn3+, Co3+, O2− ions on the surface of La2MnFeO6 and La2MnFeO6, respectively. The specific capacitance achieved was 333.86 and 880.5 F/g @ 2.5 A/g for La2MnCoO6 and La2MnFeO6, respectively, using 1 M KOH electrolyte. La2MnFeO6 demonstrated excellent energy and power density of 30.5 Wh/kg and 625 W/kg. The asymmetric CV curve shape proved that we have battery‐type SC behavior due to the indication of redox reactions. Furthermore, Dunn's technique evaluated the percentage contribution of capacitive and diffusion behavior. Our strategy using LMCO and LMFO nanorods material improved specific capacitance activity and significantly offered a facile guideline for targeting double perovskite electrodes for SC applications.

Polydopamine/Melamine Sponge-Derived Compressible Carbon Foam for High-Performance Supercapacitors.

Electrode materials with a deformation capability are vital to the development of flexible supercapacitors. However, the preparation of porous carbons with a deformability remains challenging. Herein, a compressible carbon foam has been successfully prepared using a polydopamine/melamine sponge (PDA/MS) as the precursor material. The porous structure of the carbon foam was controlled by using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and K2CO3 as template and activating agent, respectively. The resultant PDA/MS-derived carbon foam (KDMC) has a three-dimensional network architecture and exhibits excellent compressibility. The specific surface area reaches ∼2890.0 m2 g-1. Furthermore, KDMC demonstrates outstanding capacitive performance, including excellent specific capacitance (365.6 F g-1, 0.5 A g-1), good rate capability (86.6% capacitance retention from 0.5 to 10 A g-1), and outstanding cycling stability (only 1.9% capacitance loss after 10,000 cycles). To further demonstrate the practical application potential of KDMC, a symmetric supercapacitor (KDMC//KDMC) was assembled with a PVA/KOH gel electrolyte. The symmetric device achieved an energy density of 10.44 W h kg-1. This work presents a robust method to prepare compressible electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors.

Polypyrrol/iron-manganese oxide/graphene oxide composites as electrode materials for supercapacitors based on core–shell layered structure

Polypyrrol/iron-manganese oxide/graphene oxide composites as electrode materials for supercapacitors based on core–shell layered structure

LDH-derived flower-like Co–Ni fluorides as electrode material for asymmetric supercapacitors

LDH-derived flower-like Co–Ni fluorides as electrode material for asymmetric supercapacitors

Superior charge storage performance of optimized nickel cobalt carbonate hydroxide hydrate nanostructures for supercapacitor application

In our work, we report superior electrochemical performance of optimized 3D nanostructured, nickel-cobalt carbonate hydroxide hydrate (Ni3 − xCox-CHH (1 ≤ x ≤ 2)) materials with flower like morphology synthesised via one-step hydrothermal methods. A Ni rich sample (x = 1) demonstrate better specific capacitance and the improvement is attributed to more oxygen deficient neighbourhood of Ni compared to that of Co. The structural, morphological and electronic properties of the samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A comprehensive characterization was used for physicochemical properties-electrochemical performance correlation. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic charging and discharging (GCD) shows the supercapacitor feature of the samples for the composition containing the highest nickel concentration achieving a specific capacitance of 1649.51 F g− 1 at a current density of 1 A g− 1 and excellent rate capability of 1610.30 F g− 1 at a high current density of 5 A g− 1. The sample shows high cyclic stability of 80.86% after 3000 cycles. Improved specific capacitance is attributed to the synergy effect of bimetallic transition metals as well as improved surface area of flower like morphology. These findings show that Ni2Co-CHH electrode material demonstrates great potential as electrode material for supercapacitor device fabrication.

Electrochemical insights of cost-effectively synthesized vanadium MOF: unlocking a new path for supercapacitor electrode materials

Electrochemical insights of cost-effectively synthesized vanadium MOF: unlocking a new path for supercapacitor electrode materials

A review on MXene (Ti3C2Tx) composites with varied sizes of carbon for supercapacitor applications

MXenes belongs to a family of two‐dimensional (2D) layered transition metal carbides or nitrides which shows outstanding potential for various energy storage applications because of their high‐specific surface area, phenomenal electrical conductivity, outstanding hydrophilicity, and variable terminations. Of these different types of MXenes, the most widely studied member is Ti3C2Tx especially in supercapacitors (SCs). However, due to the problem of stacking and oxidation in MXene sheets, significant loss of electrochemically active sites happens. To overcome these issues, incorporation of carbon materials is carried out into MXenes for enhancing its electrochemical performance. This review aims to introduce various common strategies employed in synthesizing Ti3C2Tx, followed by a brief overview of latest developments in fabricating Ti3C2Tx/carbon electrode materials for SCs. The composition of Ti3C2Tx/carbon are summarized based on different dimensions of carbons, such as 0D carbon dots, 1D carbon nanotubes and fibers, 2D graphene, and 3D carbon materials (activated carbon, polymer‐derived carbon, etc.). Further, this review also aims in highlighting several insights on fabrication of novel MXenes/carbon composites as electrodes for application in SCs.

Fe−Ni with Chitosan via Microwave and Carboxymethyl as Electrode Materials for Supercapacitor

AbstractIron‐nickel double hydroxides (Fe−Ni) have been broadly synthesized for supercapacitors (SC). However, the influence of precipitant quantity on SC performance is one of the present challenges. Herein, we found that Fe0.64Ni0.36@ graphite electrodes, the open and interconnected 3D graded conductive network of carboxymethyl chitosan‐derived porous carbon (C), have achieved effective surface contact. In addition, iron and nickel reinforced redox active materials on porous carbon will undergo more redox reactions for rapid diffusion of electrolyte ions/electrons. Due to the special construction and the synergistic effect of multiple oxidation transformations, the prepared Fe0.64Ni0.36@graphite composite material exhibits a maximum capacitance of 1232 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1. The prepared Fe0.64Ni0.36@graphite//Fe0.64Ni0.36@graphite symmetric supercapacitors exhibit a high energy density of 22.9 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 771 W kg−1. Particularly, the sample exhibits excellent cycling stability, retaining approximately 95.8 % capacitance after 5000 cycles.

Activated Carbon from Birch Wood as an Electrode Material for Aluminum Batteries and Supercapacitors

AbstractDue to its sustainable approach, biomass is the subject of much research focused on the synthesis of multifunctional materials including electrodes for batteries and supercapacitors. In this work, sawdust from the processing of birch logs was used to produce a highly porous carbon material (CBW) that is employed for the construction of electrodes for aluminum batteries (ABs) and supercapacitors (SCs). A multitude of characterizations indicated that CBW is built in with highly disordered amorphous carbons and an extremely high specific surface area of 3029 m2 g−1 which is predominant with microporous features. The chemical analysis of CBW indicated the presence of a significant amount of oxygen functionalities. As a cathode of AB, CBW achieved discharge capacities 115, 74, 54, 50, 47, 43, and 29 mAh g−1 at current rates 0.1, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 10.0 A g−1, respectively. Similarly, SC with CBW symmetric electrodes exhibited capacitances 143, 94, 87, 79, 74, 69, 65, and 51 F g−1 at current rates 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 10.0 A g−1, respectively. The electrochemical characterization revealed that CBW is promising for ABs and SCs, and controlling the porosity type could further enhance the performance.

Deposition of VS2/MoS2 bilayer layers of 2D material on nickel inverse opal structural substrates by SILAR and ECD processes as supercapacitor electrodes

The composition, microstructure, and electrochemical properties of the two kinds of thin film electrode materials, namely VS2/MoS2/Ni-IOS and VS2/MoS2/Ni-foam, were analyzed. The research results indicate that the self-assembled photonic crystal (PhC) templates with adjusted electrophoretic self-assembly processing parameters (100 V cm-1; 7 min) would lead the specimen to a face-centered closely packed structure. Metallic nickel inverse opal structure (IOS) PhCs whose thickness can be freely regulated simply by electrochemical deposition time. VS2and MoS2are 2D materials with excellent electrochemical properties. We employed them as the electroactive material in this study and deposited them onto nickel IOS (Ni-IOS) surfaces to form a composite of The specimens exhibited an excellent specific capacitance (2180 F g-1) at a charge-discharge current density of 5 A g-1. After the 2000 cycles during the life test, the sample can still retain the original specific capacitance value by 72.3%. The IOS PhC substrate produced in this work is designed as VS2/MoS2/Ni-IOS supercapacitor electrode materials, which is proved to offer a significant technical contribution to the application of 2D materials in high-performance supercapacitors currently.

Synergistic Integration of Mesocarbon Microbeads, Graphitic Nanofibers, and Mesoporous Carbon for Advanced Supercapacitor Electrodes

In this study, a novel multiscale carbon architecture was developed by integrating mesocarbon microbeads (MCMBs), graphitic nanofibers (GNFs), and mesoporous carbon, aimed at enhancing the performance of symmetric supercapacitors. The unique combination of spherical MCMB particles, conductive GNF nanofibers, and mesoporous carbon sheets resulted in a highly effective electrode material, offering improved conductivity, increased active sites for charge storage, and enhanced structural stability. The fabricated MCMB/GNF/MC architecture demonstrated a remarkable specific capacitance of 393 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 in a three-electrode system, significantly surpassing the performance of individual MCMBs and MCMB/GNF electrodes. Furthermore, the architecture was incorporated into a symmetric supercapacitor (SSC) device, where it achieved a capacitance of 86 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. The device exhibited excellent cycling stability, retaining 92% of its initial capacitance after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles, with an outstanding coulombic efficiency of 99%. At optimal operating conditions, the SSC device delivered an energy density of 11 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 500 W kg−1, making it a promising candidate for high-performance energy-storage applications. This multiscale carbon architecture represents a significant advancement in the design of electrode materials for symmetric supercapacitors, offering a balance of high energy and power density, long-term stability, and excellent scalability for practical applications. This work not only contributes to the development of high-performance electrode materials but also paves the way for scalable, long-lasting supercapacitors for future energy-storage technologies.

Recent Advances of Electrode Materials Applied in an Electrochromic Supercapacitor Device.

An electrochromic supercapacitor device (ESD) is an advanced energy storage device that combines the energy storage capability of a supercapacitor with the optical modulation properties of electrochromic materials. The electrode materials used to construct an ESD need to have both rich color variations and energy storage properties. Recent advances in ESDs have focused on the preparation of novel electrochromic supercapacitor electrode materials and improving their energy storage capacity, cycling stability, and electrochromic performance. In this review, the research significance and application value of ESDs are discussed. The device structure and working principle of electrochromic devices and supercapacitors are analyzed in detail. The research progress of inorganic materials, organic materials, and inorganic/organic nanocomposite materials used for the construction of ESDs is discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of various types of materials in ESD applications are summarized. The preparation and application of ESD electrode materials in recent years are reviewed in detail. Importantly, the challenges existing in the current research and recommendations for future perspectives are suggested. This review will provide a useful reference for researchers in the field of ESD electrode material preparation and application.

Fast-track microwave-assisted synthesis of CdMoO4 and CdWO4 nanoparticles for hybrid rGO/NPs electrodes in high-performance supercapacitors

Fast and facile synthesis of nanomaterials is always a challenge for industrial applications in various sectors. In this work, CdMoO₄ and CdWO₄ nanoparticles are synthesized by using a fast and cost-effective microwave-assisted method. The synthesized nanoparticles are mixed with reduced graphene oxide (rGO), to form active electrode materials for supercapacitor and their electrochemical performances were studied in detail. The electrodes were prepared by simple mixtures of rGO/CdMoO₄ and rGO/CdWO₄, and electrochemical performance were measured in both, two- and three-electrode configurations. In general, both rGO/CdMoO₄ and rGO/CdWO₄ mixtures exhibit an increased specific capacitance (Cp) compared to pure rGO. Notably, the rGO/CdMoO₄ mixture shows a Cp exceeding 543 Fg⁻1 at a scan rate of 5 mVs⁻1, which represents a significant improvement over rGO alone (Cp = 225 Fg⁻1). This increase in Cp can be attributed to the higher surface area of the rGO/CdMoO₄ electrode material due to smaller size of CdMoO₄ nanoparticles and their intercalation between the rGO layers in comparison to the rGO/CdWO₄ electrode material. Furthermore, the rGO/CdMoO₄ mixture demonstrated 77% capacitance retention over 5,000 charge/discharge cycles in the two-electrode configuration. The promising electrochemical performance and rapid, low-cost synthesis suggest that these materials have great potential for further use in high efficiency energy-storage devices.