Sunglasses Research Articles

Uji stabilitas penyimpanan RC A amlodipine dengan metode kromatografi cair tingkat tinggi

Background: One of the important components of health is the availability of drugs as part of public health services. This is because drugs are used to save lives, restore or maintain health. The pharmaceutical industry as a drug-producing industry has a strategic role in health service efforts to the community. Findings: Along with increasing education and public awareness of the importance of health, the pharmaceutical industry is required to provide drugs in adequate types and quantities and of good quality. Therefore, public access to drugs including availability and affordability for the entire community must be expanded. Access to drugs, especially essential drugs, is an obligation for the government and health service institutions, both public and private. Methods: Add with mobile phase to the limit mark, then homogenize (Solution S1 0.04 mg/ml). The solution to be tested for stability during the RC A Amlodipine area is stable. Storage is carried out in dark glass bottles and stored in a refrigerator at a temperature of 2-8 °C. Conclusion: This indicates that each new batch analysis can use the RC Amlodipine stock for a period of 4 months with a storage temperature of 2-8 °C. In this study, RC A Amlodipine which was weighed before the study each time the test was carried out was weighed once and made into a stock solution for 4 months. This study also carried out the potential for cost saving because every year 3 bottles are now 1 bottle, which is 96.5%.

Hadis-Hadis Toleransi Beragama dalam Perspektif Kitab Shahih Bukhari dan Shahih Muslim

Religious Tolerance: on the background of the many people who do not understand the existence of differences, appreciate understandings that are different from their own, which leads to an open attitude and accepts various kinds of differences, both in terms of ethnicity, nation, skin color, customs, culture and religion. This is all the sunnatullah that has become his stipulation. Based on the background above, the formulation of the problem in this thesis are: 1. What is Religious Tolerance in Islam, 2. What is Religious Tolerance in the Study of the Books of Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, 3. How are the differences in the quality of Hadith in the Books of Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim. The objectives of this research are: 1. To find out the understanding of religious tolerance in Islam, 2. To find out the general description of religious tolerance in the two books in more depth, 3. To help provide an understanding of the differences in the quality of hadith between the books of Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim regarding religious tolerance. The research model used in this research is qualitative research, which produces descriptive research using literary sources. Researchers also use the thematic method. The findings of this study: Religious tolerance, found in Q.S. Al-Kafirun: 109/ 1-6, and there is a hadith explaining religious tolerance in H.R. Muslim: 2564, volume 4, page 1987, H.R. Al-Bukhari: 39, Volume 1, Page 17 and H.R. Al-Bukhari: 2076, Volume 3 Page 57. The similarity point of the hadiths of authentic bukhari and authentic Muslim is that there is no compulsion to embrace Islam, do not commit violence or ridicule among fellow Muslims or non-Muslims, while the difference is that the hadith is about religious tolerance there are more in bukhari traditions than in Muslim traditions, and also explain both rationally and practically.

Reflections on the Sources of the Contemporary Islamic Revival

ABSTRACT The groups and movements that comprise the Islamic revival of the past half century share an ideology of return to the origins of the faith and strictly following the scriptures. They are habitually divided into Islamist activists, who seek involvement in the political arena; Salafi purists, who censure “deviations” from “true” Islam; and Traditionalist ʽulama, who uphold the living legal, theological, and Sufi tradition. This article offers some reflections on the intricate connections and conflicts among these three large religious trends by reviewing three recently published studies that touch upon the ideational sources on which they draw. It shows the ambiguous stand of Sunni Islamic Modernists, the precursors of Islamism, toward old and new Muslim sects; the lingering exclusivism and militancy of Wahhabis, who form a subset of Salafism, in al-Qaʽida and ISIS; and the versatility of Traditionalists in accommodating to modernity.

The Cultural Heritage of Kenya's Swahili Muslims: the Contributions and Breaks in Islamic History

<em>This article aims to explain the contributions and discontinuities of Islamic history in the cultural heritage of Kenya's Swahili ethnic Muslim traditions. Therefore, in this article the author formulates two problems: 1) what is the journey of Islam in Kenya 2) what is the role and contribution of Islam to Kenyan Swahili civilisation. The research method used in this paper is a historical research method that includes heuristic, verification, interpretation and historiography stages. The focus of this article is to describe the beginning of the journey of Islam to dominance in Kenya, which was then replaced by Christian dominance. And to uncover traces of the cultural heritage of Kenya's Swahili Muslims. The results of this research show that there was a break in Islamic history when Kenya entered the colonial era. This had an impact on the spread of Islam and the cultural traditions of the Swahili ethnic Muslim culture of Kenya. Islam has also played an important role and contribution, this is especially true of the Swahili ethnic culture on the coast of Kenya. It can therefore be concluded that it is very important for the Swahili ethnic group living on the coast to continue to maintain and preserve Islamic culture as their identity, which has existed for several centuries.</em>

The Terminology of Ahl Al-Sunnah Wa Al-Jamaah and its Affiliated Groups According to Tuan Guru Haji Abd Hadi Awang

The Terminology of Ahl Al-Sunnah Wa Al-Jamaah and its Affiliated Groups According to Tuan Guru Haji Abd Hadi Awang

Myth and epic as a non-religious revival of national identity; the role of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh in the development of secular national identity among Iranian minorities; studying Persian Twitter

ABSTRACT Ferdowsi's Shahnameh has played a significant role in shaping the national identity of Iranians, transcending linguistic, religious, cultural, and ethnic differences. This paper examines the perceptions of Iranian Sunni Muslims, and non-Muslim minorities regarding Ferdowsi and Shahnameh. A survey was conducted on Persian Twitter using simple items, and the questionnaire was also distributed among Shia Muslims, who form the majority in Iran. The findings demonstrate unanimous agreement among participants regarding the role of Ferdowsi and Shahnameh in unifying Iran geographically and shaping its cultural and secular national identity against Islamic anti-nationalism identity.

An Islamist disadvantage? Revisiting electoral outcomes for Islamists in the Middle East

In this article, we interrogate the extent to which a so-called Islamist advantage existed prior to the Arab Spring by examining country cases often neglected in the literature on Sunni Islamism. We then assess the extent to which the presumed ‘ft of Islamist fortunes post-Arab Spring exists (a) solely in the Sunni sphere or extends to independent Shiʿi movements, and (b) is present in country cases less commonly studied: Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, and Lebanon. We find overall that there is no difference in advantage or disadvantage between Sunni and Shiʿi Islamists; what matters more than the moment of the Arab Spring for understanding the future of Islamism writ large is inclusion of country case studies that are often neglected, like those of Iraq and Lebanon, which complicate assumptions made about Islamists in electoral politics in the Arab world and add nuance to the argument over the existence of an Islamist advantage.

The Shia-Sunni Adhān: A Call to Defending Sectarian Craving for Islamic Authority

The formulation of azan (call to prayer) has been the subject of endless contestation between Shia and Sunni Muslims. It covers the issue of its authentic origin, phrase variations, and underlying arguments. It said that the debate is based not only on legal considerations but also on the perceived historical background with regard to the origins of the call to prayer and the theological implications regarding sahih hadith as an authoritative Islamic reference. The article offers theoretical significance for understanding sectarian discourse and practical insights that go beyond conflict and foster harmony and peace in Shia-Sunni relations by employing a multi-step methodology to investigate the discourse of disagreement in the formulation of adhān phrases within the Shia-Sunni context and its implications for Islamic authority. It begins with establishing a theoretical framework to comprehend sectarian variations, followed by a thorough literature review incorporating scholarly articles, historical records, and religious texts. Building on this, a comparative analysis examines wording and content discrepancies in the adhān between Shia and Sunni traditions. Additionally, the research delves into historical records and manuscripts, tracing the origins of disagreements over the adhān, while a theological analysis explores the religious foundations influencing the variations. The study found that Shia-Sunni debates and tensions over the call to prayer can serve as a scholarly entry point to understanding the differences and root causes between the two. In addition, this article will be an enlightenment to dispel prejudices and tensions among fellow Muslims by acknowledging and appreciating each other's differences.

Nationalism and Economic Development in Lebanon: Challenges and Opportunities for Unity and Integration

Lebanon is a small country on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, known as a country with a strategic position geographically and politically. It was a divided country full of endless conflicts. This paper analyses the obstacles and opportunities to build Lebanese nationalism to realize the nation's integrity. Lebanon's main obstacles are the heterogeneity of society, foreign interference, and intergroup affiliations with other countries. At the same time, the foremost opportunity to build Lebanese nationalism is that they have the same language and culture, namely Arabic. Strong nationalism is the capital to build lasting political stability. This research is qualitative research that will collect specific qualitative data to create generalizations. Arabic as a language, identity, and culture is the most vital cohesive factor that unites the country and originates Lebanese nationalism. The problem of building Lebanese nationalism is mainly dependent on a strong government that can control the people. The challenge is that the ruling government comes from a minority religion, namely Maronite Christians dealing with Sunni and Shia Muslims and other Christian groups. Hence, a strategy is needed to create common interests that can be accepted by all groups, namely economic development amid the current Lebanese financial crisis. Received: 20 March 2024 / Accepted: 30 June 2024 / Published: 02 July 2024

Multi-proxy bioarchaeological analysis ofskeletal remains shows genetic discontinuity in a Medieval Sicilian community.

The medieval period in Sicily was turbulent, involving successiveregime changes, from Byzantine (Greek Christian), Aghlabid (Sunni Muslim), Fatimid (Shī'a Muslim), to Normans and Swabians (Latin Christian). To shed new light on the localimplications of regime changes, we conducted amultidisciplinary analysis of 27 individuals buried in adjacentMuslim and Christian cemeteries at the site of Segesta,western Sicily. By combining radiocarbon dating, genome-wide sequencing, stable and radiogenic isotopic data, and archaeological records, we uncover genetic differences between the two communities but find evidence of continuity in other aspects of life. Historical and archaeological evidence shows a Muslim community was present by the 12th century during Norman governance, with the Christian settlement appearing in the 13th century under Swabian governance. ABayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates from the burials finds the abandonment of the Muslim cemetery likely occurred after the establishment of the Christian cemetery, indicating that individuals of both faiths were present in the area in the first half of the 13th century. The biomolecular results suggest the Christians remained genetically distinct from the Muslim community at Segesta while following a substantially similar diet. This study demonstrates that medieval regime changes had major impacts beyond the political core, leading to demographic changes while economic systems persisted and new social relationships emerged.

Religious Minority and Peaceful Coexistence: The Dynamics of the Ahmadiyya Community in Malang, Indonesia

The position of the Ahmadiyya is problematic since it claims to be a part of the Muslim community, but it is considered a deviant sect by the mainstream Sunni Muslims in Indonesia. There has been persecution and violence towards this minority. The violence towards the Ahmadiyya increased most notably after the issuance of a joint ministerial decree in 2008, which limits the activities and proselytization of the Ahmadiyya. Interestingly, although affected by the national and regional discourse on the Ahmadiyya, the Ahmadiyya community in Malang, East Java, still lives peacefully with other faith communities. By employing qualitative content analysis, the present study examines the dynamics of the Ahmadiyya as a religious minority in the context of a plural society in Malang, East Java. More specifically, it investigates two main research problems, namely the Ahmadiyya community’s agency in response to the limitation of their activities and the socio-political and socio-religious factors relatively supporting peaceful life of the Ahmadiyya community. This study reveals a distinct picture that stays in contrast to the majority of Ahmadiyya communities in Indonesia, which is often associated with discrimination and persecution.

Book Review: Historicizing Sunni Islam in the Ottoman Empire, c. 1450–c. 1750

The book examines Ottoman Sunnism’s evolution, orthodoxy, and spatial dimensions. Divided into three chapters, it critically engages with historical narratives, doctrinal debates, and socio-political dynamics shaping Ottoman Sunnism. Chapter I reevaluates Sunnī orthodoxy by tracing its historical dialogue with the past and the present. It examines the emergence of a new hadith culture in the sixteenth century, challenges conventional views through Shāhzādah Qorqud’s writings, explores the influence of Ibn Taymiyyah on Ottoman thought, redefines knowledge boundaries in Ottoman catechisms, and scrutinizes perceptions of heresy in Ottoman society. Moreover, Chapter II focuses on the spatial dimensions of Sunnitization, exploring how pious communities were constructed within urban institutions and convents. It investigates the transformation of spaces like the ʿimārah into mosques, the integration of Abdāl-affiliated convents into Khalwatī darwīsh networks, and the role of imāms in congregational prayers during the Ottoman Sunnitization era. Chapter III delves into the contextual and genre-specific nature of confessional politics, shedding light on the complexities of Sunnī-Shiʿī’ relations and Ottoman-Safavid diplomacy. It reexamines the portrayal of Qizilbash actors in Ottoman borderlands, evaluates Ottoman historical writing through the lens of Islamic history, and explores Islamic discourse in Ottoman-Safavid diplomatic exchanges.

The Acculturation of Local and Shia Cultures in the Tabot Tradition of Bengkulu

This study applies J. Powell’s theory of acculturation to analyze the cultural synthesis in the Tabot ceremony, examining the mutual influences between Shia traditions and Bengkulu’s indigenous practices. Utilizing a descriptive-qualitative methodology, the research involves comprehensive library research for historical and cultural contexts, complemented by fieldwork with the Kerukunan Keluarga Tabot (KTT), the tradition’s custodians. Data analysis follows a structured three-stage process: reduction, display, and conclusion drawing/verification. This approach ensures a thorough and accurate interpretation of findings. The Tabot ceremony commemorates the martyrdom of Prophet Muhammad’s grandson, Hussein bin Ali bin Abi Talib, in the battle against Ubaidillah bin Zaid’s forces in Karbala, Iraq, on the 10th of Muharram, 61 Hijri (681 AD). Initiated by Sheikh Burhanuddin, also known as Imam Senggolo, in 1685, the first Tabot celebration marked his union with a Bengkulu native, founding the Tabot lineage. This annual event spans from the 1st to the 10th of Muharram. Although originally a Shia Islamic rite, the Tabot ceremony transformed under the influence of Sunni Islam in Bengkulu, leading the descendants of Shia propagators to fervently adopt Sunni Islam. Despite this shift, they continue to observe the Tabot Ritual as a “universal Islamic religious rite” highlighting the doctrinal harmony between Shia and Sunni Islam. Thus, the Tabot Ritual is upheld as crucial for preserving and perpetuating ancestral heritage

Investigation of Changes in the Polyphenol Profile Verified by LC-MS/MS and the Pro-Health Activities of Fruit Smoothie.

Bilberry, bananas, and apples are used for smoothie production because the health-promoting activities and to prevent human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. The smoothie is prepared to promote a promising practice for increasing the intake of fruit in the diet. The smoothie is packed into dark glass jars, pasteurized, and stored for up to 4 months at 4 or 22°C. Then, it is analyzed for the polyphenols profile using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectometry (LC-HRMS)Polyphenols content and the antiinflammatory, anticholinesterase, and antioxidant activities, and the impact on catalase activity are controlled using biochemical analyses. A significant decrease in the flavanol content (p < 0.05) is investigated, while there are lower decreases or no changes in the other polyphenols content in the smoothies stored at 4°C. The changes in the anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of the smoothie are correlated with the total polyphenols, anthocyanins, flavonols, and tannins content. The proposed preservation of the smoothie and its storage at refrigeration temperature is adequate to maintain the smoothie's nutritional and functional effect for a 4-month shelf life. Even significant changes in the content of individual subgroups of polyphenols are not drastically reflected in the decrease of the smoothie biological activities.

Arab nationalism and the politics of “othering” in Kuwait: evidence from al-taliʿa

ABSTRACT This paper examines the dynamics between different social groups within Kuwait’s society, specifically focusing on the majority Arab population and the minority Ajam group originating from Iran. The Ajam community is distinct from the Arabs in terms of ethnicity and religious beliefs, with the majority of them identifying as Shiʿi Muslims while the majority of Kuwaitis are Sunni Muslims. Although the Ajam community has integrated into Kuwaiti society, speaking Arabic and sharing similar daily lives, their acceptance was not always the case. In the past, they were considered outsiders and faced hostility from Arab nationalists, the dominant political groups in Kuwait during the previous century. This paper conducts an analysis of the discourse employed by Arab nationalists towards the Ajam community in the 1960s, utilizing the Arab nationalist weekly newspaper, al-Taliʿa, as a case study. This analysis involves contextualizing the discourse and linking it to Kuwait’s state formation and the Ajam community’s status within the country. Through an examination of over 250 issues of the newspaper published between 1962 and 1968, the study demonstrates that Kuwaiti Ajam were framed as ‘Others’, targeted based on their country of origin and ethnicity and viewed as potential threats to the nation.

Dialectics Between Islam and Local Culture in Wetu Telu Lombok Muslims’ Merariq Tradition: An ‘Urf Perspective

This article discusses dialectical teachings between Islam and local culture among Wetu Telu Muslims, a local community in Lombok, which is often accused of developing a prototype of Islamic teachings mixed with deviant, heterodox, and heretical traditions. The discussion focuses on one form of their traditions that reflects the dialectics, namely the merariq in wedding tradition. By applying a qualitative approach, this study specifically portrayed relevant views of Wetu Telu Muslims which are relatively different from that of orthodox Muslims in Lombok. Based on the results of participatory observation and unstructured in-depth interviews, the study findings reveal that the traditions of the Wetu Telu Muslims, especially in merariq, reflect a dialectical teaching between Islam and local culture so that it can be named as an Islamic tradition. It is also clear that Wetu Telu's teachings are extremely tolerant to the local culture and this is proven, among others, through their wedding tradition. From the ‘Urf perspective, merariq wedding tradition is legitimate for recognition as an Islamic culture or Islamic legal practice even though some aspects of the tradition differ from the general principles of Islamic orthodoxy in Indonesia.

Interaction of politics and religion as a factor in shaping the religious culture of Kyrgyzstan’s youth

Democracy and frequent changes of government in Kyrgyzstan contribute to the spread of various religious movements in the country. Social processes, political shifts and the spread of radical religious ideas among young people emphasize the relevance of this study. The purpose of this article is to assess the impact of Kyrgyzstan's religious policy on the religious consciousness of contemporary youth. The study used general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization, historical and critical, comparative, dialectical, as well as empirical methods of surveys and questionnaires. The study showed that the religious policy of Kyrgyzstan is characterized by democracy and liberalism, based on the secular nature of the state. Kyrgyzstan is a multi-confessional country, with more than 30 religions. The vast majority of Kyrgyzstan's population are Sunni Muslims, and the second most common religious denomination is Orthodox Christianity. Since 1991, Kyrgyzstan has witnessed a process of Islamization, and non-traditional religious movements, both Islamic and other religious doctrines, have also penetrated and gained popularity in the country. The state's liberal policy in the field of religion facilitates the penetration of non-traditional religious organizations from abroad into Kyrgyzstan. Young people are particularly susceptible to new religious movements. This phenomenon can lead to the spread of radical religious ideas among the youth of Kyrgyzstan. In this regard, the state should pay closer attention to the policy in the field of religion. The practical value of the work is determined by the fact that its results can be useful in further research on this issue.

Muslims’ reluctance to social media campaigns about organ donation: an exploratory study

PurposeDespite the intense social media (SoMe) campaigns promoting organ donation, the direct impact on registration and transplantation rates remains unclear among Sunni Muslims who constitute a significant portion of Muslim population. Given the observed tendency to avoid engaging with SoMe content focused on organ donation promotion, this study aims to comprehend the reasons for reluctance among Sunni Muslims.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative approach comprising focus group and individual interviews was conducted among community manager of SoMe campaigns interested in promoting organ donation, Sunni Muslims subscribed on those SoMe platforms and certain members of the medical staff involved in transplant operations.FindingsThe results indicate that reluctance toward SoMe campaigns about organ donation is justified because of the creation of irrelevant content that does not align with the sociocultural characteristics of the majority Sunni Muslims who are the intended audience. Additional discussions are required concerning religious beliefs, the culture of altruism and the credibility of SoMe appeals.Practical implicationsThis research could serve as a foundation upon which social organizations and associations, focused on public health promotion through SoMe, can build specific content designs tailored for Sunni Muslims.Originality/valueThe distinctive aspect of this research is founded upon the diverse perspectives of various stakeholders, which have the potential to impact the registration of Muslim users on SoMe as organ donors.

Crimean Tatars in the Digital Age

Abstract This article focuses on how the digital age has affected the Crimean Tatar religious authorities in the emerging cyber-Islamic environment. I argue that despite government restrictions, the internet remains a safe space for public debate and for challenging Muslim authorities in Crimea. I also argue that although online media have allowed traditional Muslim authorities in Crimea to improve communication within their organization and expand their audiences, they have become a platform for challenging their hierarchies, structures, ideologies, and texts. First, the structure of the Crimean Muslim community is outlined. I then describe the Crimean cyber-Islamic environment, before using social-media analysis and interviews with Muslim leaders to analyze the situation in the Crimean Tatars’ cyber-Islamic environment, with a focus on their religious authorities.

On the Arabic Concept of Houries (ḥūr ʻīn) and its Representations in the Literature of the Bulgarian National Revival

The present study draws on texts from the classical Muslim exegetical tradition discussing the houries (ḥūr ʻīn) – one of the eschatologically central, but insufficiently defined Qur’ānic concepts referring to key notions of the heavenly virgins. Unlike other aspects of Islamic doctrine, early eschatology entails a more emotional and sensual sacred imagery system subsequently turning into a rich source of motifs and allusions for various interpretations not only in Muslim tradition itself but also in the cultural perceptions of the Other among non-Muslims. The article aims to reveal the Bulgarian uses of the term houries as one of the realia in Bulgarian literature from the period of the nineteenth-century National Revival and to comparatively and imagologically trace the artistic representations of the images of the heavenly virgins. The analysis is focused on the approaches of Sofroniy Vrachanski, Georgi S. Rakovski, and Hristo Botev to the presentation of the somatic and the sexual in the notions of afterlife characterizing the religious Other, as well as the reasons for their desacralization, which have formed sustainable attitudes in the context of the emerging modern Bulgarian nationalism.