Super Wideband Research Articles

A Small-scaled Super Wideband Circular Ring Fractal Antenna with High BDR for SHF Applications

A Small-scaled Super Wideband Circular Ring Fractal Antenna with High BDR for SHF Applications

Compact design of monopole antenna for SWB application with high BDR

AbstractIn this paper, a simple and compact monopole antenna with a high bandwidth ratio (BDR) of around is investigated for super wideband (SWB) applications. Using an F4B substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.65, loss tangent of 0.002, and connecting it to a triangular tapered 50‐Ohm line, the suggested antenna achieves its performance objectives. The proposed antenna has an electrical dimension of 0.14λ × 0.22λ and spans the SWB frequency range of 2.89–60 GHz with a 181.5% fractional bandwidth and reflection coefficient S11 < −10 dB. It has been revealed that the results of both experiments and simulations are remarkably similar to one another in terms of their conclusions. In comparison to other SWB antennas, the suggested antenna has a greater BDR, a larger bandwidth, and a more compact size. Apart from that, the antenna has good gain and good radiation characteristics over the whole operational frequency range.

Early-Stage Lung Tumor Detection Based on Super-Wideband Microwave Reflectometry

This paper aims to detect early-stage lung tumors in deep-seated and superficial locations, and to precisely measure the size of the detected tumor using non-invasive microwave reflectometry over a super-wideband (SWB) frequency range. Human lung phantom and lung tumors are modeled using a multi-layer concentric cylinder structure and spherical-shaped inclusions, respectively. Firstly, a study on the dielectric properties of human torso tissues is carried out over an SWB frequency range of 1–25 GHz based on the Cole–Cole dispersion model. Intensive full-wave simulations of the modeled phantom under irradiation by a custom-designed SWB antenna array are then performed. Results show that small tumor sizes from 5 mm radius in both deep-seated and superficial locations of the lung tissue can be detected based on the contrast of reflection coefficients and reconstructed images produced from backscattered signals between normal and anomalous tissues. The potential of using SWB microwave reflectometry to successfully detect the lung tumors in their early stages and at different depths of the lung tissue has been demonstrated.

Fractal Loaded Circular Patch Antenna for Super Wide Band Operation in THZ Frequency Region

This work describes the design and analysis of a 22 circular micro-strip patch antenna array on a FR-4 epoxy substrate. The thickness of the substrate is 1.6 mm, and it is used in a variety of applications, including RADAR and radio frequency identification. The task involves creating a 22 circular microstrip patch antenna array that resonates at 2.4GHz and simulating it for use in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications. An FR-4 Epoxy substrate is used to create a circular patch antenna array, which is then supplied using microstrip feed lines. A manufactured antenna has a 1.187GHz resonance. The analysis of antenna parameters includes gain, return loss, VSWR, directivity, reflection coefficient, and radiation pattern. In comparison to a 2x2 rectangular microstrip patch antenna, a 2x2 circular microstrip patch antenna generates better gain and less return loss. It is more helpful for WSN applications than a rectangular array due to its small size and improved directivity.

Miniaturization and performance enhancement of super wide band four element MIMO antenna using DNG metamaterial for THz applications

A compact semi-hexagonal-shaped MIMO antenna loaded with a planar SRR (split-ring resonator) structure is presented for Terahertz applications. The single radiating element consists of a semi-hexagonal shape metallic patch loaded with SRR-CC (Split ring Resonator-Connected C shape) metamaterial unit cell to enhance the impedance bandwidth as well as gain of the proposed antenna. The proposed antenna element can be easily extended into two-port and four-port MIMO antenna configurations. Four radiating elements of the proposed antenna are printed on 122.4*122.4 μm2 quartz substrate having a thickness of 10 μm. The radiating elements are placed orthogonally to achieve high isolation and miniaturization in the MIMO system. The proposed antenna exhibits super-wide impedance bandwidth (S11 ≤ − 10 dB) in the range of 0.9–10.1 THz (with fractional bandwidth of 168% at f0 = 5.5 THz) while isolation of antenna is more than 20 dB in the whole operating band. The peak gain of the antenna is 7.51 dBi with more than 95% radiation efficiency in the entire band. The stable radiation pattern, high gain, high radiation efficiency, and good diversity performance of the proposed antenna make it suitable for many THz applications such as breast cancer detection, sugar measurement, drug detection.

A novel four port reconfigurable filtering MIMO antenna

AbstractThis paper presents the design and implementation of a novel four‐port multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna with reconfigurable filtering characteristics. The proposed filtering MIMO antenna is constructed using a super wideband (SWB) monopole. The feedline of the monopole radiator is integrated with a microstrip filter network. Reconfigurable filtering characteristics are realized using a feed selection network making the antenna work at two modes viz. SWB mode (2.2 to over 20 GHz) and dual narrow‐band (d‐NB) mode (2.45 and 5.8 GHz). The feed selection is accomplished using a PIN diode. An interlocked four‐port MIMO antenna is then constructed using the proposed reconfigurable filtering monopole antenna. The proposed antenna exhibits an average gain greater than 5.2 dBi in both operating modes and has total efficiency greater than 80%. The MIMO parameters such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), and mean effective gain (MEG) are evaluated and presented. The prototype MIMO antenna is fabricated and the experimental results are validated in real‐time. The proposed reconfigurable MIMO antenna is suitable for wireless local area network (WLAN), Internet of things (IoT), dedicated short‐range communication (DSRC), ultra‐wideband (UWB), and SWB applications in the automotive scenario.

Super wideband high gain hybrid microstrip patch antenna

A super wideband hybrid microstrip patch antenna with high gain is presented in this research work. The electrical dimension of the presented antenna is 0.273λ × 0.213λ × 0.01λ, where λ is the wavelength of the lowest operating frequency (2 GHz). The patch consists of one rectangle overlapping with two ellipses loaded by two notches and it looks like a two dimensional “MEDICAL PILL”. Simulation result of the designed antenna exhibits −10 dB impedance bandwidth from 2 GHz to beyond 95 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 192%. The measured results exhibit −10 dB impedance bandwidth of more than 38 GHz (2 GHz to above 40 GHz) with a fractional bandwidth of more than 180%, BDR of larger than 3095 and bandwidth ratio of more than 10:1. Also a measured peak gain of 7.4 dBi is achieved at 26.5 GHz. An equivalent RLC circuit of the proposed antenna is developed using ADS software and the result is compared with simulated and measured results. This proposed antenna can be used for S band (2 GHz-4 GHz), UWB band (3.1 GHz–10.6 GHz), X band (8 GHz–12 GHz), Ku band (12 GHz–18 GHz), K band (18 GHz–27 GHz) and 5G technology band (24.25 GHz–29.5 GHz) applications.

A super wideband MIMO antenna with metamaterial superstrate for gain enhancement at WLAN frequency band

A super wideband MIMO antenna with metamaterial superstrate for gain enhancement at WLAN frequency band

High gain miniaturrized super‐wideband microstrip patch antenna

SummaryA miniaturized super‐wideband (SWB) monopole antenna is presented in this work. Electrical dimension of the presented antenna is 0.239λ × 0.239λ × 0.0147λ, where λ indicates the wavelength corresponding to the lowest operating frequency. Presented antenna displays single −10 dB operating band from 2.75 to 28 GHz with 164% percentage bandwidth and bandwidth ratio of more than 10:1. The proposed SWB antenna exhibits a large bandwidth dimension ratio (BDR) of 2871 with realized gain of 4.80 dBi. Radiating patch of the proposed antenna is designed by modifying conventional rectangular patch by loading a matching stepwise structure. Further, in order to achieve SWB characteristics, the ground plane is reduced with a loaded rectangular notch for better impedance matching. The designed antenna has the advantages of simple planar miniaturized structure, acceptable gain, and wide bandwidth to support various objectives in modern wireless communication. To boost the maximum gain further over the entire frequency band, the proposed antenna is combined with the proposed frequency selective surface (FSS) which acts as a partially reflector surface. The antenna is placed over 4 × 4 FSS at suitable distance without hampering the obtained bandwidth of the antenna. FSS combined antenna structure, having the physical volume of 56 mm × 56 mm × 26.2 mm, exhibits realized gain of 9.3 dBi which is suitable for long range communication. CST MWS (Microwave studio) for simulation results of the suggested antenna and appropriate Microwave Test bench is used to verify the same.

Ellipse Shaped Antenna for Super-Wide Band Applications

A cross-elliptical antenna for super-wide-band applications is proposed in this paper. The antenna comprises of merged two ellipses, placed orthogonally to form the radiating patch and rectangular ground. The proposed antenna is simulated by using an RF simulator and Rogers RT Duroid 5880 substrate having a thickness of 1.6mm with relative permittivity of 2.2. The return loss of -50dB has been achieved at 12.5 GHz, which is best for Ku band applications. As the antenna shows SWB features, it can be also be used in X, UWB, and SWB wireless communications.

Three‐dimensional miniaturized super wideband antenna with filtering capabilities

This article presents a miniaturized three-dimensional super wideband antenna with filtering capabilities. A conventional rectangular patch antenna has been modified by truncating its corners with semi-circles and a trapezoidal shaped partial ground plane is utilized to achieve super wideband performance. The planar design is later extended to a 3D design with the addition of three dielectric cuboids in the radiator. The cuboids are inserted at low current density regions within the operating range to achieve miniaturization compared to the planar antenna. The impedance bandwidth of the 3D antenna is ~17.55 GHz, measured from 2.45 to 20 GHz. The filtering capabilities are achieved by means of an upside-down T-shaped resonator introduced in the center of the patch and two U-shaped slots etched from the patch. In total, three interfering communication bands are rejected, WiMAX (3.2–3.8 GHz), IEEE 802.11/WLAN (5.17–5.33 GHz), and ITU (7.7–8.5 GHz). The proposed antenna is miniaturized as it merely has an overall size of 0.20λl × 0.19λw × 0.011λh mm3 (corresponds to 2.45 GHz) compared to the relevant literature. The design has been analyzed using an equivalent circuit model, fabricated and measured for validation. The simulated and measured results are found well in agreement.

A compact SWB MIMO antenna with 45° clock-wise square patch inclusions for polarization diversity applications

AbstractIn this paper, a compact super wideband annular ring antenna using 45° clock-wise square patch inclusions for super high frequency and polarization diversity applications is proposed. The inclusions consist of a combination of squares and circles into one another in the inner area of a main annular ring radiator. The antenna uses a partial ground plane having a stair-type defected ground structure, is designed on an FR-4 substrate, and has a total size of 25 × 26 × 1.6 mm3 (0.17λ × 0.18λ). The design was fabricated and experimental results fairly agreed with simulations and resulted in an antenna with an operating frequency from 2.07 to 30 GHz; that is, a large fractional bandwidth of 174.2$\%$ with a bandwidth (BW) ratio of 14.5:1 and a high BW dimension ratio, BW per unit electrical length of 5693, and a measured peak gain of 8 dBi with an average gain of 5 dBi for the overall operating frequency. For the polarization diversity, a 4 × 4 multiple input-multiple output configuration is additionally presented, offering an effective isolation of ≥ 22.5 dB between ports and corroborated by measurements.

Fractal loaded six element multiple‐input‐multiple‐output antenna configuration for super wideband operation

In this article, a planar six port multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna configuration, fabricated on 80 × 120 mm2 FR4 substrate has been presented for super wideband (SWB) operation. The different co-planar waveguide (CPW) fed antenna elements are placed in side by side, perpendicular and upside down arrangements among themselves. A combination of Minkowski and modified Hilbert fractal curve has been applied on half elliptical patch antenna elements. Two pairs of antenna elements operate from 1.2 to 20 GHz and the other pair of antenna elements covers a bandwidth ranging from 1.4 to 20 GHz. Due to the utilization of different metallic stubs, fractal curves and proper positioning of the antenna elements, inter-element isolation more than 20 dB is achieved over the whole frequency band. The proposed design also exhibits suitable radiation characteristics with enough gain and better diversity performance parameters. The time-domain analysis of the proposed design in terms of group delay also confirms its application as a good SWB MIMO antenna configuration.

A compact super wideband antenna with stable and improved radiation using super wideband frequency selective surface

A small bulb shaped planar super wideband (SWB) antenna with the dimension of 35 × 30 × 0.8 mm3 operating over 2.8–40 GHz (14.28:1) spectrum is proposed. The antenna offers a fractional bandwidth of 173.8%, bandwidth dimension ratio (BDR) of 1904, measured peak gain of 5.5 dBi and radiation efficiency of 80%. The proposed antenna is unified to an unique SWB frequency selective surface (FSS), having unit cell size equal to 0.114λL × 0.114λL × 0.008λL (λL is the wavelength at 3.1 GHz). The FSS operates in 3.05 to 35.92 GHz spectrum (168.7%) with transmission level S21 ≤ -10 dB and reflection S11 near 0 dB for TE and TM modes of polarization with adequate angular stability. The linearly decreasing S11 phase of FSS makes it appropriate for radiation improvement of the bulb shaped antenna in the broadside direction by placing the antenna at the top of FSS with an optimal air gap of 19 mm. The SWB ‘antenna-FSS’ exhibits wideband response over 3–36.2 GHz (169.4%) spectrum, including commercial ultra-wideband (3.1–10.6 GHz), ISM bands (5.725–5.875 GHz & 24–24.25 GHz), WiMAX (3.3–3.7 GHz), IEEE 802.11 WLAN bands, S-C-X-Ku-Ka bands, and 5G NR (n77, n78, n79, n257, n258, n261) bandwidth with stable and adequate gain of 5.2–7.16 dBi and an acceptable radiation efficiency.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Design and analysis of super wide band antenna and its notch band characteristics

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Design and analysis of super wide band antenna and its notch band characteristics

Fractal Cardioid Slot Antenna for Super Wideband Applications

A new geometry for uniplanar, ultra-wideband monopole antenna has been proposed for operations in the 1.8–30 GHz band, thanks to its fractal structure in the form of a cardioid. The antenna has extremely small dimensions at 0.21λ × 0.285λ at the lowest frequency of 1.8 GHz. A parametric analysis of the influence of certain antenna dimensions on its characteristics was performed in order to achieve the widest possible impedance bandwidth. This antenna is designed for low-cost FR-4 substrate because it is primarily intended for use in broadband energy harvesting and IoT systems, but it is also suitable for applications in communication systems. Simulation results show that the antenna has a reflection coefficient (S11) below −10 dB in the entire 1.8 GHz to 30 GHz frequency range, which covers all existing cellular bands: 3G, 4G, 5G Wi-Fi, ISM, satellite communication and radar bands. The antenna exhibits gains up to 5 dBi.

Optimized Super-Wideband MIMO Antenna with High Isolation for IoT Applications.

A compact, low profile, multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) diversity antenna with super-wideband (SWB) characteristics has been proposed. The proposed antenna comprises four symmetric monopole-radiating elements printed on low-cost FR4 substrate with the slotted ground plane. The single antenna of a monopole structure and a quad-port MIMO antenna, with the dimensions of 30 × 20 mm2 and 60 × 55 mm2, respectively, are ideal for IoT and high-speed data applications. The proposed MIMO antenna has a high diversity gain and low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) within the frequency range. Simulated results demonstrate the performance of the MIMO-SWB antenna, which operates from 2.3 to 23 GHz, with a high isolation level over 20 dB in the achieved frequency band. Moreover, the proposed MIMO antenna has been investigated with mirror fashion and orthogonal structure. Both structures provide similar results except for mutual coupling performance. The orthogonal adjustment for high isolation achieves better results with the proposed model. Further, the prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated and measured effectively. Simulated and measured results show good agreement for super-wideband applications.

Designing an E-shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna for Ultra-wide Band Application using Line Feeding

This paper presents the plan and reenactment ofthe super wideband working recurrence Eshape microbandrecieving wire for different remote applications. This recievingwire will give the vital broadband in different applicationslike remote detecting, biomedical applications, portable radiosatellites, remote correspondences, and then some. This recievingwire structure gives a usable recurrence scope of 3.14-10.6 GHz,making the radio wire appropriate for the super wideband. Theperformance of the designed antenna was analysed in termsof gain, return loss, VSWR, Axial Ratio, Conjugate MatchingFactor, Antenna Efficiency, Current Distribution, Impedance ofAntenna, Radiation Pattern. The proposed recieving wire isplanned utilizing a polyimide substrate with a substrate tallnessof 1.6 mm. Axial ratio is less than 0 dB. For the frequency zeroGHz the Conjugate Matching Factor is -forty-five dB, for thefrequency four.6 GHz the Conjugate Matching Factor is zero dBand for the frequency five GHz the Conjugate Matching Factoris -five Db. For the frequency of 4.6 GHz with a return loss of-24dB .The smith chart of E Patch Antenna is 5.253+j55Ω, Theradiation efficiency at the frequency 5.65GHz is 88 per cent. TheAntenna Efficiency for the frequency 4.5 GHz is 80 %.

Quad‐band circularly polarized super‐wideband MIMO antenna for wireless applications

In this article, a Super-wideband (2.6–22 GHz) two-elements multiple-input-multiple-output antenna (MIMO) is presented with a dimension of 49 × 54.5 × 1.6 mm3 on an FR-4 substrate. The antenna is also exhibited dual circular polarization (RHCP and LHCP) simultaneously at two separate ports at four frequencies of 5.2, 11.5, 14.66, and 16.75 GHz, which are extensively utilized for WLAN, X, and Ku-band applications. Four EBG cells of various sizes have been installed across the feed line to maintain the antenna's efficiency and control the specific absorption rate (SAR). The antenna has a minimum isolation of 17 dB (20 dB for the important portion) in Super-wideband (SWB) and excellent diversity performance. Simulated results of antenna-like return loss, isolation, and diversity parameters have also been verified experimentally, which are in the acceptable range. Also, the calculated maximum SAR at 10 g is 1.095 W/kg with the head voxel model at 3.5 GHz.

A Compact Asymmetrical Triangular Truncated Polygon Super Wideband Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Communication Applications

The rapid growth in wireless communications of today’s era requires a new generation of antennas whose operating frequency range is greater than the FCC allocated UWB (3.1-10 GHz) frequency range and also operate simultaneously for multiple communication standards in single band of frequency. Microstrip antennas technology provides these features. A ubiquitous compact asymmetrical triangle truncated polygon structure monopole fed super wideband microstrip antenna for wireless communication is proposed in this paper. The antenna uses a compact size of 50X40 mm.2 The irregular tapered truncations on patch geometry have potential effects on enlargement of operating frequency band. The antenna is designed using modified epoxy substrate material of ε= 4.2, h=1.6 mm at 3 GHz, fabricated and measured. The measured results confirm that the antenna has operating frequency band of 1.2-20.03 GHz (177.39%) with bandwidth ratio of 16:1. The antenna has stable radiation patterns and consistent gain over operating band. The time domain group delay of antenna is within 4 ns, which indicates good linear phase response. Furthermore, this proposed antenna is able to cover the DVB-H in L-band for PMP (1.45-1.49 GHz), DCS, PCS, UMTS, Bluetooth, WiMAX2500, LTE2600 and UWB bands applications.