Super High Resolution Research Articles

Sub pixel location identification using super resolved multilooking CHRIS data

Abstract. CHRIS /Proba is a multiviewing hyperspectral sensor that monitors the earth in five different zenith angles +55°, +36°, nadir, −36° and −55° with a spatial resolution of 17 m and within a spectral range of 400–1050 nm in mode 3. These multiviewing images are suitable for constructing a super resolved high resolution image that can reveal the mixed pixel of the hyperspectral image. In the present work, an attempt is made to find the location of various features constituted within the 17m mixed pixel of the CHRIS image using various super resolution reconstruction techniques. Four different super resolution reconstruction techniques namely interpolation, iterative back projection, projection on to convex sets (POCS) and robust super resolution were tried on the −36, nadir and +36 images to construct a super resolved high resolution 5.6 m image. The results of super resolution reconstruction were compared with the scaled nadir image and bicubic convoluted image for comparision of the spatial and spectral property preservance. A support vector machine classification of the best super resolved high resolution image was performed to analyse the location of the sub pixel features. Validation of the obtained results was performed using the spectral unmixing fraction images and the 5.6 m classified LISS IV image.

Estimating Biomass of Barley Using Crop Surface Models (CSMs) Derived from UAV-Based RGB Imaging

Crop monitoring is important in precision agriculture. Estimating above-ground biomass helps to monitor crop vitality and to predict yield. In this study, we estimated fresh and dry biomass on a summer barley test site with 18 cultivars and two nitrogen (N)-treatments using the plant height (PH) from crop surface models (CSMs). The super-high resolution, multi-temporal (1 cm/pixel) CSMs were derived from red, green, blue (RGB) images captured from a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Comparison with PH reference measurements yielded an R2 of 0.92. The test site with different cultivars and treatments was monitored during “Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie” (BBCH) Stages 24–89. A high correlation was found between PH from CSMs and fresh biomass (R2 = 0.81) and dry biomass (R2 = 0.82). Five models for above-ground fresh and dry biomass estimation were tested by cross-validation. Modelling biomass between different N-treatments for fresh biomass produced the best results (R2 = 0.71). The main limitation was the influence of lodging cultivars in the later growth stages, producing irregular plant heights. The method has potential for future application by non-professionals, i.e., farmers.

In operando and wide-d neutron diffraction measurements at J-PARC

Since the operation start for J-PARC/MLF at 2008, neutron diffraction experiment using high intensity pulse neutron beam became possible. For example, if there are 1g typical oxide samples, it is possible to get one diffraction pattern in about ten minutes for `Rietveld-analysis-quality' at iMATERIA. Four neutron powder diffractometer, iMATERIA (IBARAKI Materials Design Diffractometer[1]), SPICA (special environment powder diffractometer dedicated for battery study), SuperHRPD (Super high resolution powder diffractometer, d/d = 0.03 %) and NOVA (high intensity total scattering diffractometer) are operating at J-PARC/MLF. In our previous neutron facility, the neutron intensity is not so strong to carry out routinely in operando neutron diffraction experiments. In J-PARC, however, it became possible to measure quickly changing neutron diffraction patterns in operando condition. iMATERIA is a versatile neutron diffractometer funded by Ibaraki prefecture for industrial application. In iMATERIA, Some user group was trying to in-situ measurements for battery. SPICA is optimized for an in operando neutron diffraction study to clarify the structural changes of battery materials at the atomic level. It has already typical results of time resolved measurements for a commercialized Li-ion battery. The structural changes of the material, which is dependent on the lithium content, were clearly observed. We will report the status of J-PARC/MLF diffractometers and recent result of in operando experiments.

Adaptive-optics optical coherence tomography processing using a graphics processing unit.

Graphics processing units are increasingly being used for scientific computing for their powerful parallel processing abilities, and moderate price compared to super computers and computing grids. In this paper we have used a general purpose graphics processing unit to process adaptive-optics optical coherence tomography (AOOCT) images in real time. Increasing the processing speed of AOOCT is an essential step in moving the super high resolution technology closer to clinical viability.

Real-time super-resolution imaging by high-speed fluorescence emission difference microscopy

The recently proposed fluorescence emission difference (FED) microscopy has been demonstrated to be capable of breaking the diffraction barrier, which restricts the spatial resolution of far-field fluorescence microscopy. In this paper, we report a novel high-speed FED system that can realize real-time super-resolution imaging. By replacing the conventional nanopositioning stage with a galvo mirror, the temporal resolution of FED is improved to nearly one frame per second, which is 100 times faster than that of best existing FED, while the system maintains a super-high spatial resolution of 150 nm, which is far beyond the diffraction barrier. Therefore, the high-speed FED is suitable for large-area observations while avoiding photobleaching. Detailed theoretical analysis, simulations, and experimental real-time resolution tests on 100 nm nanoparticles and biological cells are reported.

An angle encoder for super-high resolution and super-high accuracy using SelfA

Angular measurement technology at high resolution for applications such as in hard disk drive manufacturing machines, precision measurement equipment and aspherical process machines requires a rotary encoder with high accuracy, high resolution and high response speed. However, a rotary encoder has angular deviation factors during operation due to scale error or installation error. It has been assumed to be impossible to achieve accuracy below 0.1″ in angular measurement or control after the installation onto the rotating axis. Self-calibration (Lu and Trumper 2007 CIRP Ann. 56 499; Kim et al 2011 Proc. MacroScale; Probst 2008 Meas. Sci. Technol. 19 015101; Probst et al Meas. Sci. Technol. 9 1059; Tadashi and Makoto 1993 J. Robot. Mechatronics 5 448; Ralf et al 2006 Meas. Sci. Technol. 17 2811) and cross-calibration (Probst et al 1998 Meas. Sci. Technol. 9 1059; Just et al 2009 Precis. Eng. 33 530; Burnashev 2013 Quantum Electron. 43 130) technologies for a rotary encoder have been actively discussed on the basis of the principle of circular closure. This discussion prompted the development of rotary tables which achieve reliable and high accuracy angular verification. We apply these technologies for the development of a rotary encoder not only to meet the requirement of super-high accuracy but also to meet that of super-high resolution. This paper presents the development of an encoder with 221 = 2097 152 resolutions per rotation (360°), that is, corresponding to a 0.62″ signal period, achieved by the combination of a laser rotary encoder supplied by Magnescale Co., Ltd and a self-calibratable encoder (SelfA) supplied by The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST). In addition, this paper introduces the development of a rotary encoder to guarantee ±0.03″ accuracy at any point of the interpolated signal, with respect to the encoder at the minimum resolution of 233, that is, corresponding to a 0.0015″ signal period after interpolation of 212 (= 4096) divisions through the interpolator.

Improvement of Instrument Devices for Super High Resolution Powder Diffractometer at J-PARC

Super High Resolution Powder Diffractometer SuperHRPD [1] at J-PARC have suffered damage by the Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011. After temporarily restoration work, the general user program has been started since April 2012. Full-fledged restoration of the temporarily restored devices is being carried out in 2013. The absorber materials for two disk choppers were replaced to 10B4C which improved quality of incident spectrum. The new detector system of 8 mm diameter position sensitive detectors was developed, and the test experiments showed excellent results.

Particular qualities of digital elevation maps generation in Interferometric SAR technology

Basic stages of high and super-high resolution space borne synthetic aperture radar data interferometric processing are reviewed. The results of experimental research of the digital elevation maps accuracy with processing by different phase noise filtration algorithms and phase unwrapping methods are presented.

Beam-steering in hollow ZrO2/SiO2 distributed Bragg reflector waveguides for one-dimensional RGB imaging

A novel one-dimensional beam deflector based on a hollow Bragg reflector waveguide for RGB imaging was proposed and evaluated by modeling. Large steering range over 30° is possible by only 100 nm change in the hollow air-core thickness. Electrostatic actuation enables fast and precise control of the beam-steering with a low operation voltage. An ultra-small divergence angle and super-high resolution are expected for device lengths of a few millimeters thanks to the high coherency of the output beam. The proposed hollow-waveguide type deflector is extremely compact and can be arrayed with high density.

Recent Progress of the NHM-4DVAR towards a Super-High Resolution Data Assimilation

Recent Progress of the NHM-4DVAR towards a Super-High Resolution Data Assimilation

Acuity-Driven Gigapixel Visualization

We present a framework for acuity-driven visualization of super-high resolution image data on gigapixel displays. Tiled display walls offer a large workspace that can be navigated physically by the user. Based on head tracking information, the physical characteristics of the tiled display and the formulation of visual acuity, we guide an out-of-core gigapixel rendering scheme by delivering high levels of detail only in places where it is perceivable to the user. We apply this principle to gigapixel image rendering through adaptive level of detail selection. Additionally, we have developed an acuity-driven tessellation scheme for high-quality Focus-and-Context (F+C) lenses that significantly reduces visual artifacts while accurately capturing the underlying lens function. We demonstrate this framework on the Reality Deck, an immersive gigapixel display. We present the results of a user study designed to quantify the impact of our acuity-driven rendering optimizations in the visual exploration process. We discovered no evidence suggesting a difference in search task performance between our framework and naive rendering of gigapixel resolution data, while realizing significant benefits in terms of data transfer overhead. Additionally, we show that our acuity-driven tessellation scheme offers substantially increased frame rates when compared to naive pre-tessellation, while providing indistinguishable image quality.

Coexistence of two sharp-mode couplings and their unusual momentum dependence in the superconducting state of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O(8+δ) revealed by laser-based angle-resolved photoemission.

High-resolution laser-based angle-resolved photoemission measurements have been carried out on Bi2Sr2CaCu2O(8+δ) (Bi2212) superconductors to investigate momentum dependence of electron coupling with collective excitations (modes). Two coexisting energy scales are clearly revealed over a large momentum space for the first time in the superconducting state of the overdoped Bi2212 superconductor. These two energy scales exhibit distinct momentum dependence: one keeps its energy near 78 meV over a large momentum space while the other changes its energy from ∼40 meV near the antinodal region to ∼70 meV near the nodal region. These observations provide a new picture on momentum evolution of electron-boson coupling in Bi2212 that electrons are coupled with two sharp modes simultaneously over a large momentum space in the superconducting states. Their unusual momentum dependence poses a challenge to our current understanding of electron-mode-coupling and its role for high-temperature superconductivity in cuprate superconductors.

Tunable Dirac Fermion Dynamics in Topological Insulators

Three-dimensional topological insulators are characterized by insulating bulk state and metallic surface state involving relativistic Dirac fermions which are responsible for exotic quantum phenomena and potential applications in spintronics and quantum computations. It is essential to understand how the Dirac fermions interact with other electrons, phonons and disorders. Here we report super-high resolution angle-resolved photoemission studies on the Dirac fermion dynamics in the prototypical Bi2(Te,Se)3 topological insulators. We have directly revealed signatures of the electron-phonon coupling and found that the electron-disorder interaction dominates the scattering process. The Dirac fermion dynamics in Bi2(Te3−xSex) topological insulators can be tuned by varying the composition, x, or by controlling the charge carriers. Our findings provide crucial information in understanding and engineering the electron dynamics of the Dirac fermions for fundamental studies and potential applications.

SMALL-SCALE MICROWAVE BURSTS IN LONG-DURATION SOLAR FLARES

Solar small scale microwave bursts (SMBs), including microwave dot, spike, and narrow band type III bursts, are characterized with very short timescales, narrow frequency bandwidth, and very high brightness temperatures. Based on observations of the Chinese Solar Broadband Radio Spectrometer at Huairou with superhigh cadence and frequency resolution, this work presents an intensive investigation of SMBs in several flares occurred in active region NOAA 10720 during 2005 Jan 14-21. Especially long-duration flares, SMBs occurred not only in early rising and impulsive phase, but also in the flare decay phase, and even in time of after the flare ending. These SMBs are strong bursts with inferred brightness temperature at least 8.18*10^11 - 1.92*10^13 K, very short lifetime of 5-18 ms, relative frequency bandwidths of 0.7-3.5%, and superhigh frequency drifting rates. Together with their obviously different polarizations from the background emission (the quiet Sun, and the underlying flaring broadband continuum), such SMBs should be individual independent strong coherent bursts which is related to some non-thermal energy releasing and production of energetic particles in small scale source region. These facts show the existence of small scale strong non-thermal energy releasing activities after the flare maxima, which is meaningful to the prediction of space weather. Physical analysis indicates that plasma mechanism may be the most favorable candidate for the formation of SMBs. From plasma mechanism, the velocities and kinetic energy of fast electrons can be deduced, and the region of electron acceleration can also be tracke.

Effect of errors in positioning the sampling points on the assessment of the relationships between the remote sensing data and the soil properties

The stochastic modeling of the shift in coordinates of the sampling points was performed for a typical land plot in Bryansk opolie with the purpose to assess the influence of the accuracy of the sampling point positioning on the predicted properties of the plow horizon. It was proved that, for agro-gray soils, an occasional shift of the sampling points by 2–6 m regarding the coordinates on satellite photographs of superhigh resolution may significantly change the correlation between the soil properties and the brightness in the infrared channel. Based on the modeling data, the 95% confidence interval was estimated for the possible correlation coefficients of such properties of the arable agro-gray soil as the density, moisture, specific surface, carbon, and mobile nitrogen content. The use of the brightness in the infrared channel as a covariate for building charts may noticeably improve the map’s quality; however, it may unjustifiably complicate the mapping units delineation.

Observation of the defect states in individual Co-doped ZnO dilute magnetic semiconducting nanostructures by electron energy-loss spectroscopy

Defects play a crucial role in room temperature ferromagnetism of dilute magnetic semiconductors. Using valence electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), it was found that the band gap of Co-doped ZnO was smaller than undoped ZnO and some mid-gap states appeared. Using core-loss EELS, the fine structures of the O K-edge exhibit material-specific defect features in the oxygen spectra. The EELS measurements with super high spatial resolution provide unambiguous indications that defects are presented in Co-doped ZnO nanostructures. (c) 2013 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Motion block based video super resolution

This paper presents a new video super resolution technique, based on the motion and static areas of the low resolution video frames. In order to separate the motion and static blocks, a block motion estimation method is performed between a reference and its neighboring frames. Among the motion blocks, the occluded blocks are identified using an adaptive threshold applied on each block individually. Structure-adaptive normalized convolution (SANC) reconstruction method is used to generate the high resolution static and motion blocks where discrete wavelet transform (DWT) based interpolation is used to produce the high resolution occluded blocks. The static and motion blocks are combined into a high resolution frame. Finally, a sharpening process is performed on the high resolution frame in order to generate the super resolved high resolution output frame. The experimental results show that the proposed technique provides significantly better qualitative visual results as well as quantitative higher PSNR than the state of the art video super resolution algorithms.

The optimization of super-high resolution frequency measurement techniques based on phase quantization regularities between any frequencies

Step phase quantization regularity between different nominal frequency signals is introduced in this paper. Based on this regularity, an optimized high resolution frequency measurement technique is presented. The key features and issues of phase quantization characteristics and measurements are described. Based on the relationship between the same or multiple nominal signals with a certain differences, the resolution of frequency measurements is developed and the range is widened. Several measurement results are provided to support the concepts with experimental evidence. The resolution of frequency measurement can reach 10(-12) (s(-1)) over a wide range or higher for specific frequency signals.

Laser Beam Steering not only in Ophthalmology

AbstractLasers are versatile tools. Nowadays, they are just as indispensable in materials processing as in eye surgery or super high resolution microscopy. The different areas of application have similarities, however, since a precise positioning of the laser beam is always crucial. At the same time, this laser beam steering and focusing also requires the drive systems used to be dynamic, reliable and compactly dimensioned, in order to allow simple integration in applications. It is therefore hardly surprising that piezoelectric drive components often have no serious alternative for laser beam steering.

Super high resolution for single molecule‐sequence‐based typing of classical HLA loci at the 8‐digit level using next generation sequencers

Current human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DNA typing methods such as the sequence-based typing (SBT) and sequence-specific oligonucleotide (SSO) methods generally yield ambiguous typing results because of oligonucleotide probe design limitations or phase ambiguity for HLA allele assignment. Here we describe the development and application of the super high-resolution single-molecule sequence-based typing (SS-SBT) of HLA loci at the 8-digit level using next generation sequencing (NGS). NGS which can determine an HLA allele sequence derived from a single DNA molecule is expected to solve the phase ambiguity problem. Eight classical HLA loci-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed to amplify the entire gene sequences from the enhancer-promoter region to the 3' untranslated region. Phase ambiguities of HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 were completely resolved and unequivocally assigned without ambiguity to single HLA alleles. Therefore, the SS-SBT method described here is a superior and effective HLA DNA typing method to efficiently detect new HLA alleles and null alleles without ambiguity.