Supermatrix Research Articles

MCDM Approach for the Adoption of Best Cloud

ANP is a powerful tool in multi-criteria decision making. In this research, the performances of public cloud, private cloud and hybrid clouds are analyzed. This tool is used to encapsulate the interdependences in different level of decision attribute. The decision problem is structured in a hierarchical manner and the enablers, determinants and dimensions are linked with the alternatives. The current study is based on the adoption of the best cloud computing i.e. Public cloud, private cloud and hybrid cloud. Based on the literature survey the determinants, dimensions and enablers have been derived. Super matrices have been formed and then the overall weighted effectiveness of cloud computing has been found out, which will give an indication of the performances of the cloud computing. Overall weighted effectiveness was highest for public cloud and then hybrid cloud followed by private cloud

Conventional Simulation of Biological Sequences Leads to a Biased Assessment of Multi-Loci Phylogenetic Analysis

Phylogenetic analysis based on multi-loci data sets is performed by means of supermatrix (SM) or supertree (ST) approaches. Recently, methods that rely on species tree (SppT) inference by the multi-species coalescence have also been implemented to tackle this problem. Generally, the relative performance of these three major strategies has been calculated using simulation of biological sequences. However, sequence simulation may not entirely replicate the complexity of the evolutionary process. Thus, issues regarding the usefulness of in silico sequences in studying the performance of phylogenetic methods have been raised. Here, we used both classical simulation and empirical data to investigate the relative performance of ST, SM, and the SppT methods. SM analyses performed better than the ST and SppTs in simulations, but not in empirical analyses where some ST methods significantly outperformed the others. Additionally, SM was the only method that was robust under evolutionary model violations in simulations. These results show that conventional biological sequence simulation cannot adequately resolve which method is most efficient to recover the SppT. In such simulations, the SM approach recovers the established phylogeny in most instances, whereas the performance of the ST and SppT methods is downgraded in simpler cases. When compared, the analyses based on empirical and simulated sequences yielded largely inconsistent results, with the latter showing a bias towards a seemingly superiority of SM approaches.

Design and Development of Electro-Discharge Drilling Process

There still exist numerous difficulties in generating holes in super alloys, advanced materials and metal matrix composite materials. Electro-discharge drilling (EDD) is a proficient drilling process for the hole making and hole grinding resulting from its characteristics of being a conductive and a thermal process. The EDD process has been investigated with the developed set-up. A EDD set up has been designed and developed as part of the present investigation. The experiments have been conducted on the constant input parameters. This type of process is generally unstable, but its efficiency is very high. The process parameter has been compared with EDM process. The MRR of EDD process has been found to increase as compared to the EDM process. However, this process has a serious problem caused by the tool wear rate, which significantly deteriorates the machining accuracy.

ISM에 의한 어린이 보호구역의 잠재위험 요인 구조화 모형 구축

PURPOSES : This study is to develop ISM for potential risk factor in School Zone. METHODS : Based on the literature review, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been used most widely. However, it is difficult to apply in practice because the AHP results have the characteristics of the independence between each element and the interlayer can not explain the interrelationship. The Network Analysis Process (ANP) is possible to analyze the relationship between the elements and the network through the feedback. But, the reliability of the analysis fall because of complicated pair of comparison, also it is difficult to solve the super matrix. In this study, the complicated relationship between each element is inquired through the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM). RESULTS : The methodology of ISM is developed to remove the children's potential risk factors in school zone. CONCLUSIONS : It is possible to remove the children's potential risk factors from low level to high level step by step and improve safety. Through this, risk factors can be removed from the low-level, and upper-level will automatically improve.

Correction: Corrigendum: Resolving the evolutionary relationships of molluscs with phylogenomic tools

Nature 480, 364–367 (2011); doi:10.1038/nature10526 In this Letter, we investigated the evolutionary relationships of molluscs with multigene data sets assembled from new transcriptome data and published genomes and transcriptomes. Since publishing these results, examination of our gene sequence matrix by others revealed that all instances of six amino acids (E, F, I, L, P and Q) were replaced by ambiguous characters in our super matrix.

The analytic network process for the pharmaceutical sector: Multi criteria decision making to select the suitable method for the preparation of nanoparticles

BackgroundThis paper presents the methodology for assessing and selecting the most appropriate procedure for the preparation of nanoparticles by implementing the analytical network process. The commonly utilized nanoparticle preparation methods are Polymer Precipitation, Interfacial polymer deposition, Complex Coacervation, Cross linking, Emulsion solvent diffusion, Homogenization and Polymerization method. There are numerous parameters to be considered in groundwork of nanoparticles that departs the conclusion manufacturer in bias. One has to address a number of components in alignment to determine and choose the optimum conclusion choices, because an unsuitable conclusion could lead to the eventual merchandise having to be formulated and developed again. For this cause in this paper, we study selecting the most appropriate procedure for the preparation of nanoparticles utilizing one of the multi criteria-decision making techniques, Analytic Network Process.MethodologyThe main goal was determined. The criteria and sub-criteria that affect the main goal were determined. The alternatives for the problem were determined. The interactions between criteria, sub-criteria, and alternatives respect to the main goal were determined. The super matrixes according to the network were assembled and then weighted super matrix and limit super matrix were then constructed. The values of this limit matrix are the desired priorities of the elements with respect to the goal. The alterative with the highest priority was finally chosen as the best alternative.ResultsThe emulsion solvent diffusion technique (M-5) has the highest value (0.434379) among the alternative methods that are applicable to the preparation of the nanoparticles. The second highest is Polymer Precipitation (M-1) with a value of 0.178798, and the lowest value or last choice is Cross Linking (M-4) with a value of only 0.024516. The alternative with the highest priority would achieve the goal, i.e., the best method for the preparation of the nanoparticles.ConclusionThe alternative M5 emulsion solvent diffusion technique, scoring 0.434379 was the one with largest main concern amidst all the other alternatives and thereby judged to be the most apt procedure for the preparation of nanoparticles.

Spark Plasma Sintering of W–UO2 cermets

About 50vol.% 3μm depleted uranium dioxide (UO2) powder was encapsulated within a tungsten super alloy matrix produced from sub-micron tungsten powders using the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) process. An additive of 25 atom-percent (at.%) rhenium was included within the tungsten matrix to improve the ductility and fracture toughness of the ceramic–metallic (cermet) matrix. Cermet fabrication to 97.9% of the theoretical cermet density was achieved by sintering at 1500°C with 40MPa of applied pressure for 20min. The results presented are from the first known trials of W–UO2 and nuclear cermet production via SPS.

On the three-term kinetic friction law in nanotribological systems

A post-processing method, which maps the punctiform atoms in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of boundary lubrication onto smoothed particles, is used to estimate the asperity contact area defined by the minimum cross-section of the formed solid bridges. It is then shown that this asperity contact area excellently agrees with the projected area resulting from a Voronoi tessellation of the corresponding contact zone, and that it can be applied to compute the constitutive system parameters of a three-term friction law, which is found to hold for any boundary-lubricated nanotribological system. Finally, an attempt is made to relate the load-independent friction offset observed in boundary-lubricated nanotribological systems without solid-solid contact to the structural order as measured by the entropy, which is estimated within the single macromolecule approach based on covariance (super)matrices of the carbon backbone atoms in the lubricant.

Polynomial supertree methods revisited.

Supertree methods allow to reconstruct large phylogenetic trees by combining smaller trees with overlapping leaf sets into one, more comprehensive supertree. The most commonly used supertree method, matrix representation with parsimony (MRP), produces accurate supertrees but is rather slow due to the underlying hard optimization problem. In this paper, we present an extensive simulation study comparing the performance of MRP and the polynomial supertree methods MinCut Supertree, Modified MinCut Supertree, Build-with-distances, PhySIC, PhySIC_IST, and super distance matrix. We consider both quality and resolution of the reconstructed supertrees. Our findings illustrate the tradeoff between accuracy and running time in supertree construction, as well as the pros and cons of voting- and veto-based supertree approaches. Based on our results, we make some general suggestions for supertree methods yet to come.

Analytic Network Process Analysis of an Indian Telecommunication Service Supply Chain: A Case Study

The major intent of this research is to analyze the performance quality dimensions of a telecom service company Supply Chain in the Indian context. Currently a rapid boom has been experienced in telecom sectors. While dealing with more and more sophisticated technologies and better change management schemes, one of the crucial problems faced by the top management is the comparative evaluation of various alternatives in the telecom service supply. ANP is a powerful multi-criteria decision-making tool to encapsulate the interdependencies among and between levels of decision attributes. It structures the decision problem in a hierarchical form and links the determinants, dimensions, and enablers with alternatives available to the decision maker. Therefore, in the current study undertaken in a public sector unit in India, the dimensions of telecom service sector have been captured in four perspectives viz. customer, internal business, innovation and learning, and finance, which mimic a balanced score card. Three services of the public sector telecom organization that have been analyzed are (i) Consultancy (ii) Project Execution (iii) Training and quality control. Here the determinants, dimensions and enablers have been derived based on the combination of literature review and insights gained through exploratory interviews with the appropriate experts/ professionals. It was observed that criteria, sub-criteria, determinants, etc. were interrelated. The comparative evaluation between alternatives was done based on the feedback of ten relevant executives. Geometric mean of their response was considered as the combined evaluation score. Later super matrices were formed. Further, a quantified value named as overall weighted service index, which would give an indication of the performance of an organization and provide directions to managers where the improvement efforts has been derived. This was highest for consultancy and lowest for training and quality control. The article concludes with managerial implication and scope for future work. [Service Science, ISSN 2164-3962 (print), ISSN 2164-3970 (online), was published by Services Science Global (SSG) from 2009 to 2011 as issues under ISBN 978-1-4276-2090-3.]

Comparative Performance of Supertree Algorithms in Large Data Sets Using the Soapberry Family (Sapindaceae) as a Case Study

For the last 2 decades, supertree reconstruction has been an active field of research and has seen the development of a large number of major algorithms. Because of the growing popularity of the supertree methods, it has become necessary to evaluate the performance of these algorithms to determine which are the best options (especially with regard to the supermatrix approach that is widely used). In this study, seven of the most commonly used supertree methods are investigated by using a large empirical data set (in terms of number of taxa and molecular markers) from the worldwide flowering plant family Sapindaceae. Supertree methods were evaluated using several criteria: similarity of the supertrees with the input trees, similarity between the supertrees and the total evidence tree, level of resolution of the supertree and computational time required by the algorithm. Additional analyses were also conducted on a reduced data set to test if the performance levels were affected by the heuristic searches rather than the algorithms themselves. Based on our results, two main groups of supertree methods were identified: on one hand, the matrix representation with parsimony (MRP), MinFlip, and MinCut methods performed well according to our criteria, whereas the average consensus, split fit, and most similar supertree methods showed a poorer performance or at least did not behave the same way as the total evidence tree. Results for the super distance matrix, that is, the most recent approach tested here, were promising with at least one derived method performing as well as MRP, MinFlip, and MinCut. The output of each method was only slightly improved when applied to the reduced data set, suggesting a correct behavior of the heuristic searches and a relatively low sensitivity of the algorithms to data set sizes and missing data. Results also showed that the MRP analyses could reach a high level of quality even when using a simple heuristic search strategy, with the exception of MRP with Purvis coding scheme and reversible parsimony. The future of supertrees lies in the implementation of a standardized heuristic search for all methods and the increase in computing power to handle large data sets. The latter would prove to be particularly useful for promising approaches such as the maximum quartet fit method that yet requires substantial computing power.

Optimization of Segmented Grinding Wheel Matrix Based on Super High-Speed Grinding

It is different from the traditional integrated super high-speed grinding wheel, the centrifugal force has greater impact on segmented grinding wheel in super high-speed rotation. In this paper, in order to ensure the safety of super high-speed grinding wheel, models for the connection between inner micro-unit’s displacement and stress of wheel matrix were established to optimize high-speed grinding wheel section form, reduce the centrifugal stress and control the radial displacement of grinding wheel. Consider the structural and mechanical characteristics of wheel matrix, strength check of the theoretical formula were also established. Taking into account the factors of aerodynamic and wheel connector effects, at last the design of segmented super high-speed grinding matrix was optimized with finite element method.

The chemical relationship between chondrules and matrix and the chondrule matrix complementarity

Chondrules and matrix are the two major components of carbonaceous chondrites (CC). The Mg/Si ratios of chondrules and matrices in CV, CR, CO and CM chondrites are complementary: chondrules have super CI chondritic and matrices sub CI chondritic Mg/Si ratios. Bulk samples of CC have always CI chondritic Mg/Si ratios, indicating that chondrules and matrix are chemically connected. Such a chemical relationship places important constraints on the chondrule formation process and the chemical evolution of the protoplanetary disk. The chondrule matrix complementarity excludes separate origins and later mixing of chondrules and matrix. Redistribution of Fe and Mg between chondrules and matrix or leaching of Si from chondrule mesostasis into the matrix on the parent body can be excluded. Both, chondrules and matrix must have formed from the same chemical reservoir. The Mg/Si complementarity was probably established in the nebula before parent body accretion by the extraction of a Mg-rich component from a CI chondritic reservoir. This component then served as precursor for chondrules, leaving behind Mg-depleted material, the parent material of matrix. This interpretation excludes all chondrule forming processes that involve a separate origin for chondrules and matrix, such as, for example, the X-wind model. The existence of this complementarity in CV, CR, CO and CM chondrites also suggests that chondrules and matrix are formed by similar processes.

Combined method of super element and substructure for analysis of ILTDBS reticulated mega-structure with single-layer latticed shell substructures

For the cylindrical intersecting-latticed-three-dimensional-beams-system (ILTDBS) reticulated mega-structure with single-layer latticed shell substructures, which is an innovative super-long-span structure, the structural configuration is first introduced in this paper. And then to improve the calculation efficiency, a simplified analytical method of combining super element and substructure is presented and studied in detail. In this method the latticed three-dimensional beams (spatial truss) of the main structure are regarded as super element with three generalized nodes, and the substructures embedded in the large grids of the main structure are disposed by static condensation method, i.e. substructure method. The super element stiffness matrix and the stiffness contribution of the substructures to the whole structure are developed. Numerical example shows that the calculation time of the presented method decreases significantly in comparison with the conventional finite element method, and the comparatively accurate results are obtained. In addition, the substructures’ participation in bearing loads cooperatively with the main structure can also be considered in this method. So it is a good method with high efficiency and precision for analysis of the ILTDBS reticulated mega-structure with single-layer latticed shell substructures.

Non-diagonal boundary conditions for super spin chains

We study a one-dimensional model of free fermions with supersymmetry and demonstrate how non-diagonal boundary conditions can be incorporated into the framework of the graded quantum inverse scattering method (gQISM) by means of super matrices with entries from a superalgebra. For super Hermitian twists and open boundary conditions subject to a certain constraint, we solve the eigenvalue problem for the super transfermatrix by means of the graded algebraic Bethe ansatz technique (gABA) starting from a fermionic coherent state. For generic boundary conditions the algebraic Bethe ansatz cannot be applied. In this case the spectrum of the super transfermatrix is obtained from a functional relation.

ゴムのカーボンブラック補強解明の新展開（下）最新の研究成果が明かすカーボンブラック界面の実態

The newest observation with optical methods showed the clear image of the interface between carbon particles and rubber. Carbon particles in the filled rubber vulcanizate are surrounded by the double layers of uncross-linked bound rubber, GH and SH layers, 10 nm in the total thickness. Fine carbon blacks and their aggregates connect together each other and form the super network by the interconnection of SH layers, thus the co-continuous structure of the super network and matrix cross-linked rubber supports the stress of the system. Under large extension, molecules in the SH layer are finitely extended through sliding and orientating and change to the strands of extended molecules between carbon particles. This behavior generates the stress-upturn and energy dissipation in the system simultaneously, and finally results in Mullins effect together with the buckling of the super network. The stress-strain curve of the filled rubber can be yielded as the incorporated curve of the Gaussian at a smaller extension than a critical strain and the non-Gaussian at the larger extension.

BOSONIZATION METHOD FOR SECOND SUPER QUANTIZATION

A boson-fermion correspondence allows an analytic definition of functional super derivative, in particular, and a bosonic functional calculus, in general, on Bargmann Gelfand triples for the second super quantization. A Feynman integral for the super transformation matrix elements in terms of bosonic anti-normal Berezin-Sudarshan symbols is rigorously constructed.

Spectral parameterization for power sums of a quantum supermatrix

A parameterization for the power sums of GL(m|n) type quantum (super)matrix is obtained in terms of it's spectral values.

A seven-gene, multilocus, genus-wide approach to the phylogeny of mycobacteria using supertrees

This is the first study that estimates mycobacterial phylogeny using the maximum-likelihood method (PhyML-aLRT) on a seven-gene concatenate (hsp65, rpoB, 16S rRNA, smpB, sodA, tmRNA and tuf) and the super distance matrix (SDM) supertree method. Two sets of sequences were studied: a complete seven gene sequence set (set R, type strains of 87 species) and an incomplete set (set W, 132 species) with some missing data. Congruencies were computed by using the consense program (phylip package). The evolution rate of each gene was determined, as was the evolution rate of each strain for a given gene. Maximum-likelihood trees resulting from concatenation of the R and W sets resulted in a similar phylogeny, usually showing an early separation between slow-growing (SG) and rapidly growing (RG) mycobacteria. The SDM tree for the W set resulted in a different phylogeny. The separation of SG and RG was still evident, but it was located later in the nodes. The SG were therefore positioned as a subgroup of RG. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction was less affected by increasing the number of strains (with incomplete data), but did seem to cushion the variability of the evolution rate (ER), whereas the SDM method seemed to be more accurate and took into account both the differing ER values and the incomplete data. With regard to ER, it was observed that the 16S rRNA gene was the gene that displayed the slowest evolution, whereas smpB was the most rapidly evolving gene. Surprisingly, these two genes alone accurately separated the SG from the RG on the basis of their ER values. This study focused on the differences in ER between genes and in some cases linked the ER to the phenotypic classification of the mycobacteria.

Bound states in Script N = 4 SYM onT3: Spin(2n) and the exceptional groups

The low energy spectrum of (3+1)-dimensional N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory on a spatial three-torus contains a certain number of bound states, characterized by their discrete abelian magnetic and elecric 't Hooft fluxes. At weak coupling, the wave-functions of these states are supported near points in the moduli space of flat connections where the unbroken gauge group is semi-simple. The number of such states is related to the number of normalizable bound states at threshold in the super symmetric matrix quantum mechanics wit h 1 6 supercharges based on this unbroken group. Mathematic ally, the determination of the spectrum relies on the classification of almost commuting triples with semi-simple centralizers. We complete the work begun in a previous paper, by computing the spectrum of bound states in theories based on the even-dimensional spin groups and the exceptional groups. The results satisfy the constraints of S-duality in a rather non-trivial way.