Supercapacitor Applications Research Articles

Bioengineered Nickel Oxide Nanofabrication for Energy Storage Systems, Degradation of Refractory Water Toxicity, and Antibacterial Study

AbstractNickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles were synthesized using a green method involving Pterolobium hexapetalum flower extract as the reducing agent. Synthesized nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) were thoroughly characterized using X‐ray diffraction, UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis. The XRD analysis confirmed the pure formation of NiO NPs. TEM and SEM images revealed the size, shape, and surface morphology of the nanoparticles. BET analysis indicated a high surface area, making these nanoparticles suitable for various applications. The NiO NPs were further investigated for their potential in supercapacitor applications, demonstrating excellent electrochemical performance. NiO@rGO electrode with graphene proportion showed a maximum specific capacity of 1266 Fg−1 at 1 Ag−1. Moreover, following the 3000‐cycle assessment, the specific retention of 98.2% confirmed that the electrode had high cyclic stability. Additionally, their effectiveness in dye degradation was evaluated, showing promising results in removing organic dyes from wastewater. The antibacterial activity of the NiO nanoparticles was also assessed, indicating significant inhibition against various bacterial strains. These multifaceted studies suggest that NiO NPs synthesized from plant extract hold great promise for applications in energy storage, environmental remediation, and antimicrobial treatments.

Capacity augmentation strategy in α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles through multifaceted structural and electrochemical analyses

Hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) has garnered significant research interest for supercapacitor applications, but capacity fading and limited cyclic life remain serious challenges. In this context, the present research provides a comprehensive study of the factors that significantly impact charge kinetics within the electrode and at the solid/electrolyte interface. By integrating structural and electrochemical analyses, this study offers an effective strategy to enhance the capacity of α-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles through rigorous scientific analysis and identification of various qualitative and quantitative factors that influence charge storage capacity. A simple one-step co-precipitation method was adopted to synthesize porous α-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles. The quantitative analysis of charge kinetics demonstrated the domination of diffusion-controlled charge storage as the main contributor to the total charge storage. The α-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles-based electrode delivered a high energy density of 24.6 Wh kg⁻1 at an impressive power density of 478.7 W kg⁻1. Additionally, it displayed a capacity retention of 79 % over 10,000 cycle operations. The choice of electrode material and the superior porous nanoarchitecture have proven to be advantageous for high-performance supercapacitor applications, offering fast electron/ion transport.

High-Performance Supercapacitor Stability and Capacitance Enhancements Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis of Cr2O3-ZnO Nanocomposites

An extensive examination of composite electrode materials is essential for advancing supercapacitors with elevated specific capacitance and outstanding stability. This study introduces a straightforward and effective technique that utilizes ultrasonic-assisted chemical precipitation to create a nanocomposite of Cr2O3 NPs bonded to ZnO nanosheets (Cr2O3-ZnO NCs). XRD spectra indicate that Cr2O3 is consistent with JCPDS card No. 38-1479, whilst ZnO nanosheets are in agreement with JCPDS card No. 36-1451. HR-TEM analysis reveals that the Cr2O3 NPs in the Cr2O3-ZnO NCs have diameters ranging between 14.5–16.7 nm. The CV profiles within 10–200 mV/s scan rates exhibit well-defined redox pair reactions with no distortion in the integrated area. According to the studies of Trasatti and Dunn’s, 90.94% of the charge distribution is caused by capacitance, whereas 9.05% is a result of diffusion. The GCD plots demonstrate that Cr2O3-ZnO NCs exhibit a 926.6 F/g (specific capacitance) when subjected to a current density of 1 A/g. Furthermore, these NCs retain 83.3% of their initial capacitance even after undergoing 2000 charge and discharge cycles. The improved achievement is ascribed to the existence of Cr2O3 NPs which boost conductivity, promote pseudocapacitive processes, and hinder the aggregation of ZnO nanosheets by serving as spacers. The features of Cr2O3-ZnO NCs make them highly promising for use in supercapacitor applications.

Enhancement of capacitance retention of ZnCo2S4@Metal organic framework composite electrodes by hydrothermal process

Metal organic framework-derived materials are promising electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors due to their surface area, porosity, and excellent redox behaviors. In the present study the fabrication of ZnCo2S4 and ZnCo2S4@ZIF-67 composites synthesized by solid-state grinding and hydrothermal processing for supercapacitor utilization. Studies using XRD, XPS, FTIR, BET, FE-SEM, and HR-TEM are employed to validate the morphological, surface, and structural characteristics. Highly conductive ZnCo2S4 nanostructured materials are intercalated with MOF surfaces to enhance electron transport. The high number of active sites involved in the rapid electrochemical phase fluctuation using 1 M KOH electrolyte may be the cause of this. ZnCo2S4 and ZnCo2S4@ZIF-67 composites are used to create the working electrode, while a 1 M KOH electrolyte is used for the supercapacitor. By employing a three-electrode design, the created composite electrodes improve cyclic retention with specific capacitances of 245 and 447.14F/g at 1 A/g, respectively. Two electrode configurations are used to build ZnCo2S4@ZIF-67/1M KOH/SSC, which produced results of 151.42F/g at 1 A/g, 85.2 % capacitance retention at 7 A g−1 of 6000 cycles, and 18.93 Wh kg−1 energy density at 642.85 W kg−1 power density. Thus, the fabricated composite electrodes may find application in electrochemical symmetric supercapacitor via two electrode configuration systems.

Recent Research Progress of Porous Graphene and Applications in Molecular Sieve, Sensor, and Supercapacitor.

Porous graphene, including 2D and 3D porous graphene, is widely researched recently. One of the most attractive features is the proper utilization of graphene defects, which combine the advantages of both graphene and porous materials, greatly enriching the applications of porous graphene in biology, chemistry, electronics, and other fields. In this review, the defects of graphene are first discussed to provide a comprehensive understanding of porous graphene. Then, the latest advancements in the preparation of 2D and 3D porous graphene are presented. The pros and cons of these preparation methods are discussed in detail, providing a direction for the fabrication of porous graphene. Moreover, various superior properties of porous graphene are described, laying the foundation for their promising applications. Owing to its abundant morphology, wide distribution of pore size, and remarkable properties benefited from porous structure, porous graphene can not only promote molecular diffusion and electron transfer but also expose more active sites. Consequently, a serious of applications containing gas sieving, liquid separation, sensors, and supercapacitors, are presented. Finally, the challenges confronted during preparation and characterization of porous graphene are discussed, offering guidance for the future development of porous graphene in fabrication, characterization, properties, and applications.

Graphene oxide modified with magnesium hydroxide derived from dolomites for dyes adsorptions and supercapacitor

This research highlights the novelty of using dolomite as an Mg(OH)2 source for synthesizing GO/Mg(OH)2 nanocomposite, a dye adsorbent and supercapacitor material. So far, dolomite has only been conventionally used as fertilizer and building material. By utilizing dolomite as Mg(OH)2 raw materials, this nanocomposite shows high efficiency in removing methylene blue (MB) up to 97 % with adsorption kinetics following a pseudo-second-order model. At an optimal pH of 5, this material can be used repeatedly with satisfactory results. For supercapacitor applications, GO/Mg(OH)2 has a specific capacitance of 117.80 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 and 90 % cyclic capacity retention, making it an excellent candidate in modern energy storage technology.

Facile development of flexible cellulose acetate-lead dioxide membrane electrodes for supercapacitor applications

Current work focuses on the development of flexible membranes of cellulose acetate containing lead dioxide for supercapacitor applications. The functionality of cellulose acetate and lead dioxide are analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The degree of crystallinity is studied using X-ray Diffraction. The degree of hydrophilicity is discussed by water contact angle measurements. A Universal Testing Machine is used to examine the mechanical properties. The electrochemical performances are illustrated using Cyclic voltammetry, Electrochemical impedance Spectroscopy and Galvanostatic charge-discharge techniques. The highest recorded specific capacitance is 148 F g−1 at a current density of 40 mA g−1 for a membrane of 1 wt% lead dioxide in cellulose acetate. Capacitance retention of 89% after 5000 cycles is attained. The power density of 56 W kg−1 and energy density of 10 Wh kg−1 is achieved. The cellulose acetate doped with lead dioxide membranes can provide a better electrode material matrix for flexible energy storage.

Recent advances in polyaniline/graphene nanocomposites for supercapacitor applications: Synthesis, properties, and future directions

Electrochemical capacitors or supercapacitors have attracted the attention of researchers and industries in the recent past because of the differences in the features and potential applications in comparison to the Li-ion batteries. Supercapacitors have been one of the most investigated applications in literature based on graphene-related materials. This review aims to provide the most recent advancement on the use of graphene and polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite towards enhancing the supercapacitor properties. The synthesis methods of the graphene and PANI nanocomposite, the characteristics of the nanocomposite and its utilization in supercapacitors are discussed. Graphene and PANI are both well-known materials that possess fascinating physical and electrochemical characteristics, and in the last several years, they have been investigated for numerous applications by many researchers. Together with such advantages as enhanced physical and electrochemical characteristics, mechanical strength, and density, composites of both materials can be a potent material for supercapacitor usage.The preparation methods of graphene, PANI, and its composites described by the authors of the research article include in-situ polymerization, chemical vapor deposition, and hydrothermal-assisted polymerization. These characterization techniques include SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD, DSC, and TGA to determine other properties of the nanocomposite which shows enhanced properties of graphene and PANI. The electrochemical properties of the nanocomposites are evaluated through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and the achieved values indicate high specific capacitance, cycling stability, and charge-discharge abilities. These outcomes demonstrate the excellent applicability of PANI/graphene nanocomposites as high-performance supercapacitors and encourage the confidence in the effectiveness of the study. Several factors affecting properties of the nanocomposites have been reported in the previous studies, and it is clear from this study how various properties and their relation affects the overall performance of the nanocomposite. Altogether, PANI/graphene nanocomposites have the potential to be used as next-generation supercapacitors, which is still unexplored fully to meet the demands to enhance the high-performance energy storage devices.

Tip effect of NiCo-LDH with low crystallinity for enhanced energy storage performance of yarn-shaped supercapacitors

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are considered promising materials for supercapacitor applications. However, the development of yarn-shaped supercapacitors (YSCs) with high electrochemical performance utilizing LDHs remains challenging. In this study, the NiCo-LDHs with various morphologies (nano-needles, nano-sheets, needle-sheet composites, and nano-flowers) were grown on carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-functionalized cotton yarn via a co-precipitation technique for YSC applications. Among these, the yarn incorporating nano-needle NiCo-LDHs exhibited reduced crystallinity yet demonstrated a superior areal capacitance compared to other morphologies, following a diffusion-controlled process. Finite element simulations were subsequently conducted to investigate this phenomenon, revealing that the lower-crystallinity nano-needle NiCo-LDHs accumulated a greater charge at their tips, thereby enhancing redox reactions and achieving higher energy storage capacitance. Subsequently, the yarns with nano-needle NiCo-LDHs were assembled into flexible quasi-solid-state symmetric YSCs, achieving a peak areal capacitance of 124.27 mF cm−2 and an exceptionally high energy density of 39.4 μWh cm−2 at a current density of 0.2 mA cm−2. Furthermore, our YSCs can be scaled up through serial or parallel connections and integrated into fabrics, making them suitable for wearable energy storage applications. This work provides an efficient method for fabricating high-performance YSCs and demonstrates significant potential for wearable energy storage devices.

Temperature-dependent electrochemical performance of CuS as electrode material for supercapacitor application

In this work, we synthesize copper sulfide as electrode materials using hydrothermal technique at different temperatures. The electrochemical performance of copper sulfide electrode in 3-electrode systems using 2 M KOH electrolyte is thoroughly studied using electrochemical techniques such as CV, GCD and EIS. The sample synthesized at 160 °C demonstrates that it has a specific capacitance of 232.5F/g at a charge–discharge current density of 1 A/g, maintains cyclic stability of 72.57 % during 500 GCD cycles at 5 A/g, highlighting its potential for supercapacitors applications. The results demonstrate that temperature significantly alters the electrochemical properties of the CuS.

MOF-on-MOF Derived Co2P/Ni2P Heterostructures for High-Performance Supercapacitors.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely used as versatile precursors to fabricate functional nanomaterials with well-defined structures for various applications. Herein, the presynthesized Ni-MOF nanosheets were grown on a Ni foam (NF) substrate, which then guided the nucleation and further growth of Prussian blue analogues (PBA) nanocubes to form MOF-on-MOF of the PBA/Ni-MOF film. This film was subsequently converted into a Co2P/Ni2P heterostructure. The NF-supported Co2P/Ni2P composites exhibited excellent supercapacitor performance, delivering a high specific capacity of 5124.2 mF cm-2 at 1 mA cm-2 and a remarkable capacity retention of 80.69% after 3000 cycles at 10 mA cm-2. An asymmetric supercapacitor assembled using Co2P/Ni2P/NF as the cathode and activated carbon as the anode yielded a maximum energy density of 0.34 mWh cm-2 at a power density of 1.50 mW cm-2. The enhanced supercapacitor performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of the Ni2P and Co2P components with multiple valence states as well as the unique hierarchical structure, which provides efficient pathways for electron and ion transport while mitigating volume expansion during energy storage. This synthetic strategy demonstrates an effective approach to fabricate phosphide-based hybrid materials for high-performance supercapacitor applications.

Investigation of electrochemical performance of gadolinium trichloride in asymmetric supercapacitor applications

The commercial Gadolinium tri chloride (GdCl3) electrode material exhibits high specific capacitance of 207.52Fg−1 in three electrode system at 1A/g with potential window 1.0 V. The GdCl3//Activated carbon (AC) asymmetric supercapacitor device in two electrode system achieves 188.14Fg−1 specific capacitance at 1 A/g with high potential window 1.7V. It possess high energy density 75.51Wh/kg, power density 850W/kg. and electrochemical stability of 92% of its initial capacitance after 5000 cycles. These demonstrate GdCl3 as an useful material for electrochemical energy storage devices. Further, electron paramagnetic resonance study on GdCl3 reveals g-factor 1.98 and line width ΔH = 221.8mT.

Facile Synthesis of Colocasia esculenta Peels‐Derived Activated Carbon for High‐Performance Supercapacitor

ABSTRACTBiomass and biowaste resources can be used to create self‐doped carbon with a distinctive microstructure. Using an economical and environmentally friendly method to create heteroatom‐doped carbon electrode materials with excellent electrochemical performance has attracted much attention in the energy storage industry. A novel facile two‐step, low‐cost, and eco‐friendly synthesis method for Colocasia esculenta peels has been developed to manufacture activated carbon (CEPAC) and used as an electrode material for supercapacitor application. The CEPAC 1:1 displayed a high specific surface area of 910 m2/g with oxygen‐heteroatom polar sites in the carbon network. A specific capacitance of 525.3 F/g was recorded in the three‐electrode system using a 3 M KOH solution. The assembled symmetric cell delivered an impressive specific capacitance of 98.7 F/g at 1 A/g while maintaining 98.4% of the initially recorded capacitance after 10 000 charge–discharge cycles. These results present a promising low‐cost and simple processing route for synthesizing electrode materials with superior surface properties for high‐performance supercapacitors.

Two-step hydrothermal synthesis of hydrangea-like Bi2O2Se with high performance for supercapacitors

The hydrangea-like structure of Bi2O2Se, composed of ultra-thin nanosheets, was prepared by a 2-step hydrothermal method for supercapacitor applications. The unique hydrangea-like structure of Bi2O2Se, characterized by a substantial specific surface area and abundant pore morphologies, facilitated the infiltration of electrolyte. The presence of bismuth vacancies not only enhanced the conductivity, but also increased the spacing between [Bi2O2]n2n+ and [Se]n2n– layers, creating room for K+ insertion/extraction and augmenting the surface-controlled pseudo-capacitance. Consequently, the hydrangea-like Bi2O2Se exhibited a high specific capacitance of 650 F/g at 1 A/g, excellent rate capability of 62 % from 1–20 A/g, and retained 80 % of its initial capacitance after 2000 cycles.

Electrochemical performance of composite phase copper vanadate for promising electrode material for supercapacitor applications

Electrochemical performance of composite phase copper vanadate for promising electrode material for supercapacitor applications

Supercapacitor devices based on multiphase MgTiO3 perovskites doped with Mn2+ ions

Recently, perovskites have become a hotspot for researchers attempting to exploit metal and oxygen vacancies in structures of the form MTiO3, facilitating the convenient electron/hole migration, thus displaying interesting properties. Magnesium Titanate (MgTiO3) is a prominent part of the perovskite class, exhibiting remarkable electrical, thermal, and chemical properties. Undoped and Mn-doped MgTiO3 samples were obtained using a solid-state reaction starting from previously synthesized MgO and TiO2 powders, which were separately doped with different Mn ion concentrations. The resulting multiphase materials with a major MgTiO3 phase were thoroughly morpho-structurally analyzed employing XRD, STEM, Raman, PL, XPS, and EPR spectroscopy. The electrochemical results indicate that they show superior performance when used as electrode materials for supercapacitor application due to the high defect concentration as shown in EPR and PL spectroscopy and the ferroelectric behavior observed in XPS and XRD. When used in symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitor devices, they show promising results, with specific capacity values reaching up to 109 F/g for the symmetric and 609 F/g for the asymmetric devices, while energy and power density values reached 84.7 Wh/kg and 90.8 kW/kg respectively, proving a great potential in the energy storage field.

Synergistic advancements in battery-grade energy storage: Nb2C/MoTe2(PANI) hybrid electrode material as a enhanced electrocatalyst for hydrogen reduction reaction

The inherent stratified arrangement, narrow energy band gap, and similar electrical conductivity of two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) have attracted considerable interest for their use in supercapacitors. Integrating Niobium Carbide (Nb2C) into the MXene framework significantly improves self-aggregation and electrochemical activity. The current work, Nb2C/MoTe2 was synthesized via a cost-effective and simple hydrothermal technique. However, the Nb2C/MoTe2 nanocomposite shows pronounced self-stacking problems during electrode fabrication, which can significantly restrict the capacity for storing charge. PANI was incorporated as a dopant to address these challenges and enhance electrochemical activity, such as Nb2C/MoTe2(PANI). The performance of supercapacitors was assessed by electrochemical measurement in an aqueous electrolytic solution with a concentration of 2 M potassium hydroxide (KOH). Based on the GCD profile, the Nb2C/MoTe2(PANI) material demonstrates a notable specific capacity (Qs) of 270 C/g, energy density of 72.2 Wh/kg, and power density of 935 W/kg at a current density of 2 A g-1. In contrast, the composite material demonstrates a specific capacity of 185 C/g, as proven by CV conducted at 5 mV/s. In addition, the nanohybrid has a high level of capacitance retention of 87.6 % after undergoing 8500 consecutive cycles. The exceptional efficiency of supercapacitor applications can be ascribed to the enhanced mechanical flexibility, active cooperation, and synergistic impacts of Nb2C/MoTe2 and PANI. The Nb2C/MoTe2(PANI) nanocomposite possesses significant potential for eco-friendly energy generation and allows for a simple single-step fabrication procedure. Consequently, it can serve as an electrode for highly efficient supercapacitors.

Electro-sprayed Quaternary Composite of Poly(aniline-co-pyrrole), Graphene Oxide, and Iron Oxide as an Efficient Electrode for Hybrid Supercapacitor Application

Electro-sprayed Quaternary Composite of Poly(aniline-co-pyrrole), Graphene Oxide, and Iron Oxide as an Efficient Electrode for Hybrid Supercapacitor Application

Synthesis of boron-doped reduced graphene oxide as electrode material for supercapacitor applications

Synthesis of boron-doped reduced graphene oxide as electrode material for supercapacitor applications

Pr2CuO4/MWCNT/MXene/PANI: A novel quaternary composite with tunable properties for potential applications in optoelectronics and energy storage devices

Pr2CuO4/MXene/MWCNT and PANI composites were synthesized for symmetric supercapacitor applications using a simple hydrothermal and in-situ polymerization technique. Pr2CuO4/ MXene/MWCNT and PANI were of ratios 40:60 (PC1), 50:50 (PC2), and 60:40 (PC3). Composites had a tetragonal single phase of Pr2CuO4 with a preferred orientation peak along (103) plane. FTIR confirmed functional bands of all constituents of the composite. Porous morphology was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) beneficial for energy storage capacity. The PC2 Composite possessed the widest absorption range and the smallest band gap energy. The dielectric constant of PC2, was the highest than pure Pr2CuO4 and the other composites. Coercivity and saturation magnetization for the composites decreased with decreasing Pr2CuO4 percentage, producing less eddy currents, which reduced energy dissipation and contributed to the increased efficiency of capacitors and inductors. The best ratio of Pr2CuO4/ MXene/MWCNT and PANI was 50:50 for increasing rate capability. This ratio enhanced surface area, charge storage capacity, specific capacity, and impedance behaviour. The optimized PC2 (Pr2CuO4/MXene/MWCNT: PANI 50:50) electrode exhibited exceptional electrochemical performance, achieving volumetric and gravimetric capacitance values of 2611.47 Fg−1 at 2 Ag−1. This enhanced performance can be explained by the combined effects of Pr2CuO4/MWCNT/PANI, which actively promoted pseudocapacitance and impeded MXene restacking. An excellent candidate for advanced energy storage systems, the electrode has an energy density of 58.032 Whkg−1 and remarkable rate capabilities.