Super Class Research Articles

Mathematical Models of Satellite Communication Systems with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Counter-Means of Radio Control. Part 1

Currently, satellite radio communication is the main type of radio communication related to the majority of special purpose mobile objects, including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) of heavy and super heavy classes of long flight duration, which are forced to move over long distances up to several thousand kilometers from the take of place (airport). In this point we face the problem of quality of the channel of the satellite radio communication line on its entire way between the transmitting and receiving devices, including providing the interference protection, stealth and secrecy of transmission of command telemetry and target information. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of using the means of radio control of a satellite radio channel from an eventual enemy, which can lead to the interception of the control channel or access to target information from the payloads of UAV. In this scientific and technical article, which consists of two parts, considered the issues of improving the efficiency of transmitted information via satellite communication channels between the UAV and the ground control and information processing point, and the issue of countering the means of radio control of the eventual enemy, formulated proposals and recommendations.

Caracterización de planteles de los sistemas de producción alpaquera de la sierra central del Perú

El propósito del estudio fue caracterizar los planteles de tres sistemas de producción alpaquera de la sierra central: empresas y cooperativas comunales (ECC), granjas comunales (GC) y asociaciones de ganaderos (AG). Se realizó del 2006 al 2008, comprendiendo el diagnóstico estático de 28 hatos alpaqueros, evaluación de 30 planteles comunales y estimación de parámetros productivos del núcleo central de reproductores de alpacas (NCRA), procedentes de 22 unidades ganaderas. Los resultados fueron: a) Diagnóstico estático: las ECC exhibieron mejores indicadores que los otros sistemas de producción, en manejo y producción de fibra (ECC 5.2, GC 4.9, AG 5.0 lb/alpaca), extensión de tierras dedicadas a la crianza de alpacas (ECC 3225, GC 1024, AG 195 ha), acceso al mercado (ECC nacional, GC y AG local) y porcentaje de animales registrados (ECC 10.5, GC 0.9, AG 0%); b) Evaluación de planteles: las ECC mostraron mejores indicadores que los demás sistemas de producción, en proporción de madres clase Súper (ECC 23, GC 5, AG 0%) y padres Súper (ECC 86, GC 52, AG 0%), conformación del animal (ECC buena, GC y AG regular), finura de vellón (ECC fina, GC y AG media a gruesa), pasto cultivado (ECC 100, GC y AG 0%) y condición de pastizal (ECC y GC regular, AG pobre); y c) Parámetros productivos del NCRA: las alpacas provenientes de planteles de ECC respondieron mejor que los otros sistemas de producción en proporción de alpacas madres de clase Súper (ECC 13, GC 8, AG 2%), peso vivo a la esquila (ECC 59.3, GC 58.9, AG 53.1 kg), vellón sucio (ECC 2.4, GC 2.2, AG 2.4 kg) y longitud de mecha (ECC 8.9, GC 6.9, AG 7.0 cm). Los resultados muestran que las ECC muestran mejores parámetros que los otros sistemas de producción evaluados en el estudio.

Super class AB RFC OTA with adaptive local common‐mode feedback

A super class AB recycling folded cascode operational transconductance amplifier is presented. It employs local common-mode feedback using two matched tuneable active resistors, allowing to adapt the amplifier to different process variations and loads. Measurement results from a test chip prototype fabricated in a 0.5 μm CMOS process validate the proposal.

Super class AB RFC OTA using non‐linear current mirrors

An alternative approach to the design of super class AB recycling folded cascode operational transconductance amplifiers is proposed. Instead of using local common-mode feedback for boosting dynamic currents, simple current mirrors with input transistors entering triode region for large currents are employed. Measurement results from a 0.5 μm CMOS test chip validate the proposal.

Comparison Between Bone Supported -Pendulum Appliance and Lever-arm Mini-implant System in Maxillary Molar Distali zation in Class II Malocclusion

Upper molar distalization with noncompliance therapies has become more popular in treatmentof Class II malocclusions.Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the dentofacial changes afterdistalization of maxillary first molars using bone anchorage pendulum and Lever-arm mini-implantsystem in the treatment of dental Class II cases non-extraction cases.Subjects and Methods: The sample of this study was consisted of 30 patients of both sexes(16- 22 years old) divided into two groups. The first group consisted of 15 patients, their molar weredistalized with BAPA. The second group consisted of 15 patients, their molar were distalized withLAMS. The evaluation of the study was performed by detecting the changes on dental casts andlateral cephalograms.Results: All maxillary molars were distally moved into a super class I relationship successfullyin both groups (7.2 months in BAPA group and 10.5 months in LAMS group) and there was ahighly significant changes in the distal tipping of the maxillary first molar between the two groups,BAPA (22.8°) while the amount of distal tipping of the maxillary first molar in LAMS group was(10.29°).Conclusion: Both LAMS and BAPA appliances were effective, less invasive and compliancefree alternative for intraoral upper molar distalization without anchorage loss. Lever-arm and miniimplantsystem was effective for achieving absolute anchorage during the distal movement of uppermolars.

Super class AB-AB bulk-driven folded cascode OTA

A super class AB-AB bulk-driven folded cascode operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) with improved slew rate and unity-gain bandwidth is presented. The proposed bulk-driven amplifier utilizes the adaptively biased circuits, the bulk-driven flipped voltage follower and quasi-floating gate circuit, to implement the class-AB input stage and class-AB output stage respectively, which provides enhanced unity-gain bandwidth and dynamic current boosting. The proposed bulk-driven OTA is simulated on the 0.18 μm SMIC process with 1 V low voltage supply. The simulation results show that the proposed class AB-AB bulk-driven OTA achieves the increased factor of 6.5 and 4.7 in unity-gain bandwidth and slew rate compared with that of conventional class-A counterpart with only 50% extra power consumption.

±0.5 V 15 $\mu$ W Recycling Folded Cascode Amplifier With 34767 MHz·pF/mA FOM

An enhanced super class AB recycling folded cascode (RFC) operational transconductance amplifier is presented. It combines various adaptive biasing and transconductance enhancement techniques. Measurement results of a CMOS 130 nm test chip prototype show an improvement in slew rate and gain-bandwidth product by factors 100 and 27, respectively, compared to the conventional RFC topology for the same supply voltage and bias currents.

Skeletal Muscle Mass and Architecture of the World’s Strongest Raw Powerlifter: A Case Study

Introduction: World powerlifting records within the super heavyweight class are typically held by those with not only the greatest absolute muscle strength but also the greatest amount of skeletal muscle mass (SM). Case Presentation: We examined the absolute and relative SM and muscle architecture of a 30 year old drug-free raw (i.e. without the use of powerlifting supportive equipment) powerlifter (1.84 m standing height and 183.1 kg body mass) who competes in the super heavyweight division and holds world records in the squat (477.5 kg), deadlift (392.5 kg), and total (1105 kg). Because the MRI magnet is too small for very large athletes, we used an ultrasound prediction equation to estimate SM. We also used ultrasound to determine muscle architecture (isolated muscle thickness, pennation angle and fascicle length). This powerlifter had large values of fat-free mass (138.6 kg) and total SM (58.0 kg) compared with previously published values. When calculating the powerlifting performance per unit SM, this lifter not only had high levels of absolute strength but also had high levels of relative strength per unit SM, particularly in the squat. Similarly, muscle thickness and pennation angle of the vastus lateralis were close to the highest values previously reported in the literature. Conclusions: These results suggest that this powerlifter may be close to a physiologic limit with respect to muscle size and geometry.

On Algorithms Employing Treewidth for $L$-bounded Cut Problems

Given a graph $G=(V,E)$ with two distinguished vertices $s,t\in V$ and an integer parameter $L>0$, an $L$-bounded cut is a subset $F$ of edges (vertices) such that the every path between $s$ and $t$ in $G\setminus F$ has length more than $L$. The task is to find an $L$-bounded cut of minimum cardinality. Though the problem is very simple to state and has been studied since the beginning of the 70's, it is not much understood yet. The problem is known to be $\cal{NP}$-hard to approximate within a small constant factor even for $L\geq 4$ (for $L\geq 5$ for the vertex-deletion version). On the other hand, the best known approximation algorithm for general graphs has approximation ratio only $\mathcal{O}({n^{2/3}})$ in the edge case, and $\mathcal{O}({\sqrt{n}})$ in the vertex case, where $n$ denotes the number of vertices. We show that for planar graphs, it is possible to solve both the edge- and the vertex-deletion version of the problem optimally in $\mathcal{O}((L+2)^{3L}n)$ time. That is, the problem is fixed-parameter tractable (FPT) with respect to $L$ on planar graphs. Furthermore, we show that the problem remains FPT even for bounded genus graphs, a super class of planar graphs. Our second contribution deals with approximations of the vertex-deletion version of the problem. We describe an algorithm that for a given graph $G$, its tree decomposition of width $\tau$ and vertices $s$ and $t$ computes a $\tau$-approximation of the minimum $L$-bounded $s-t$ vertex cut; if the decomposition is not given, then the approximation ratio is $\mathcal{O}(\tau \sqrt{\log \tau})$. For graphs with treewidth bounded by $\mathcal{O}(n^{1/2-\epsilon})$ for any $\epsilon>0$, but not by a constant, this is the best approximation in terms of $n$ that we are aware of.

Colouring of $$(P_3 \cup P_2)$$(P3∪P2)-free graphs

The class of 2K2-free graphs and its various subclasses have been studied in a variety of contexts. In this paper, we are concerned with the colouring of (P3UP2)-free graphs, a super class of 2K2-free graphs. We derive a O(w^3) upper bound for the chromatic number of (P3UP2)-free graphs, and sharper bounds for (P3UP2), diamond)-free graphs, where w denotes the clique number. By applying similar proof techniques we obtain chromatic bounds for (2K2, diamond)-free graphs. The last two classes are perfect if w >=5 and >= 4 respectively.

Outcome quality and long-term (≥15 years) stability after Class II:2 Herbst-multibracket appliance treatment in comparison to untreated Class I controls.

To investigate the outcome quality and the long-term (≥15 years) post-treatment (Tx) changes after Class II:2 Herbst-multibracket appliance (MBA) Tx. In this longitudinal observational study, a recall of Class II:2 patients who had been treated by a Herbst-MBA during adolescence was conducted. Study models from before and after active Tx, after retention and after recall were assessed using standard occlusal variables and the peer assessment rating index (PAR). These data were compared to historical untreated Class I controls. Twenty out of 33 patients (61%) could be located and participated at age 33.9 ± 2.7 years. When comparing their data to the 13 patients who did not participate, the pre- and post-Tx occlusal findings did not differ systematically; however, the PAR scores of the non-participants were by 3.3-8.2 points higher at all times and the non-participants were 2.1-2.5 years older. Pre-Tx at age 14.4 ± 2.7 years, the participants showed the following mean values: PAR = 15.0 ± 7.0, Class II molar relationship (MR) = 0.8 ± 0.3 cusp widths (cw), overbite = 5.3 ± 1.3 mm. After Tx, a PAR score of 2.9 ± 1.3 and a super Class I MR (-0.1 ± 0.1 cw) with normal overbite (1.2 ± 0.8 mm) existed. At recall, a PAR score increase to 5.9 ± 3.6 points had occurred, mainly caused by an increase of overbite to 2.5 ± 1.5 mm. The average MR remained Class I (0.0 ± 0.2 cw). For all variables, the untreated controls exhibited similar findings. The occlusal outcome of Class II:2 Herbst-MBA Tx exhibited very good long-term stability. While mild post-Tx changes occurred, the long-term findings are similar to untreated Class I controls.

METODE KLASIFIKASI MUTU JAMBU BIJI MENGGUNAKAN KNN BERDASARKAN FITUR WARNA DAN TEKSTUR

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a fruit that has many health benefits. Guava also has commercial value in Indonesia and has a large market share. This indicates that the commodity of guava has been consumed by society extensively. This time the sorting process is still done manually which still has many shortcomings. This classification gives the classification results are less accurate and inconsistent due to the carelessness of humans. Grading process in the marketing sector is essential. Improper grading potentially detrimental to farmers because all the fruit quality were priced the same. Therefore, we need a consistent classification system.The system uses image processing to extract the color and texture features of guava. As a quality classification KNN method (K-Nearest Neighbor) is used. This system will classify guava into four quality classes, namely the super class, class A, class B, and external quality. KNN designed with input 7 features extraction which is the average value of RGB (Red, Green, and Blue), total defect area, and the GLCM value (entropy, homogeneity, and contrast) with the 4 outputs of quality. From the test results showed that the classification method is able to classify the quality of guava. The highest accuracy is obtained in testing K = 3 with 91.25% accuracy rate.

Comparison of the Pendulum appliance and the Jones Jig: A prospective comparative study.

Objective:To compare two molar distalization devices, the Pendulum appliance (PA) and the Jones Jig (JJ) in dental Class II patients.Materials and Methods:Pretreatment and postdistalization lateral cephalograms and study models of 20 subjects (6 males, 14 females) Class II malocclusion subjects were examined. PA and JJ group both consisted of 10 patients each with a mean pretreatment age of 12 years 1 month for females and 12 years 5 months for males. The PA and the JJ appliance were activated once in a month until Class II molar relationship was corrected to a super Class I molar relationship in both groups. Initial and final measurements and treatment changes were compared by means of Paired t-test.Results:Maxillary first molar distalized an average of 3.85 mm in the PA and 2.75 mm in the JJ between T1 and T2; rate of molar distalization was 1.59 mm/month for PA, and the JJ appliance averaged 0.88 mm/month, distal molar tipping was greater in PA (6.2°) than in the JJ (3.9°). Average mesial movement of the premolars was 2.2 mm with PA and JJ both. JJ showed a greater rotation of first molars after distalization as compared to PA. The increase in vertical facial height was also greater for JJ as compared to PA.Conclusions:Both the appliances were effective in molar distalization with PA requiring less distalization time (16 days less than JJ). Some adverse effects were noted with both which one should strive to control.

Super class AB OTA without open‐loop gain degradation based on dynamic cascode biasing

SummaryA scheme to achieve simultaneously extremely high slew‐rate improvement and avoiding open‐loop gain degradation in one‐stage super class AB op‐amps is introduced. It overcomes the serious shortcoming of super class AB operational transconductance amplifiers that shows very high‐output current enhancement factors at the expense of degrading the open‐loop gain. The proposed scheme uses dynamically biased cascode transistors to avoid gain and slew‐rate degradation. Experimental results of a super class AB operational transconductance amplifier in 180‐nm complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor technology with open‐loop gain of 67 dB, a factor 2 improvement in GBW, and a current enhancement factor of 270 verify the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Representation rings for fusion systems and dimension functions

We define the representation ring of a saturated fusion system \(\mathcal F\) as the Grothendieck ring of the semiring of \(\mathcal F\)-stable representations, and study the dimension functions of \(\mathcal F\)-stable representations using the transfer map induced by the characteristic idempotent of \(\mathcal F\). We find a list of conditions for an \(\mathcal F\)-stable super class function to be realized as the dimension function of an \(\mathcal F\)-stable virtual representation. We also give an application of our results to constructions of finite group actions on homotopy spheres.

A novel computational model based on super-disease and miRNA for potential miRNA-disease association prediction.

In recent years, more and more studies have indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in various complex human diseases and could be regarded as important biomarkers for cancer detection in early stages. Developing computational models to predict potential miRNA-disease associations has become a research hotspot for significant reduction of experimental time and cost. Considering the various disadvantages of previous computational models, we proposed a novel computational model based on super-disease and miRNA for potential miRNA-disease association prediction (SDMMDA) to predict potential miRNA-disease associations by integrating known associations, disease semantic similarity, miRNA functional similarity, and Gaussian interaction profile kernel similarity for diseases and miRNAs. SDMMDA could be applied to new diseases without any known associated miRNAs as well as new miRNAs without any known associated diseases. Due to the fact that there are very few known miRNA-disease associations and many associations are 'missing' in the known training dataset, we introduce the concepts of 'super-miRNA' and 'super-disease' to enhance the similarity measures of diseases and miRNAs. These super classes could help in including the missing associations and improving prediction accuracy. As a result, SDMMDA achieved reliable performance with AUCs of 0.9032, 0.8323, and 0.8970 in global leave-one-out cross validation, local leave-one-out cross validation, and 5-fold cross validation, respectively. In addition, esophageal neoplasms, breast neoplasms, and prostate neoplasms were taken as independent case studies, where 46, 43 and 48 out of the top 50 predicted miRNAs were successfully confirmed by recent experimental literature. It is anticipated that SDMMDA would be an important biological resource for experimental guidance.

Stability Analysis of the 2-Point Diagonally Implicit Super Class of Block Backward Differentiation Formula with Off-Step Points

In this paper, the stability region of the 2-point diagonally implicit super class of block backward differentiation formula with off-step points is to obtain and demonstrate its suitability for solving stiff ODEs. The stability region must cover the entire negative half-plane for the method to be suitable for solving stiff differential equations, analysis also shows that the method is zero stable.

BuApplication of Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) Structural Analysis: A Case Study on Dog Food Products

Objectives: In the modern marketing strategy, MDS (Multidimentional Scaling) can be an important core technique carving a company’s product or brand in the differentiated position in comparison with competitors. In order to extract efficient information from the data and to summarize these relationships among objects from the dissimilarity or similarity data, MDS is the typical method. MDS is one of the multivariate analysis methods in terms of statistical analysis method. Methods/Statistical Analysis: On this study, seven functional properties of dog foods are selected to apply MDS. The dog foods highly ranked in sales in Korean domestic dog food market are classified into five classes such as organic, holistic, super-premium, premium, and grocery. Five products per each class except of the premium class (four products on the premium class) are extracted. In order to visualize a two-dimensional positioning map, the statistical software (SPSS 22+) and 24 products are used. By using the Euclidean distance matrix, the analysis of 24 products is mapped on the twodimensional positioning map. According to a similarity result, the similarity at low values less than 1.0 turned up on the rational distance matrix. The products of the high similarity were a group of the organic class and the holistic class. And the grocery class also showed that domestic products mostly consisted of its class. Findings: The outcome of this research can be that the Korean brands’ super premium class with slightly high main nutrients can be viewed as having the highest competitiveness from the efficient preemption of market gap. Improvements/Applications: The results are applied to build a competitive brand positioning strategy to cope with the market changes in the domestic dog food market.

Abstract LB-328: Subtypes of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder defined by genomic alteration combinations predict clinical characteristics

Abstract Introduction: At least 70,000 patients will be diagnosed with bladder urothelial carcinoma (UC) in the United States this year. Current pathologic staging divides UC into muscle invasive (MIBC) and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Existing molecular classifications reveal a heterogeneous mutational landscape especially in the MIBC group, with studies finding that UC breaks down to anywhere from two to six classes defined by molecular features. These studies have utilized either select somatic alterations or high-dimensional mRNA expression data. Classifications of UC based on comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) and subsequently detected somatic tumor alterations are conspicuously absent. Methods: To create this CGP-based classification, 638 cases of mostly refractory or metastatic UC patients were assayed with CGP in the course of clinical care sequencing the coding exons of 287 cancer-related and 47 introns of 19 genes frequently rearranged in cancer and analyzing base-pair substitutions, indels, copy number alterations, and select gene fusions. Hierarchical latent class analysis (HLCA) a mixed-model classification method that finds highly statistically significant combinations of gene alterations, was applied to the resultant alteration profiles. Results: HLCA detected the structure of somatic alteration combinations in UC, finding two main super classes driven by either CDKN2A/B co-deletion or TP53 and RB1 mutations, and subclasses further defined by altered genes in signal transduction (FGFR3, ERBB2, PIK3CA) and chromatin modifying (KDM6A, MLL2, ARID1A) pathways. These classes are predictive of clinical characteristics and tumor progression, and outperform existing molecular-based UC classifiers. Conclusions: Identifying robust molecular subtypes of UC allows for appropriate assignment of patients to relevant clinical trials and can aid in electing suitable therapeutic strategies. Investigating the clinical context and targeted and immunotherapy implications of these subclasses will be essential for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes. Citation Format: Alyna Khan, Alex Fichtenholtz, Jeffrey Ross, Garrett Frampton, Eric Neumann, Siraj M. Ali, Phil J. Stephens. Subtypes of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder defined by genomic alteration combinations predict clinical characteristics. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-328.

Comparison of stepwise vs single-step advancement with the Functional Mandibular Advancer in Class II division 1 treatment

To compare two groups of subjects at the peak of the pubertal growth period treated with the Functional Mandibular Advancer (FMA; Forestadent, Pforzheim, Germany) appliance using either single-step or stepwise mandibular advancement. This study was conducted on 34 Class II division 1 malocclusion subjects at or just before the peak phase of pubertal growth as assessed by hand-wrist radiographs. Subjects were assigned to two groups of mandibular advancement, using matched randomization. Both groups were treated with the FMA. While the mandible was advanced to a super Class I molar relation in the single-step advancement group (SSG), patients in the stepwise mandibular advancement group (SWG) had a 4-mm initial bite advancement and subsequent 2-mm advancements at bimonthly intervals. The material consisted of lateral cephalograms taken before treatment and after 10 months of FMA treatment. Data were analyzed by means paired t-tests and an independent t-test. There were statistically significant changes in SNB, Pg horizontal, ANB, Co-Gn, and Co-Go measurements in both groups (P < .001); these changes were greater in the SWG with the exception of Co-Go (P < .05). While significant differences were found in U1-SN, IMPA, L6 horizontal, overjet, and overbite appraisals in each group (P < .001), these changes were comparable (P > .05). Because of the higher rates of sagittal mandibular skeletal changes, FMA using stepwise advancement of the mandible might be the appliance of choice for treating Class II division 1 malocclusions.