Sunscreen Formulations Research Articles

1,3-Naphthoxazine derivatives: Synthesis, in silico pharmacokinetic studies, antioxidant and photoprotective properties

Investigation into the interactions between photoprotective agents and skin can offer a precise understanding of their biological behaviors in vitro and in vivo, providing crucial insights for generating new substances. For this purpose, we designed and synthesized a series of naphthoxazine derivatives and examined their photoprotective properties. 1,3-naphthoxazine derivatives were synthesized through the multi-component reaction of 2-naphthol, arylamines and aromatic aldehydes in the presence of copper(II) trifluoromethanesulfonate (Cu(OTf)2) and (±)-Camphor-10-sulfonic acid ((±)-CSA) catalyst system under sonication. The potential of these synthesized 1,3-naphthoxazine derivatives as antioxidants and viable organic structural-based sunscreen ingredients has been investigated. Sun protection factor (SPF) assay results showed that especially compounds 4i, 4c, 4k, 4d, 4r, and 4h had remarkably high activity (23.65, 23.57, 23.04, 21.94, 20.80, and 20.26, respectively at 900 µg/mL concentration). Additionally, antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated and compounds 4h, 4e, 4b, and 4j exhibited the highest activities in DPPH scavenging activity assay (86.46 %, 82.83 %, 80.78 %, and 80.65 % respectively at 400 µg/mL concentration). The synthesized compounds exhibit promising characteristics for effective UV radiation absorption, suggesting their suitability for inclusion in sunscreen formulations. Cytotoxic activity of compound 4k against normal human fibroblast cell line (MRC-5) was determined by CVDK-8 method. The results revealed that the compound provided remarkable viability (87.55 %) of MRC-5 cells at concentration of 100 µM. The study explores their efficacy in providing broad-spectrum protection against UVA and UVB rays, degradation and photostability, ADMET profile, and other pharmacokinetic properties.

Potential hazards of octinoxate (ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate) exposure in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile: Experimental evidence

Interest has risen in recent years to assess the fate and impacts of organic ultraviolet (UV) filters in aquatic environments, after being recognized as contaminants of emerging concern. Octinoxate, also known as ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), is among the widely used UV filters in sunscreen formulations. Its potential toxicological effects in aquatic biota have led to precautionary actions in some jurisdictions, such as restricting and even banning its presence in commercial sunscreens. However, research data is lacking for effective regulation of sunscreen ingredients in Mediterranean countries. Our study evaluated the response of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica to EHMC under a short-term experimental setup, recreating summer conditions in aquaria subjected to different environmentally relevant concentrations for the Mediterranean Sea (minimum: 30.57 ng L−1, intermediate: 710 ng L−1 and maximum: 1420 ng L−1) and a control (no addition). Negative responses were evidenced in the physiology of P. oceanica due to EHMC exposure, with decreased gross primary production rates, loss of leaf chlorophyll content and inhibition of the overall nitrogen fixation associated with the seagrass tissues. Elevated oxidative stress biomarkers in P. oceanica under EHMC addition (i.e., catalase activity, polyphenols concentrations and alkaline phosphatase activity in leaves) reflect the activation of antioxidant defenses to counteract oxidative damages possibly induced in cellular components by the presence of the contaminant. Our results may conservatively imply the high ecological risk imposed to P. oceanica by maximum concentrations of EHMC in Mediterranean coastal waters. Moreover, they contribute as experimental evidence of the potentially detrimental effects of sunscreen pollution in a keystone species, such as P. oceanica, which is the main structural component of a priority habitat for conservation in the Mediterranean Sea, currently affected by multiple stress factors leading to its recession in recent years.

Facial disbiosis and UV filters.

Acne is a multifactorial inflammatory disease with a robust microbial component and numerous correlations with dysbiosis states. Furthermore, various factors are recognized as triggers for skin dysbiosis, including the use of certain cosmetics. Based on these arguments, we hypothesized that using photoprotective formulations could trigger dysbiosis and the occurrence of acne manifestations. To verify this assumption, six volunteers between 19 and 23 years of age, meeting all the inclusion criteria, received two applications a day of a non-commercial sunscreen formulation developed with the sun filters ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, ethylhexyl salicylate, methyl anthranilate, and octocrylene dispersed in a base gel, with an estimated protection factor of 28.8. The pure base gel was used as a control. The samples were applied to an area delimited by a standard template (15 cm2) in an amount corresponding to 30mg (2mg cm2) for ten days. At two points in time, pre- and post-sample applications, the facial skin surface was swabbed to collect extracted DNA and processed to verify divergent degrees of 16S RNA coding sequences. The data obtained allowed us to determine the abundance of different bacterial entities at the genus and species levels. The results showed that critical species of the acne process, such as Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, seem to tolerate the evaluated formulation well and are not significantly affected by the formulation, suggesting no interference of its use concerning dysbiosis induction. These findings refute the idea that photoprotectors may cause skin dysbiosis in men.

Centaurea dimorpha Viv. (Asteraceae) growing in Algeria extracts as a promising natural cosmetic active ingredient: Broad-spectrum photoprotection and antioxidant efficacy

Recently, plants have been considered as a valuable natural source of cosmetic active ingredientsowing to their sustainability and weak toxicity. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the cosmetic efficacy of Centaurea dimorpha Viv (Asteraceae), an endemic species of North Africa, as a promising natural cosmetic active ingredient. In the present study, Ethyl acetate and Butanolic extracts obtained from powdered Centaurea dimorpha aerial parts were investigated for their phenolic and flavonoid contents, which were evaluatedvia Folin-ciocalteu reagent and aluminium chloride methods, the in vitro antioxidant potential was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging,phosphomolybdenum and phenanthroline assays, the UVB and broad spectrum protective efficacy was spectrophotometrically assessed by measuring SPF, UVA/UVB ratio and critical wavelength (CW) indices. The highest levels of TPC and TFCwere recorded by the ethyl-acetate extract (119.20 ± 0.32 µg GAE mg-1, 50.65 ± 0.43 µg QEmg-1, respectively). Similarly, this extract displayed a significant antioxidant effect, particularly in the phenanthroline assay (152.63 ± 0.49 µg AAEmg-1). Ethyl acetate extract also showed UVB and broad-spectrum (UVB-UVA) protective efficacy (SPF=12.30 ± 0.001, UVA/UVB ratio=0.63 ± 0.001, λc= 371). The results obtained show the possibility to use Ethyl acetate extract as a promising active ingredient for sunscreen formulations.

Photoprotective Potential of Passiflora Cincinnata Mast. (Passifloraceae) Hydro-Alcoholic Extracts.

Passiflora cincinnata is a Passifloraceae typical of the Caatinga, a biome unique to Brazil. It has various pharmacological properties associated with its high flavonoid content. Vitexin, isovitexin, orientin, isoorientin and derivatives are the main chemical and pharmacological markers for this plant. Although flavonoids enriched-extracts have been widely applied in phytocosmetics, especially in sunscreen formulations, the use of P. cincinnata as a photoprotective ingredient remains unexplored. Different hydro-alcoholic extracts were prepared and their antioxidant and photoprotective activities were evaluated by in vitro assays. The most promising extract (Pc-1) was analyzed by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. Nine flavonoids were identified as major compounds: isovitexin-7-O-glucoside, isoorientin-2"O-hexoside, orientin, isoorientin, isovitexin-2"-O-glucoside, isovitexin-6"-O-glucoside, isoscoparin and isoquercitrin. Finally, Pc-1 (5 and 10 %, v/v) was incorporated into gel formulations, alone or combined to commercial chemical filters (benzophenone-3 and octyl methoxycinnamate). Formulations containing Pc-1 showed high SPFspectrophotometric values. When combined to commercial filters, Pc-1 (5 %) potentiated their photoprotective efficacy (p<0.05). A physicochemical characterization indicated no incompatibility or signs of instability after extract incorporation. Altogether, these findings encourage the use of Pc-1 as a photoprotective ingredient or co-adjuvant in sunscreens formulations.

Sun-protection factor of zinc-oxide sunscreens: SPFin vitro too low compared to SPFin vivo—a brief review

Sunscreens are mainly characterized by their sun-protection factor (SPF), which is measured according to the in vivo gold standard ISO 24444. Although the SPF concept is simple, SPF values are difficult to measure, due to the rather high variability caused by the complex interaction of light and skin. For half a century, there have been attempts to correlate the costly and ethically controversial in vivo procedure with a non-invasive (in vitro) method. After decades of development, alternative non-invasive SPF methods are expected to become available as ISO standards in early 2025. In particular, sunscreen manufacturers who use zinc oxide (ZnO) in higher concentrations (conc.) (10–25%) in their formulations, are concerned that these new in vitro methods would not confirm the SPF-values on their labels that have been determined in vivo, according to ISO 24444. This brief review reveals that sunscreen formulations with high conc. of ZnO often yield SPFin vitro values that are lower than the SPFin vivo values. This can be explained by the fact that in vitro methods have been developed for conventional emulsions products with organic UV filters, but not for highly concentrated ZnO-alone sunscreens. Fortunately, there seems to be a fix for this problem. There is a difference in density between ordinary emulsions with organic filters (density of the residual oil phase ~ 1.0 g/ml) and highly concentrated ZnO-alone formulations (~ 1.3–1.7 g/ml). As the application of current standards is weight-based, this makes the film on the PMMA plate much thinner, which is likely to lead to lower SPFin vitro values. Preliminary experiments show that using the same volume on the PMMA plates instead of the same weight as organic UV filters gives a much better correlation between in vitro and in vivo SPF results. A recent evaluation of three samples of highly concentrated ZnO sunscreens by the Dutch NVWA seems to confirm these findings. Further experimental evidence is required to fully understand this phenomenon and to adapt the in vitro method for higher conc. ZnO formulations accordingly.

Photoprotective properties of four structure propolis from Heterotrigona itama stingless beehive: Fractionation, bioactivity analysis, and chemical profiling

Heterotrigona itama stingless bee propolis extract is known for its diverse bioactive compounds, making it a potential natural shield against UV radiation. This research assesses the photoprotective potential of crude ethanol extract from H. itama propolis collected from four structures (involucrum, pillar, pot, and entrance) of five bee hives (H1-H5), totalling 20 samples. Initially, the samples underwent testing for SPF value and UV absorption spectra. The crude ethanol extract (E) from the involucrum (H4) with the highest SPF value and broadest spectrum was selected for fractionation using hexane and water. Subsequently, the extract (E) and its hexane (H) and water (W) fractions were subjected to SPF analysis, UVA/UVB absorption assessment, determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content, free radical scavenging capacity, anti-collagenase effects, and cytotoxicity assessment. Additionally, LC-MS/MS analysis was performed to identify chemical constituents in the active fraction (W). The extract E demonstrated an SPF of 8.23 ± 0.09 and UV absorption. Notably, its fraction W exhibited the highest SPF (16.55 ± 0.24) at 100 μg/mL, surpassing the H fraction (SPF 5.7 ± 0.45). Phenolic content was highest in the H fraction (388.95 ± 4.54 mg/g GAE DW), followed by the W fraction (286.76 ± 6.48 mg/g GAE DW) and crude E (91.83 ± 4.12 mg/g GAE DW) from the involucrum. Regarding flavonoids, the fraction W led with 79.82 ± 6.21 mg/g QE DW, followed by the H fraction (45.56 ± 0.05 mg/g QE DW) and E (34.57 ± 1.11 mg/g QE DW). The extract E also exhibited modest DPPH scavenging (EC50 = 120 μg/mL), while the H fraction demonstrated stronger activity (EC50 = 4.37 μg/mL), and the W fraction displayed moderate effects (EC50 = 17.55 μg/mL). Notably, the W fraction showed remarkable anti-collagenase activity, outperforming the positive control, EG. HaCaT cell cytotoxicity revealed that the extract E was cytotoxic, whereas the H and W fractions showed no toxicity. LC-MS/MS analysis identified bioactive flavonoids (e.g., pratensein, quercetin) in the W fraction. These findings highlight the superior photoprotective properties of the water fraction from the involucrum of H. itama stingless bee propolis extract, suggesting its potential as a natural and effective ingredient for sunscreen and skincare formulations.

Penentuan Kadar Flavonoid dan Kandungan Fitokimia Ekstrak Kulit Bawang Merah (Allium cepa L) dengan Berbantukan Microwave sebagai Potensi Bahan Aktif Tabir Surya

The skin serves as a protective barrier against dust and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Excessive UV exposure is associated with accelerated skin aging, erythema, hyperpigmentation, and carcinogenesis. This study aimed to quantify flavonoid concentrations and characterize phytochemical constituents in shallot skin extracts for their potential as active ingredients in sunscreen formulations. Shallot skin was subjected to microwave assisted extraction using 70% ethanol as the solvent. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids in the extract. Flavonoid content was determined via UV-Vis spectrophotometry, yielding 36.33 mgQE/g. The high flavonoid concentration observed in shallot skin extract suggests its potential efficacy as an active ingredient in sunscreen formulations.

Development of radish extract-loaded transfersomes blended sunscreen formulation for tyrosinase melanin and photoprotective sunscreening effect

Radish sprouts consist of a variety of active compounds, including phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid, which has antityrosinase activity, the key enzyme in melanogenesis. Furthermore, UV radiation cause hyperpigmentation and skin damage. The aim of this study was to develop radish sprouts extract (R)-loaded transfersomes for anti-aging and skin-whitening formulation. To provide UV protection, transfersomes were combined with sunscreen emulgel formulation. The physicochemical characteristics, biological activity, and cytotoxicity to skin cells of formulations were studied. The results showed that R-loaded transfersomes exhibited spherical nanovesicles and negative zeta potential. The vesicles were able to reduce tyrosinase activity and melanin content. However, transfersomes were safe to skin cells at low concentrations. By combining R-loaded transfersomes with sunscreen emulgels, the cytotoxicity of formulation decreased in addition to exhibiting stability under accelerated conditions. The formulation also absorbed UVA and UVB wavelengths with SPF and UVAPF values, due to the photoprotective properties of sunscreening agents. Furthermore, R slowly released from transfersome, emulsion matrix and gel base of the formulation. Thus, R-loaded transfersomes blended sunscreen emulgels could be applied as promising formulation with satisfactory activity for tyrosinase melanin and photoprotective sunscreening effect.

Botánica aplicada: radiación UV-B para la obtención de brotes de quinua enriquecidos en compuestos fenólicos, con probables usos en protectores solares naturales o como alimentos funcionales

The objective was to evaluate the use of a microgreen system and very short UV-B radiation dose to obtain plant biomass as a source for phenol-enriched extracts with probable cosmetic and/or food uses. Quinoa seedlings, a native species of the Andes, of two different ages were used. The seedlings were irradiated with different doses of UV-B and then evaluated by quantifying indicators of oxidative damage. Also, the contents of phenolic compounds, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant capacity, and sun protection factor were determined. The results showed that the youngest seedlings responded better to short UVB doses, increasing the content of soluble and insoluble phenols, without showing oxidative damage. These results were correlated with the greater antioxidant power of the extracts and an intermediate sun protection factor. We conclude that this species, grown in a microgreen system, is a promising alternative to obtain phenol-enriched extracts with possible use in formulations of natural sunscreens. In this sense, these results can serve as a starting point for optimization studies through the response surface methodology.

Investigation of Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of Raspberry Seed Oil, Niacinamide and Zinc Oxide in Combination for their Possible Use in a Sunscreen Formulation

Introduction: The Ultra Violet (UV) radiations emitted from the sun have several negative effects on the skin of humans. Some of the harmful effects of the UV rays are redness, skin inflammation, rashes, sunburn, wrinkles, photoaging and skin cancer. It is very important to block or reflect UV rays due to the rising cases of skin cancers secondary to UV damage. Sunscreens are presently one of the preferred and predominant modes of sun protection and must be broad spectrum to be able to block both Ultraviolet A (UVA) and Ultraviolet B (UVB). Objectives: The primary objective of our project is to assess the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of a combination of three active ingredients: Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Niacinamide, and Raspberry Seed Oil (RSO). Methods: Seven samples were prepared, where sample 1 - 6 contains different combinations of these three active ingredients and sample 7 which contains only RSO (10%). The SPF of the seven samples was measured according to the standard procedure using an UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The SPF values were then calculated using the Mansur equation. Results: The result revealed that the SPF of the formulation were below 30 therefore average photoprotective activity was observed. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the formulations were not able to provide sufficient protection from the UV rays.

Predicting the acute aquatic toxicity of organic UV filters used in cosmetic formulations.

Organic UV filters are commonly used in sunscreen and cosmetic formulations to protect against harmful UV radiation. However, concerns have emerged over their potential toxic effects on aquatic organisms. This study aims to investigate the acute aquatic toxicity of 13 organic UV filters and determine whether phospholipid binding, measured through biomimetic chromatographic methods, is a better predictor of toxicity than the traditionally used octanol-water partition coefficient (log P). The chromatographic retention of the 13 UV filters was measured on an immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) stationary phase to assess phospholipid binding. These measurements were then applied to previously established predictive models, originally developed for pharmaceutical compounds, to estimate acute aquatic toxicity endpoints of 48-hour LC50 for fish and the 48-hour EC50 (immobilization) for Daphnia magna. Phospholipid binding was found to be a more reliable predictor of the acute aquatic toxicity of UV filters compared to log P. The toxicity was primarily driven by lipophilicity and charge, with negatively charged compounds exhibiting lower toxicity. The study demonstrates that phospholipid binding is a better descriptor of UV filter toxicity than log P, providing a more accurate method for predicting the environmental risk of these compounds. This insight can guide the development of more environmentally friendly sunscreens by reducing the use of highly lipophilic and positively charged compounds, thus lowering their aquatic toxicity.

Would Rutin be a Feasible Strategy for Environmental-Friendly Photoprotective Samples? A Review from Stability to Skin Permeability and Efficacy in Sunscreen Systems

Rutin, a flavonoid found in various plants, has gained attention for its potential applications in the cosmetic industry due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential photoprotective properties. Our review explored the use of rutin (rutoside, 3-O-rutinoside-quercetin) in cosmetics/dermocosmetics, focusing on its physicochemical properties and stability, cutaneous permeability, and efficacy in sunscreen systems, involving in vitro tests and the current state of clinical trials. Rutin’s ability to scavenge free radicals, prevent peroxidation, and reduce vascular fragility makes this flavonoid a promising ingredient for photoprotection. Studies have shown that rutin can enhance the sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreen formulations, especially when combined with organic UV filters. The encapsulation of rutin in nanostructures has also been investigated to improve its applicability. Overall, rutin shows potential as a safe and effective ingredient in cosmetics/dermocosmetics, offering protection against the harmful effects of UV radiation and oxidative stress on the skin, as well as being a feasible strategy for developing environmentally friendly multifunctional sunscreens.

A highly photostable UVA filter derived from avobenzone

Avobenzone was derivatized to avo-glycerol by replacing the p-methoxy group with glycerol at the ortho position. Avo-glycerol exhibited absorption in the UVA range (315–400 nm), similar to avobenzone, indicating good UVA coverage. Unlike avobenzone, a solution of avo-glycerol in an aprotic solvent demonstrates remarkable photostability, with no significant decrease in absorbance at the UVA range after 6 h irradiation. This suggests that the hydroxyl group in avo-glycerol functions as an efficient acid-base catalyst in enolization. Consequently, the rapid enolization of the photochemically generated keto form prevents its accumulation. This inherent photostability of avo-glycerol eliminates the need for photo stabilizers in sunscreen formulations and provides greater flexibility in selecting other sunscreen components.

Exploring the Benefits of Yashada Bhasma (Zinc Oxide) in Sunscreen Formulations: Bridging Classical Wisdom with Scientific Validation

The utilization of minerals in cosmetic formulations has been a longstanding tradition, with Yashada Bhasma (zinc oxide) emerging as a prominent ingredient in modern sunscreen formulations due to its remarkable properties. This article provides a comprehensive examination of Yashada Bhasma historical significance, chemical composition, and therapeutic attributes as described in classical literature. The scientific analysis validates its efficacy as a physical barrier against UVA and UVB radiation, highlighting its photostability and compatibility with sensitive skin. Structural and chemical characterization techniques illuminate its nano-scale transformation during the purification process, enhancing its effectiveness. Comparative analyses with other sunscreen ingredients emphasize its superiority in terms of UV protection spectrum, skin compatibility, and regulatory approval. A market survey reveals the widespread incorporation of Yashada Bhasma into various Ayurvedic and herbal cosmetic products, reflecting its acceptance and popularity among consumers. Overall, this article bridges the gap between Classical wisdom and scientific validation, showcasing Yashada Bhasma as a versatile and effective component in sunscreen formulations, poised to meet the evolving needs of skincare and sun protection in contemporary times.

Regulatory Mechanisms of Natural Active Ingredients and Compounds on Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts in Mitigating Skin Photoaging.

The mechanism underlying skin photoaging remains elusive because of the intricate cellular and molecular changes that contribute to this phenomenon, which have yet to be elucidated. In photoaging, the roles of keratinocytes and fibroblasts are vital for maintaining skin structure and elasticity. But these cells can get photo-induced damage during photoaging, causing skin morphological changes. Recently, the function of natural active ingredients in treating and preventing photoaging has drawn more attention, with researches often focusing on keratinocytes and fibroblasts. We searched for studies published from 2007 to January 2024 in the Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases through the following keywords: natural plant, natural plant products or phytochemicals, traditional Chinese Medicine or Chinese herbal, plant extracts, solar skin aging, skin photoaging, and skin wrinkling. This review conducted the accordance of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. In total, 87 researches were included in this review (Figure 1). In keratinocytes, natural compounds may primarily regulate signal pathways such as the NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and Nrf2/ARE pathways, reducing inflammation and cellular damage, thus slowing skin photoaging. Additionally, in fibroblasts, natural active ingredients primarily promote the TGF-β pathway, inhibit MMPs activity, and enhance collagen synthesis while potentially modulating the mTOR pathway, thereby protecting the dermal collagen network and reducing wrinkle formation. Several trials showed that natural compounds that regulate keratinocytes and fibroblasts responses have significant and safe therapeutic effects. The demand for natural product-based ingredients in sunscreen formulations is rising. Natural compounds show promising anti-photoaging effects by targeting cellular pathways in keratinocytes and fibroblasts, providing potential therapeutic strategies. However, comprehensive clinical studies are needed to verify their efficacy and safety in mitigating photoaging, which should use advanced pharmacological methods to uncover the complex anti-photoaging mechanisms of natural compounds.

Effectiveness of using hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract in creating a sunscreen formula

Abstract Wearing sunscreen products protects human skin from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of utilizing hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract as additional raw materials in creating a sunscreen formula. This study aims to evaluate the acceptability of the sunscreen formulation in terms of determining its sun protection factor using UV-vis spectrophotometry, ability to remain on the surface using water resistance testing, and shelf life using a stability chamber. The methodology begins with obtaining a modified hydrophobic silica aerogel classified as cosmetic grade. The sunscreen formulation has a combination of 2 wt. % of hydrophobic silica aerogel, 3 wt.% of grape seed oil, and other ingredients using thermal procedures. The results demonstrated that the addition of hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract in sunscreen formulation exhibits satisfactory UV protection attaining an SPF value of 28.17073 which indicates a medium sun protection factor according to the standardized category of SPF values. On the contrary, the sunscreen without the active ingredients has an SPF value of 4.762. Additionally, both sunscreen’s water resistance was assessed by testing a total of 60 minutes in both tap water and salt water. The findings showed that both samples of sunscreens in tap water were more resistant compared to saltwater. Furthermore, the sunscreen with hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract stayed intact and did not dissolve in tap water after a 40-minute exposure time, but it did gradually disintegrate after 20 minutes in salt water since salt water has a higher density than tap water. In stability testing of both sunscreen formulations, the results revealed that the moisture content of the sunscreen formulation with hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract does not exceed 10% which indicates a low presence of oil. Hence, it proves its stability under the controlled conditions of 40°C and 75% relative humidity examined over one (1) month since it had a high moisture content of 78.98% obtained using the gravimetric method. For the sunscreen without these ingredients, the total moisture content under the same conditions and method is 29.07%. Thus, it indicates a high presence of oil and does not attain the standard moisture content for sunscreens. Overall, the evaluated performance of adding the hydrophobic silica aerogel and grape seed extract to the sunscreen formulation ensures its efficacy regarding its SPF, water resistance, and shelf life.

Clinical Applications of Sunscreens and Formulation Advancements.

Sunscreens cover the big market ratio in terms of cosmetic applications, but the therapeutic necessity of sunscreen still needs to be uncovered in the clinical context. Clinically, sunscreens are being employed more often nowadays as a result of the rising consequences of skin malignancies and the photodamaging effects of UV radiation. Sunscreens are essential to prevent aging by shielding the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Over the recent decades, there has been a significant evolution in the usage of sunscreens as photo protectants. The demand for sunscreen formulations will inevitably rise as more people become aware of the protection that sunscreens provide against tanning, photoaging, non-melanoma skin cancers, premalignant skin lesions, and skin melanomas. The novel contemporary formulation techniques are also beneficial in enhancing the product's aesthetic look and quality. Recently, regulatory agencies have also started paying attention to the regulation of the clinical application, efficacy, and safety parameters related to sunscreen. This review underlines the pathophysiological response of UV exposure with the therapeutic applications of sunscreen in various dermatological conditions and the recent formulation advancements in the development of sunscreen.

In silico evaluation of the toxicological profile of some molecules isolated from Aloe vera and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) used in the formulation of sunscreens

La pharmacocinétique et la toxicologie cutanées sont importantes en cosmétologie, car les effets nocifs de la lumière ultraviolette nécessitent une photoprotection externe, comme les crèmes solaires contenant des filtres solaires. Cependant, certains de ces composés présentent une toxicité pouvant nuire à la peau. Ainsi, les produits à base de plantes naturelles sont de plus en plus étudiés pour leur faible toxicité. Cette étude a utilisé des outils bio-informatiques pour évaluer la toxicité de six molécules, dont trois issues de l'Aloe vera et trois de la pastèque. Toutes les molécules à l'exception du lycopène ont un bon profil toxicologique. Les approches computationnelles sont présentées comme des outils rapides et peu coûteux pour effectuer des prédictions et servir de base aux futures études expérimentales. Les mots-clés: In silico, profil toxicologique, SwissADME, pkCSM, ADMETlab2.0

Formulation and Evaluation of Allopathic Sunscreen

Abstract: Sunscreen is a chemical substance that aids in UV radiation protection. Although UV B radiation causes sunburn, ultraviolet A radiation may be more harmful to the skin. The optimal sunscreen should obstruct both wavebands. The purpose of this study was to create a topical sunscreen formulation using medicinal herbs and some fixed oils. Frequent use of sunscreen prevents melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis from developing. Chemicals in sunscreen can be either organic or inorganic. Sunblock lotion is another name for sunscreen. The product shields the skin from UV light by either reflecting or absorbing it. The usage of screening agents has increased due to the rise in skin cancer cases and the photodamaging effects of UV radiation. These agents have been demonstrated to be useful in lowering symptoms. Sunscreen ingredients should be completely safe, chemically inert, non-irritating, non-toxic, photostable, and capable of shielding the skin from sun harm.