Super Granule Research Articles

Recent approaches in root‐zone placement of insecticides for effective rice pest control

Abstract Combined application of N fertilizer and insecticide to control rice pests was attempted under field conditions. Single root‐zone placement involving coating carbofuran wettable powder (w.p.) on urea super granules with either coal tar or neem oil gave an effect similar to three broadcast applications of carbofuran granules against stem borer, gall midge, whorl maggot and case worm as well as increasing the grain yield. Comparative studies with MIPC, UC 54229, carbofuran, carbosulfan and carbaryl suggested that carbofuran was the best insecticide followed by carbosulfan for root‐zone treatment Since combined placement of urea fertilizer and carbofuran is economical its utilization in pest management programmes is suggested.

Relative Efficiency of Prilled Urea, Urea Super Granules, Sulphur Coated Urea and Nitrification Inhibitor N‐Serve Blended Urea for Direct Seeded Rice

AbstractA two year field study conducted at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India showed that for direct seeded rice (drilled in moist bed) blending of urea with nitrification inhibitor N‐Serve was the most advantageous; it gave significantly higher grain and straw yield nitrogen uptake by rice than urea super‐granules (USG), urea briquettes (UB), sulphur coated urea (SCU), neem cake coated urea (NCU) and prilled urea. USG or UB were next in order and significantly superior to SCU, NCU and prilled urea, which were equally effective. Nitrogen application to rice left a significant residual effect on succeeding wheat, but various sources of nitrogen studied did not differ significantly in this respect.

Direct and Residual Effect of Slow Release Urea Fertilizers in Rice‐Wheat Cropping System

AbstractField experiments were conducted for three consecutive years during 1979—80 to 1981—82 to find out the relative efficiency of different forms of urea fertilizer for rice and their residual effect on the succeeding crop of wheat. In rice crop, root zone placement of nitrogen as urea super granule 1.0 g size (USG) under puddled field condition was proved to be superior to other sources. The relative efficiency of USG, urea in splits and sulphur coated urea (SCU) was 116.92%, 107.71% and 101.41% respectively as compared to ordinary urea at planting. Significant residual effect on succeeding crop of wheat was recorded in case of SCU which was followed by USG, urea in splits and urea at planting.

Nitrogen management in direct sown intermediate deep water rice (15–50 cm)

Field experiments were conducted to assess the efficiency of different forms and methods of urea application for direct sown rice under intermediate deep water situation (15–50 cm). Basal application of N @ 40 kg/ha in the form of prilled urea (PU); urea super granules (USG); and sulphur coated urea (SCU); were tested with a view to improving the early vigour, tillering and grain yield. Deep placement of prilled urea behind a plough; USG placement between rows in moist soil; and also in shallow water were found to increase the recovery of nitrogen. There was no deleterious effect on stand establishment when the seed and fertilizer @ 40, 8.6 and 16.6 kg N, P and K per hectare respectively were drilled in the same furrow in moist soil. Split application of either conditioned urea or application as a foliar spray did not prove effective in an intermediate deep water rice situation.

Studies on the nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), for increasing the efficiency of nitrogen applied to rice

SummaryA field experiment, made during the rainy seasons oof 1982 and 1983 at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, studied the effects of blending urea with dicyandiamide (DCD) on the yield and yield components of rice. DCD-blended urea was as effective as neem-cake-coated urea in respect of yield components as well as grain and straw yield of rice and when all the nitrogen was applied 10 days after transplanting both the materials produced significantly more grain and straw than prilled urea. Urea super granules (USG) were superior to DCD-blended, as well as neem-coated, urea.

Effect of time and method of application on the relative efficiency of prilled urea and urea super granules for rice

SummaryA field experiment was made on rice during the rainy seasons of 1982 and 1983 to study the relative efficiency of prilled urea and urea super granules (USG) applied broadcast or deep placed at different times. USG gave more, longer and heavier panicles with a higher percentage of filled grains than prilled urea. Deep placement of 60 kg N/ha as USG in two applications (half 10 days after transplanting and half at panicle initiation) gave the same grain yield as 120 kg N/ha of prilled urea applied half at final puddling and half at panicle initiation. Urea super granules, therefore, hold considerable promise as a nitrogen fertilizer for rice.

EFFICACY OF UREA FORMS AND MODE OF APPLICATION ON LOWLAND RICE

Field trial was conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore for four soosana during 1978-80 in a doop clay loam soil, to study the efficiency of different urea forms with split application of prilled urea on lowland rice The grain yield was consistantly higher with granulated compost. Placement of super granules in the reduced zone was next best in efficiency. Neem cake coated uroa, uren oniched FYM and split application of prilled uroa were comparable in their efficiency. The panicles per square metre were greater and mean panicle weight heavier when granulated compost was used as a source of nitrogen.

NEW NITROGEN CARRIERS FOR RICE

The results of a field experiment conducted at IARI with rice variety improved Sabar- mati showd that urea super granules, sulphur coated urea, neem cake coated urea, N-serve and coal polyacid treated urea were superior to ordinary urea. Spraying of a culture of phyllosphere N-2 fixing microorganisms isolated from water hyacinth also increased the rice yields The results obtained suggest that several alternatives are available for increasing the efficiency of nitrogen applied to rice.

Nitrogen leaching losses from conventional and new nitrogenous fertilizers in low-land rice culture

A pot-culture experiment was conducted to assess the leaching losses of N from the conventional and new nitrogen fertilizers under low-land rice culture. Leaching losses of N were generally less than 20% of applied N with sources other than sodium nitrate and these could be reduced by blending urea with nitrification inhibitor N-Serve or coating withneem cake or by using urea super granules or slow-release N fertilizer sulphur coated urea. These new nitrogen fertilizers were more effective than urea for rice.

Farmers’ Efficiency Enhancement Through Input Management: The Issue Of USG Application In Modern Rice

A socio-economic study was carried out in two rice production environments (Gazipur and Tangail) to assess the comparative advantages of using urea super granule (USG) over prilled urea (PU) in modern rice production and to examine the differences in producers’ technical efficiency between USG user and non- user in crop management. Stochastic frontier production model was employed to examine the farm specific technical efficiency difference in crop management between USG and PU users in the study areas. Analysis revealed that comparatively low amount (36%) of urea was needed in modern boro rice production using USG instead of PU. Nearly 366 % more labour was needed in the USG using plots compared to that of PU user plots, while weeding cost was a bit lower in USG using plots. Analysis also indicated that the sample farmers were able to achieve additional yield of 0.87 t/ha by using USG and this yield gain further resulted to additional benefit of Tk. 11506/ha. For the resource poor rice farms, this benefit is considered to be substantive. Farmers’ contact with the technology disseminators, training on rice production and the use of USG (instead of PU) were the important factors of increasing rice farmers’ technical efficiency in crop management and productivity enhancement as well. According to the farmers’ opinion, there were several constraints in using USG and out of those, requirement of more labour and non availability of USG in proper time were the dominant ones. Keywords: Urea super granule; prilled urea; flood-prone ecosystem; technical efficiency; productivity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i1.9237 BJAR 2011; 36(1): 129-141

Effect of urea super granules, prilled urea and poultry manure on the yield of transplant Aman rice varieties

An experiment was carried out at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh in transplant Aman season 2008 to find out the effect of urea super granules (USG), prilled urea (PU) and poultry manure (PM) on the yield and yield attributes of transplant Aman rice varieties. Two transplant Aman rice varieties viz. BRRI dhan41 and BRRI dhan46 and ten levels of integrated nutrient management encompassing USG, PU and PM were tested following randomized complete block design with three replications. It was observed that variety BRRI dhan41 gave higher grain yield than BRRI dhan46. For fertilizer effect, the highest grain yield (5.17 t ha-1) was obtained from full dose of USG (1.8g) and other inorganic fertilizers, which was similar to that obtained from full dose of USG (1.8g) + PM at 2.5 t ha-1 followed by full dose of PU + PM at 2.5 t ha-1. The lowest grain yield was obtained in the control treatment. In case of interactions, the highest grain yield was obtained in BRRI dhan41×1.8g USG and other inorganic fertilizers which was similar to that of the same dose of USG with PM at 2.5 t ha-1 and the lowest yield was obtained in the control treatment. It was assessed that a considerable portion (31.25%) of PU nitrogen could be saved by using USG (1.8g) together with other inorganic fertilizers or with PM at 2.5 t ha-1. Keywords: Urea super granules; Prilled urea; Poultry manure; Yield; Transplant Aman rice variety DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4732 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 259-263, 2009

Effect of urea super granule on the performance of cabbage in Young Jamuna and Brahmaputra Floodplain Soils of Tangail

A number of experiments were conducted at the Farming Systems Research and Development (FSRD) site, Palima, Tangail for three consecutive years to evaluate the efficiency of USG application in comparison with prilled urea on the yield and yield attributes of cabbage (cv. Atlas-70). There were five treatments, T1= N195 (recommended N dose for HYG, used as prilled urea), T2= N195 (recommended N dose for HYG, used as USG), T3=N175 (N 10% reduction of recommended N dose as USG), T4= N155 (N 20% reduction of recommended N dose as USG), and T5= N105 (Farmers' N dose used as prilled urea). Treatments Tl-T4 received recommended dose of other nutrients (P56K162S13Mo0.6CD3t) and T5 received P25K90S0Mo0CD51 Yield and yield-contributing characters of cabbage significantly responded to the application of USG. The highest head yield (78.1 t/ha) was obtained with the recommended dose of N as USG, and 10% (77.1 t/ha), and 20% (72.0 t/ha) less than the recommended dose of N as USG also produced higher yield than recommended prilled urea-N. Application of USG was found more efficient than prilled urea and the treatment N195P56K162S13Mo0.6CD3t (recommended N as USG for HYG) was found profitable for cabbage cultivation in terms of yield and the treatment N175P56K162S13Mo0.6CD3t (10% N reduction of recommended N dose as USG) was found profitable in terms of economic returns. Keywords: USG; prilled urea; cabbage. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v35i2.5889Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 35(2) : 267-272, June 2010

Effects of NPK Briquette on Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) in Tidal Flooded Ecosystem

An experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, R/S Sagordi farm, Barisal to evaluate the effectiveness of NPK briquette on rice in tidal flooded soil condition during Boro season, 2010. NPK briquettes of size 2.4 g and 3.4 g were compared with urea super granules (USG) and prilled urea (PU), each supplemented with PKS. The results showed that NPK briquettes, USG and PU produced statistically similar grain yield. N-treated plots (briquettes, USG and PU) gave significantly higher grain yield than N control. The highest grain yield (7.47 t ha-1) was observed in NPK briquette (2.4 g × 2) followed by PU. There was no significant difference between N control and absolute control plots in respect of yield indicating that N was the only yield limiting factor under that condition. The NPK briquettes showed higher agronomic efficiency than PU and USG. The small size briquettes (2.4 g) could save 33 kg N ha-1 compared to recommended PU. There was no residual effect of NPK briquettes on soil chemical properties. The NPK briquettes were found beneficial to the farmers in tidal ecosystem. Keywords: NPK briquette; USG; prilled urea; agronomic efficiency; nutrient uptake DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v9i1-2.9477 The Agriculturists 2011; 9(1&2): 37-43