Super High Building Research Articles

A hybrid predictive model with an error-trigger adjusting method of thermal load in super-high buildings

The precise prediction of thermal load has consistently garnered attention owing to its significant impact on energy conservation in buildings. The methodologies employed primarily concentrate on modeling within steady-state conditions, utilizing time-series data or mechanism model on fixed parameters. However, given the pronounced time-varying and multifaceted disturbance characteristics associated with building loads, current approaches exhibit constrained efficacy in addressing abrupt fluctuations in demand load and managing data noise. This limitation consequently undermines the accuracy of predictions. This paper proposes a novel hybrid model and an error-trigger adjusting strategy for predicting the thermal load in super-high buildings. The model is constructed by combining a thermodynamic model and an error cancellation model. The former, derived from an examination of the variations of material and energy in buildings, is proposed in the form of an approximate resistance-capacitance structure. The latter is developed using a wavelet threshold denoising technique, in conjunction with a convolutional neural network and a long short-term memory network. A self-adaptive state transition algorithm has been proposed, which relies on dynamically adjusting factors within the feasible region to optimize the selection of unknown parameters in the thermodynamic model. To enhance the flexibility of the hybrid model in effectively respond to the intricacies and fluctuations within the thermal conditions of buildings, an error-trigger adaptive updating strategy and a parameter calibration method based on sensitivity analysis are established. The real-world application results demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented hybrid model and the adjusting strategy.

Structural Design and Analysis of a Super-High Building in Nanjing, China

This study analyzes a high-rise building with B-level height (i.e., a total height of 146.5 m) and a shear wall structure. Since the project contains many plane irregularities (including 1a torsional irregularity, 1b eccentric arrangement, and 2a plane convex irregularity), it should be treated as a super high-rise building. This study introduces the main characteristics and overrun conditions of the project and describes the structural design of the foundation and the basement, upper structural layout, force conditions under frequent, fortified, and rare earthquake actions, and structural performance-based objectives in detail. The following measures can be adopted to address the overrun problem. First, the floor at the thin waist of the structure was thickened to 150 mm and reinforced in the bilayer and bidirectional patterns, with a reinforcement ratio of no less than 0.25%. The damage condition on the floors under a great earthquake was analyzed. The vertical components at the waist were reinforced to constrain the extension of the edge components toward the top. Second, the structure’s peripheral stiffness was strengthened to enhance the anti-torsional performance and minimize the adverse effects on torsional irregularities. Third, using two software programs, the performance-based envelope design under medium earthquake action and dynamic elastoplastic analysis under great earthquake action were analyzed to ensure structural safety. Fourth, the edge components were constrained for the shear wall columns with axial-to-compressive stress strength ratios exceeding 0.3. For the overall structure and critical parts, force conditions under frequent, fortified, and rare earthquake conditions were calculated and examined with the SATWE, MIDAS GEN, and SAUSAGE software packages. The calculation results revealed that the structure shows favorable anti-seismic performance, with an overall anti-seismic C-level and a safe and reliable structure. The structural design method introduced in this article can promote the sustainable development of structural design.

Service scheduling optimization for multiple tower cranes considering the interval time of the cross-tasks.

The key issues that have always affected the production yield of the construction industry are delays and cost overruns, especially when dealing with large-scale projects and super-high buildings in which multiple tower cranes with overlapping areas are often deployed because of urgent due date and limited space. The service scheduling of tower cranes, which act as the crucial site equipment for lifting and transporting materials, is one of the main problems not only related to the construction progress and project cost but also affecting equipment health, and it may bring security risks. The current work presents a multi-objective optimization model for a multiple tower cranes service scheduling problem (MCSSP) with overlapping areas while achieving maximum interval time of cross-tasks and minimum makespan. For the solving procedure, NSGA-Ⅱ is employed with double-layer chromosome coding and simultaneous coevolutionary strategy design, which can obtain a satisfactory solution through effectively allocating tasks within overlapping areas to each crane and then prioritizing all the assigned tasks. The makespan was minimized, and stable operation of tower cranes without collision was achieved by maximizing the cross-tasks interval time. A case study of the megaproject Daxing International Airport in China has been conducted to evaluate the proposed model and algorithm. The computational results illustrated the Pareto front and its non-dominant relationship. The Pareto optimal solution outperforms the results of the single objective classical genetic algorithm in terms of overall performance of makespan and interval time of cross-tasks. It also can be seen that significant improvement in the time interval of cross-tasks can be achieved at the cost of a tiny increase in makespan, which means effective avoidance of the tower cranes entering the overlapping area at the same time. This can help eliminate collision, interference and frequent start-up and braking of tower cranes, leading to safe, stable and efficient operation on the construction site.

Research on Project Management of Electrical Automation Equipment in Super-high Buildings

Research on Project Management of Electrical Automation Equipment in Super-high Buildings

Calculation and Analysis of Hydraulic Automatic Climbing Formwork Equipment for Super-high Building Construction

Hydraulic automatic climbing formwork equipment is widely used in super-high-rise building construction due to its advantages of simple operation, fast construction speed, low cost, and high automation. Quantitative calculation of the mechanical state of climbing formwork equipment is an important technical means of ensuring safety during super-high building construction. This work thus introduces a hydraulic climbing formwork equipment structure and subsequently analyzes the construction process and the main working state of the hydraulic climbing formwork equipment. Then, for the design of the outer climbing frame of the hydraulic climbing formwork, an approximate analytical method for solving the node reaction force is proposed. Finally, combined with the actual engineering, the calculation results of the approximate analytical method and the finite element method are compared, and the calculation and analysis methods of the hydraulic climbing formwork equipment frame and key nodes are introduced. The calculation analysis process and related conclusions can be used as engineering reference for similar projects.

Study on Fire Smoke Control in Super-high Building Atrium

Abstract In this paper, hot smoke test was carried out in the atrium of 60m high in Shanghai Tower, the law of fire smoke movement and smoke control effect has been studied under different fire release rate and different ventilation conditions. In this paper, the Influence of different air supply volume on mechanical smoke exhaust in the atrium of Shanghai Tower has also been studied by numerical simulation. The results showed that: in the tall atrium, smoke rise rapidly with the speed of 2-3 m/s because of “chimney effect”; Because of the “thermal barrier effect”, when the fire power is small, the smoke tends to subside and cannot be effectively discharged; When air supply volume is 50% of smoke exhaust, it is beneficial to exhaust smoke.

Trend analysis of modern high-rise construction

The article reviews the main trends of modern high-rise construction considered a number of architectural, engineering and technological, economic and image factors that have influenced the intensification of construction of high-rise buildings in the 21st century. The key factors of modern high-rise construction are identified, which are associated with an attractive image component for businessmen and politicians, with the ability to translate current views on architecture and innovations in construction technologies and the lobbying of relevant structures, as well as the opportunity to serve as an effective driver in the development of a complex of national economy sectors with the achievement of a multiplicative effect. The estimation of the priority nature of participation of foreign architectural bureaus in the design of super-high buildings in Russia at the present stage is given. The issue of economic expediency of construction of high-rise buildings, including those with only a residential function, has been investigated. The connection between the construction of skyscrapers as an important component of the image of cities in the marketing of places and territories, the connection of the availability of a high-rise center, the City, with the possibilities of attracting a "creative class" and the features of creating a large working space for specialists on the basis of territorial proximity and density of high-rise buildings.

Grey water reuse of a multi-functional super-high building: evaluation of model treatment processes

Grey water reuse of a multi-functional super-high building: evaluation of model treatment processes

A Good Dry Powder to Suppress High Building Fires

In our daily life there are more and more super high buildings and now their fire safety have been paid more attention. Thence, a new material, magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) was introduced and its possible application was discussed in this paper in order to protect constructions better. It was analyzed at three aspects including its advantages, physical and chemical properties and fire suppression effectiveness. Mg(OH)2 powder is better because it is cleaner, more efficient and lower cost of production, store and transportation. A comparison of physical and chemical properties between magnesium compounds and other common commercial fire suppressant proved that Mg(OH)2 powder absorbed more heat when they decomposed. In a bench-test, the Mg(OH)2 powder is also more efficient than the common commercial BC powder and ABC Powder. The results have proved that Mg(OH)2 powder is a kind of good, clean and high efficient powder to suppress tall building fires.

铁西区城市改造过程中建筑景观的演变规律

探索城市改造过程中景观的变化规律对城市景观变化的预测有重要的指导意义。以沈阳市铁西区1997、2002、2005、2008年建筑物三维信息为基础数据。按照建筑物使用性质将其分为居住、工业、商业、教育与医疗、其他建筑5类,按照建筑物的高度将其分为平房、低层、多层、中高层、高层和超高层6类。采用转移矩阵法分析了不同时段建筑类型的更替规律。并将探索性空间数据分析法应用于建筑改造空间分布特征的研究。结果显示: 1997到2002年,居住建筑是建筑改造的主体。2002年后,工业建筑成为建筑改造的主体。1997到2008年,不同高度类型的建筑更替顺序为:平房→低层建筑→多层建筑。新增建筑先以低层为主,后以中高层,逐渐以高层为主。建筑改造在空间上并不是随机分布的,而是存在显著的空间正相关关系。在局部空间范围内,建筑改造呈现成片集中改造的现象。;To explore the variation law of architectural landscape is important for forecasting the variation in urban landscape in the process of urban renewal. It was mainly studied the evolution law of architectural landscape and spatial distribution features of building transformation in the Tiexi District, Shenyang, China, during the urban renewal process in this paper.<br> In this article, the three-dimensional information of buildings in the Tiexi District was extracted from aerial photos (1997) and QuickBird imageries (2002, 2005 and 2008) based on ArcGIS, Erdas and Barista software. We divided the buildings into five types as Residential building, Industrial building, Commercial building, Educational and Medical building, and Others according to the usage properties, and six types as Bungalow, Low-rise building, Muti-story building, Mid-tall story building, High-rise building, and Super-high building according to the height, combining our research purpose with the principle of landscape classification. The conversion-in contribution rate, conversion-out contribution rate and retention ratio were used as the indexes of the transfer matrix method analysis to detect the change characteristics of architectural landscape types and their position and function. We divided the research area into 457 blocks of 0.3km×0.3km, and caculated the transformation area ratio of buildings in each block. Both the global spatial autocorrelation Moran's I indicating overall clustering that exists in a dataset and the local spatial autocorrelation (LISA) cluster map dentifying ‘interesting’ locations and assessing the extent of spatial heterogeneity of the exploratory spatial data analysis were used to study the spacial distribution pattern of building transformation.<br> The results showed that the main transformation of architecture landscape types was between the Not buildings and buildings (Residential building, Industrial building and Commercial building; Bungalow, Low-rise building and Multi-story building) from 1997 to 2008. There was significant difference existed in the transformation of building types and the spatial distribution in different time intervals.Residential buildings were the leading actor of architecture transformation from 1997 to 2002, while Industrial buildings were after 2002. The buildings were replaced firstly the Bungalow, secondly the Low-rise building, then the Muti-story building, and the newly increased buildings were firstly the Low-rise building, secondly the Mid-tall story building, then the High-rise building from 1997 to 2008. The Moran's I of global spatial autocorrelation indicated that the building transformation was not distributing randomly but with prominent positive relation in space. The cluster map of local spatial autocorrelation presented concentrated building transformation in the local spatial scope. The position of the centralized transformation changed constantly over time. The implementation of urban renewal policies and transformation of regional function were the main factors for variation in architecture landscape pattern in the Tiexi District from 1997 to 2008.

A Grey Correlation Model for Analyzing Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Large Diameter and Super-Long Pile

Large diameter and super-long pile has found abroad application in high buildings, super high buildings, large bridges and port engineering, and its ultimate bearing capacity is increasingly demanding. Its ultimate bearing capacity is affected by many kinds of uncertainty factors, which is a complex grey analysis program. The influencing factors are analyzed by grey system theory such as pile diameter, pile length, socket length, the length to diameter ratio, the socket length to diameter ratio, rock strength and rock coefficient of weathering. The grey correlation analysis is combined with the tested statistical data of 19 large diameter and super-long piles in Zhejiang province based on the grey correlation model. With the objective to overcome the lack of objectivity in calculating correlation degree of the grey correlation analysis, this paper has improved the calculated formula of the correlation degree based on the distance analysis method. The paper has get and compared the corresponding result of the correlation degree and its rank of various influence factors with the improved calculated formula and the original formula respectively. The influence advantage factors found by grey correlation analysis, and the results can provide important reference for the future theoretical research and design application of large diameter and super-long pile, and show that the grey correlation method is effective and reliable.

The Influence on Bundled Tube Structure of Super-High Building Caused by Changing-Rigidity of the Ground or the Foundation

With the rapid development of the subgrade or the foundation over recent years in China, there is a growing tendency for tall building to orient its directions to the more numbers of plies, much higher and more complex in plane layout. Moreover, some buildings adopt tube structure or bundled tube structure and so on to diversified development. The changing-rigidity of ground or foundation has obvious effects on superstructure when the buildings act on much higher and huge type. Therefore, in view of this, taking the bundled-tube structure of super high building for example in the paper, the method, equal the bundled tube structure of super high building and its foundation to stiffening-thin wall-combination, is adopted, then based on the three-dimensional model, the rigidity of subgrade and foundation’s effect on superstructure are given by calculation with semi-analysis. The calculated result indicated that there exist remarkable influence on sideway of the top end, the sideway between layers, the warp of the tube and the stresses between the subgrade and the bottom of the foundation.

Urban Renewal for Earthquake-Proof Systems

In the latter half of the twentieth century we have cities with a population of ten million or more and highly developed rapid transit and freeways. By December 1972, the total population of Tokyo, the Capital of Japan, had grown to 11.6 million. Tokyo, standing with New York City, Shanghai, and London, is now one of the world's largest cities. In the Japan islands, people are moving to bigger cities on a large scale. This may be concluded from the fact that the economic miracle transformed a battered Japan into one of the greatest industrial nations of the world during the last decade. Economic and industrial activity was concentrated in limited areas, especially on the outskirts of large cities which furnished the consumer markets and in the built-up town areas which envelop minor enterprises allied with big industries. As the nation's largest city and its capital, it was only natural that Tokyo's postwar population growth should have outpaced the rest of the country, because it was the center of the world's highest national economic growth. Tokyo also now plays an important role as a center of political power as in it are concentrated the legislative bodies, the judiciary, and the natural administration. The fact that today's national activities in every field including culture and economy are related to the central political activity accerates the centralization of head offices of enterprises in Tokyo where they can best cope with the economic policy of the government. The number of publications from Tokyo, for example, is 80 per cent of the national total. Tokyo is the center of the country. This centralization brings us much benefit and at the same time it exerts an evil influence. Tokyo is suffering from urban problems such as pollution, traffic congestion, housing shortages, etc. which are also major problems in the other big cities in the world. The rapidity of the centralization of people and industries in Tokyo has made matters worse. An administrative report of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government analyzes the situation as follows, "An emergence of super high buildings and coiling freeways in the center of Tokyo has dramatically changed it into a modernized city, but at the same time the change has brought about the by-products of air pollution and traffic jams that threaten our daily life and health. Housing shortages, commuter congestion and rising prices are also detrimental to the goal of a happy citizenry". In November 1972, the World Conference of Great Cities was held in Tokyo; when the Tokyo Declaration was announced stating, "we cannot deny the fact that science and technology which have brought about many benefits to human beings are also having destructive effects in the large cities," it was enough to remind each participant of the seriousness of their urban problems. There is also a saying, "city planning in the twentieth century is a fight against cars and slums." Indeed the city is product of civilized society and it fares well or ill coincidentally with changes in economy and society supported by the civilization. One must not forget that the main host of a city is neither industry nor machinery, but human beings. A city is a settlement designed for human beings. Therefore we must discharge our duty without delay to fight under given conditions for urban reconstruction with co-existing residential, industrial, and commercial zoning making a comfortable city in which to live and work. We can easily imagine the dreadful damage an overcrowded Tokyo will suffer during a great earthquake. The experience of ruinous damage brought about by repeated earthquakes in the past tells us that the continuing sprawl and overcrowding of Tokyo will undoubtedly increase the danger. Even the newest scientific technology cannot prevent earthquakes. We must, therefore, recognize that it is not the mischief of nature, but the easygoing attitude of people that brings much of the ruin and damage by earthquakes. That means that peoples' efforts have been the minimum, and so we are now meeting the challenge of reorganization of the functions and structures of Tokyo from the civil engineering point of view with human wisdom, courage, and technology.