Sunlight Source Research Articles

A new single switch universal supply voltage DC-DC converter for PV systems with MGWM-AFLC MPPT controller.

The present power generation government companies focus on Renewable Power Sources (RPS) because their features are zero carbon footprint, unlimited power source, fewer greenhouse pollutants, fewer output wastages, plus creatinga very healthy atmosphere. In this work, the sunlight source is utilized for the Photovoltaic (PV) standalone network. The merits of sunlight sources are very optimal human resources needed, unlimited natural sources, plus easy operation. However, the solar power resource is nonlinear fashion. As a result, the operating point of the sunlight network fluctuates concerning sunlight intensity. So, in this article, the Modified Grey Wolf Methodology with Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Controller (MGWM-AFLC) is introduced to maintain the operating point of the sunlight system at the global power point position of the PV array. This controller traces the MPP with very low fluctuations in the PV-produced voltage. The advantages of this proposed method arefewer sensing devices required, less difficulty in development, more useful for rapid changes inthe sunlight temperatures, simpler to realize operation, greater economic growth, plus highly useful for household applications. The sunlight set-up generation voltage is lowwhich is improved by introducing the new Wide Power Rating High Voltage DC-DC Boost Converter (WPRHVBC). The features of this WPRHV converter are low voltage strain on semiconductor devices, few passive elements are enough to develop the circuit, plus easy understanding.

Analisa Pencahayaan Alami Ruang Kelas pada Sekolah SMA N-1 Tanjung Pura Menggunakan Dialux Evo 11.1

Natural lighting (Daylighting) is the use of natural light as the main source of sunlight for lighting. In an educational environment, the classroom is the space that is most frequently used compared to other spaces. Therefore, adequate lighting is needed to support teaching and learning activities inside. Based on observations at SMA N-1 Tanjung Pura, classrooms tend to have low lighting levels, which are influenced by factors such as vegetation, surrounding buildings and limited land. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of natural lighting, especially the natural lighting factor (daylight factor), in the classrooms of SMA N-1 Tanjung Pura in accordance with the SNI standard SNI 03-6197-2020, which sets a lighting level of 350 Lux. The research method uses computer simulation with Dialux Evo 11.1 software. The research results show that some classrooms do not meet the standards because they have lighting levels that are lower or higher than those specified in the standards.

Photothermal superhydrophobic copper nanowire assemblies: fabrication and deicing/defrosting applications

Ice and frost buildup continuously pose significant challenges to multiple fields. As a promising de-icing/defrosting alternative, designing photothermal coatings that leverage on the abundant sunlight source on the earth to facilitate ice/frost melting has attracted tremendous attention recently. However, previous designs suffered from either localized surface heating owing to the limited thermal conductivity or unsatisfied meltwater removal rate due to strong water/substrate interaction. Herein, we developed a facile approach to fabricate surfaces that combine photothermal, heat-conducting, and superhydrophobic properties into one to achieve efficient de-icing and defrosting. Featuring copper nanowire assemblies, such surfaces were fabricated via the simple template-assisted electrodeposition method, allowing us to tune the nanowire assembly geometry by adjusting the template dimensions and electrodeposition time. The highly ordered copper nanowire assemblies facilitated efficient sunlight absorption and lateral heat spreading, resulting in a fast overall temperature rise to enable the thawing of ice and frost. Further promoted by the excellent water repellency of the surface, the thawed ice and frost could be spontaneously and promptly removed. In this way, the all-in-one design enabled highly enhanced de-icing and defrosting performance compared to other nanostructured surfaces merely with superhydrophobicity, photothermal effect, or the combination of both. In particular, the defrosting efficiency could approach ∼100%, which was the highest compared to previous studies. Overall, our approach demonstrates a promising path toward designing highly effective artificial deicing/defrosting surfaces.

Performance Analysis of Solar Panel as a Public Street Lighting Energy Source

he use of sunlight as an energy source has been widely used. This condition is strongly related to the potential of sunlight in Indonesia, which is available throughout the year. Kalurahan Sidoharjo is one of the areas in Kulon Progo Regency with a significant potential source of sunlight. However, street lighting conditions in this region are still low and need some improvements. Solar-based Public Street Lighting (PJUTS) is one application of utilizing sunlight for street lighting. PJUTS is very suitable because the energy conversion from sunlight into electrical energy is still low. In this study, observations were conducted on the ability of solar panels and load consumption at PJUTS. Then, the observation data was used to analyze the sustainability. Observations were done by recording the power absorbed by solar panels using a controller and Solar Station software. The observations found that the solar panels can capture an average solar capacity of 146.14 Wh, while the use of lights at night consumes about 120 Wh. From this observation, the sunlight energy source in Kalurahan Sidoharjo is high enough to meet the public roads' lighting needs.

Influence of copper and iron transition metals in the photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide microspheres

This work proposes the combined sol–gel/solvothermal synthesis method to prepare Cu-doped TiO2 and Fe-doped TiO2 microstructures, and further study their photocatalytic activity in the degradation of Eriochrome Black T (EBT) at neutral conditions using a simulated sunlight source. TiO2:at%M (at%=0.25, 0.5, and 1.0; M = Cu or Fe) catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, Scanning electron microscopy, Diffuse reflectance UV–Vis spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis. All synthesized catalysts showed TiO2 anatase phase with spherical morphology and average particle size of 4 to 8 μm. Transition metal doping did not modify the TiO2 anatase phase. TiO2:at%M catalysts exhibited lower bandgap energies than pure TiO2. TiO2:0.5at%Fe showed the lowest bandgap energy (2.87 eV). TiO2 catalysts with a transition metal content of 0.25at% showed a higher surface area compared to the rest of dopant concentrations. The inclusion of the metallic elements in the TiO2 structure enhances the photocatalytic efficiency of the TiO2 anatase under visible light. TiO2:0.25at%Cu showed the highest EBT degradation yields of 90% color removal, 61% total organic carbon (TOC) reduction, and 87% chemical oxygen demand decrease at 180 min. TiO2:0.25at%Cu and TiO2:0.50at%Fe microspheres retained good degradation efficiency for color and TOC removals even after being reused for three cycles.

Effect of Multilayers CdS Nanocrystalline Thin Films on the Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Due to relatively low price and nontoxicity of photovoltaic (PV) systems, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) recently gained a lot of attention in terms of improving their performance and longevity. Because most of the major elements are impacted by their separate production and layering procedures, the substances in DSSCs are critical to achieving these goals. Methylene blue dye sensitizer-based solar cells were effectively constructed in this work, and DSSC performance was assessed. The morphologies of nanocrystalline CdS thin films were investigated by the FE-SEM machine, and then XRD patterns of 1 layer, 2 layers, and 3 layers of nanocrystalline CdS thin films were analyzed. The thicknesses of the prepared samples were about 391 nm, 457 nm, and 912 nm for 1, 2, and 3 layers of nanocrystalline CdS thin film, respectively. J-V characteristics of the multilayer CdS thin films have been studied under a 100 mW/cm2 sunlight source. The experimental results revealed that the highest power conversion efficiency of a 3 layer porous-nanowall CdS/MB device was about 0.47%.

The Effects of Blue-Light Filtering Intraocular Implants on Glare Geometry

Purpose One common complaint with natural opacified lenses is the deleterious effects of higher-order ocular aberrations and intraocular scatter, such as halos and starbursts, which are not always remedied with surgery and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Blue-light filtering (BLF) IOL filter scatter-prone short-wave light. Here, we determine whether BLF IOL reduce halo and starburst size. Methods This study was a case-control design, between- and within-subjects (contralateral implantation). Sixty-nine participants with either the BLF IOL (n = 25; AlconSN60AT), clear IOL (n = 24; AlconSA60AT or WF), or both (n = 20) IOL participated. Participants were exposed to a point source of broadband simulated sunlight, which created the appearance of halos/starbursts. Dysphotopsia was measured as the diameter of broadband light-induced halos and starbursts. Results A case-control analysis. Halo size was significantly larger (t[35.05] = 2.98, p = 0.005) in participants with the clear control lens (M = 3°55′ ± 2°48′), compared to the BLF IOL (M = 1°84′ ± 1°34′). Starburst size was not significantly different between groups. Contralateral analysis. Halo size was significantly smaller (t = −3.89, p = .001) in test eyes with the BLF (M = 3°16′ ± 2°35′) compared to the fellow control eyes (M = 5°42′ ± 3°17′). Starburst size was also significantly smaller (t = −2.60, p < 0.018) in BLF test eyes (M = 9°57′ ± 4°25′) than the fellow eye with the clear IOL (M = 12°33′ ± 5°25′). Conclusions BLF IOL filter short-wave light and mimic retinal screening by the young, natural crystalline lens. Such filtering can reduce some deleterious effects of bright light by decreasing ocular diffusion/halos and starbursts.

Design and Development of Novel Composites Containing Nickel Ferrites Supported on Activated Carbon Derived from Agricultural Wastes and Its Application in Water Remediation

Recently, efficient decontamination of water and wastewater have attracted global attention due to the deficiency in the world's water sources. Herein, activated carbon (AC) derived from willow catkins (WCs) was successfully synthesized using chemical modification techniques and then loaded with different weight percentages of nickel ferrite nanocomposites (10, 25, 45, and 65 wt.%) via a one-step hydrothermal method. The morphology, chemical structure, and surface composition of the nickel ferrite supported on AC (NFAC) were analyzed by XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX, and FTIR spectroscopy. Textural properties (surface area) of the nanocomposites (NC) were investigated by using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The prepared nanocomposites were tested on different dyes to form a system for water remediation and make this photocatalyst convenient to recycle. The photodegradation of rhodamine B dye was investigated by adjusting a variety of factors such as the amount of nickel in nanocomposites, the weight of photocatalyst, reaction time, and photocatalyst reusability. The 45NFAC photocatalyst exhibits excellent degradation efficiency toward rhodamine B dye, reaching 99.7% in 90 min under a simulated source of sunlight. To summarize, NFAC nanocomposites are potential photocatalysts for water environmental remediation because they are effective, reliable, and reusable.

Measurement and Analysis of Light Leakage in Plastic Optical Fiber Daylighting System

The daylighting systems via polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) plastic optical fibers have obvious cost advantages and have been widely studied. However, there is light leakage when PMMA optical fibers transmit concentrated sunlight, resulting in a transmission efficiency lower than the theoretical value. This research aims to quantitatively study the light leakage effect of PMMA optical fibers. Concentrated sunlight was used as the sunlight source instead of a monochromatic laser. An adjustable diaphragm was used to adjust the angle of the incident light, and the infrared filter and heat-absorbing glass were used to solve the overheating problem of PMMA fibers. The results show that when the incident angle is greater than 13°, the relative transmission efficiency of the fibers drops rapidly, which means that the light leakage deteriorates. The data also show that the angle of the output beam of PMMA optical fibers is ±30°, which is independent of the angle of the incident beam. Based on this conclusion, a PMMA optical fiber daylighting system with an incident angle of 13° was developed, which has higher transmission efficiency than previously developed systems. This study indicates that the angle effect of light leakage should be considered in the design of a plastic optical fiber daylighting system.

Eco-Friendly Gelatin–Cerium–Copper Sulphide Nanoparticles for Enhanced Sunlight Photocatalytic Activity

Using a semiconductor catalyst with sunlight can make the photodegradation of pollutants an economically viable process since solar energy is an abundant natural energy source. Solar photocatalysis can provide clean and green eco-friendly technology for the analysis of industrial effluents. Photocatalytic deterioration of the aqueous solution of malachite green oxalate dye (MGO dye) was studied using gelatin–cerium–copper sulphide (Ge-Ce-CuS) nanoparticles under the sunlight source. The nanoparticles were synthesised by a hydrothermal process. The structural properties of the nanoparticles have been characterised by XRD, SEM, EDS, HR-TEM, and XPS. The effects of the initial concentration of dye, dosage of photocatalyst, reaction time, and pH on dye removal efficiency were studied. The mineralisation of MGO dye has been confirmed by chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements. The reusability of the catalyst was proved. The antibacterial activity has been studied for the synthesised nanoparticles. The higher photocatalytic degradation efficiency of Ge-Ce-CuS is explained by its reduced electron-hole recombination and sunlight activity.

Solar light induced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline in the presence of ZnO/NiFe2O4/Co3O4 as a new and highly efficient magnetically separable photocatalyst.

In this study, a new solar light-driven magnetic heterogeneous photocatalyst, denoted as ZnO/NiFe2O4/Co3O4, is successfully prepared. FT-IR, XPS, XRD, VSM, DRS, FESEM, TEM, EDS, elemental mapping, and ICP analysis are accomplished for full characterization of this catalyst. FESEM and TEM analyses of the photocatalyt clearly affirm the formation of a hexagonal structure of ZnO (25–40 nm) and the cubic structure of NiFe2O4 and Co3O4 (10–25 nm). Furthermore, the HRTEM images of the photocatalyst verify some key lattice fringes related to the photocatalyt structure. These data are in very good agreement with XRD analysis results. According to the ICP analysis, the molar ratio of ZnO/NiFe2O4/Co3O4 composite is obtained to be 1:0.75:0.5. Moreover, magnetization measurements reveals that the ZnO/NiFe2O4/Co3O4 has a superparamagnetic behavior with saturation magnetization of 32.38 emu/g. UV-vis DRS analysis indicates that the photocatalyst has a boosted and strong light response. ZnO/NiFe2O4/Co3O4, with band gap energy of about 2.65 eV [estimated according to the Tauc plot of (αhν)2 vs. hν], exhibits strong potential towards the efficacious degradation of tetracycline (TC) by natural solar light. It is supposed that the synergistic optical effects between ZnO, NiFe2O4, and Co3O4 species is responsible for the increased photocatalytic performance of this photocatalyst under the optimal conditions (photocatalyst dosage = 0.02 g L−1, TC concentration = 30 mg L−1, pH = 9, irradiation time = 20 min, and TC degradation efficiency = 98%). The kinetic study of this degradation process is evaluated and it is well-matched with the pseudo-first-order kinetics. Based on the radical quenching tests, it can be perceived that •O2 − species and holes are the major contributors in such a process, whereas the •OH radicals identify to have no major participation. The application of this methodology is implemented in a facile and low-cost photocatalytic approach to easily degrade TC by using a very low amount of the photocatalyst under natural sunlight source in an air atmosphere. The convenient magnetic isolation and reuse of the photocatalyst, and almost complete mineralization of TC (based on TOC analysis), are surveyed too, which further highlights the operational application of the current method. Notably, this method has the preferred performance among the very few methods reported for the photocatalytic degradation of TC under natural sunlight. It is assumed that the achievements of this photocatalytic method have opened an avenue for sustainable environmental remediation of a broad range of contaminants.

Improved LED artificial sunlight source system available for sunlight-effect research in plant sciences

Improved LED artificial sunlight source system available for sunlight-effect research in plant sciences

The assembly of polyoxometalate-graphene oxide composites for photocatalytic removal of organic dye in water

Phosphotungstic acid (HPW) and graphene oxide modified with triethylenetetramine (AGO) were self-assembled via electrostatic interaction to form polyoxometalate-graphene composites. The structure and morphology of the photocatalyst were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), which revealed that HPW nanoparticles are anchored on the AGO sheets. Methylene blue (MB) solution (100 mL 20 mg/L) was used as a model to investigate the catalytic activity and mechanism of this photocatalyst under 300 W Xenon lamp as simulated sunlight source. The results showed that AGO-HPW-10 exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity (25 mg catalyst, the removal rate of MB is 84.02% within 150 min). The free radical trapping experiments showed that hydroxyl radicals and holes are the main active species during photocatalytic reaction process. Mulliken electronegativity principle, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS) and electrochemical voltammetry linear sweep (LSV) technique indicated that the energy band structure of the photocatalyst is favorable for the spatial separation of electrons and holes.

Impact of Openings on the In-Plane Strength of Confined and Unconfined Masonry Walls: A Sustainable Numerical Study

While openings are an essential requirement in buildings as a source of access, fresh air and sunlight, these openings cause a reduction in the lateral stiffness and torsional resistance of masonry wall units. A detailed numerical investigation was carried out to explore the impact of the opening percentage on the in-plane stiffness and lateral strength of unconfined and confined masonry wall panels prepared using calcium silicate bricks, for sustainable masonry structures. A commercially available FEM package (ANSYS) was used to carry out comparative analysis of ten wall panels, five of each type (confined and unconfined masonry walls) with concentrically located openings of varying sizes (0% to 16.5%). A simplified micro-modeling technique following the Newton Raphson Algorithm was adopted. Results revealed that the confined masonry approach unveiled a more reliable anti-seismic response along with improved in-plane strength in the case of confined masonry walls. The failure type shifted from pure flexural to more of a blend of shear and flexure after the opening percentage increased to 10.09% in unconfined masonry walls, which was not the case where confinement was provided. Based on the outcomes, it is strongly recommended to adopt confined masonry in highly seismic-prone areas to avoid catastrophic damage caused by earthquakes.

Influence of carbon-based fillers on photoactive mixed matrix membranes formation

Direct solar membrane distillation is an innovative configuration that uses a photoactive membrane to transform solar light into heat, sensibly reducing temperature polarization effects and feed temperature decrease along the module. This approach has been proved capable of increasing membrane distillation performance and efficiency.In this work, photoactive mixed matrix membranes were prepared by non-solvent induced phase separation procedure using a polyvinylidene fluoride dope solution containing different carbon-based fillers. Commercial graphite and graphene were selected because of their large specific surface area and their influence on the membrane structure and photothermal properties was compared to the results obtained using carbon black. The introduction of the filler allowed to obtain temperatures as high as 60 °C on the dry membrane surface when exposed to a simulated sunlight source. Both graphene and graphite had minor effect on the membrane morphology while carbon black increased the mean pore size of the membrane. The direct solar membrane distillation tests, performed using both pure water or a 90 g/L NaCl solution as feed, showed promising improvements (up to 70%) of the distillation flux under light irradiation.

Photothermal responsive hydrogel for adsorbing heavy metal ions in aqueous solution

A solar-driven hydrogel composed of photothermal polydopamine (PDA) nanocoating, linear chitosan (CTS), and thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) crosslinking network was successfully synthesized to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water. The as-prepared PDA/CTS/PNIPAM (DCN) hydrogel can achieve hydrophilic/hydrophobic phase transition driven by solar energy when the volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) was reached. The micromorphology, wetting behavior, swelling behavior, compression properties, photothermal responsiveness, and adsorption properties of hydrogels were studied one by one. The cross-linking of the controllable active nanogel (ANG) along with the modification of PDA endowed DCN hydrogel with a regular and interpenetrating porous structure, which enabled DCN to have excellent elasticity and withstand up to 80 % compressive deformation. And the hydrophilic groups of CTS and PDA reduced the water contact angle of DCN hydrogel to 13°, which was conducive to resisting the erosion of oil substances. The excellent photothermal conversion enabled DCN hydrogel to reach VPTT in only about 11 min under a simulated sunlight source. In addition, DCN hydrogel had excellent selective adsorption for Pb2+ and Cu2+, and the maximum theoretical adsorption capacities were 42.63 mg/g and 38.55 mg/g, respectively. It was also found that the volume phase transformation of hydrogel significantly enhanced its ability to resist external interference and effectively prevented the loss of heavy metal ions.

The Study of Shallot Seedling from TSS (True Shallot Seed) on LCAC (Low-Cost Aeroponic Chamber)

True Seed Shallot (TSS) is the planting material beside bulbs that farmers in Indonesia have used. TSS give some benefit for farmer technically and economically. However, the farmer’s utilization of TSS is not used widely yet because there are constraints on the provision of shallot seeds from TSS, such as low seed growing percentage and seedling performance. This study aims to obtain the best seedling performance of shallot from TSS with LCAC (Low-Cost Aeroponic Chamber) technology. The experiment was conducted at the Plant Factory and Screen House, Leuwikopo, Department of Mechanical and Biosystems Engineering, IPB University, July to October 2021. The germination was carried out for seven days. After that, the shallot seedlings have given light source treatments. The factor was light sources, i.e., screen house (sunlight; as a control; used wick system hydroponic), white light, red-blue light, and custom light (LED in a controlled room with LCAC). The performance shallot seedling on sunlight source treatment gave the average plant height, the number of leaves higher than white, red-blue, and custom light on 3 and 4 weeks after sowing. The white light treatment gave the chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and total chlorophyll-a & b higher than the other light source treatments.

ZnCo2O4/g-C3N4/Cu nanocomposite as a new efficient and recyclable heterogeneous photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity towards the metronidazole degradation under the solar light irradiation

In this study, ZnCo2O4/g-C3N4/Cu is synthesized as a new and highly effectual solar light-driven heterogeneous photocatalyst. The prepared photocatalyst is characterized using FT-IR, XRD, XPS, DRS, FESEM, TEM, EDS, and elemental mapping techniques. The performance of ZnCo2O4/g-C3N4/Cu is studied towards the metronidazole (MNZ) degradation under solar light irradiation. The kinetics of MNZ degradation and efficacy of the operational parameters comprising the initial MNZ amount (10-30mg L-1), photocatalyst dosage (0.005-0.05g L-1), pH (3-11), and contact time (5-30min) on the MNZ degradation process are investigated. Surprisingly, the ZnCo2O4/g-C3N4/Cu nanocomposite presents a privileged photocatalytic performance towards the MNZ degradation under solar light irradiation. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of this photocatalyst can be ascribed to the synergistic optical effects of ZnCo2O4, g-C3N4, and Cu. The value of band gap energy for ZnCo2O4/g-C3N4/Cu is estimated to be 2.3eV based on the Tauc plot of (αhν)2 vs. hν. The radical quenching experiments confirm that the superoxide radicals and holes are the principal active species in the photocatalytic degradation of MNZ, whereas the hydroxyl radicals have no major role in such degradation. The as-prepared photocatalyst is simply isolated and recycled for at least eight runs without noticeable loss of the efficiency. Using the natural sunlight source, applying a very low amount of the photocatalyst, neutrality of the reaction medium, short reaction time, high efficiency of the degradation procedure, utilizing air as the oxidant, low operational costs, and easy to recover and reuse of the photocatalyst are the significant highlights of the present method. It is supposed that the current investigation can be a step forward in the representation of an efficacious photocatalytic system in the treatment of a wide range of contaminated aquatic environments.

S-Scheme/Type-1 heterostructure stimulated WO3/g-C3N4-WS2 ternary photocatalyst with improved charge transfer mechanism for full solar spectrum photocatalysis

Combination of liquid ultrasonication and facile hydrothermal approach were used for synthesis of novel highly efficient WO3/g-C3N4-WS2 ternary photocatalyst. The presence of noble metal free WS2 as cocatalyst induced localized surface plasma resonance (LSPR) and extended the light utilizing spectrum of the ternary composite towards the NIR. An electrochemical property reveals that it follows combined S-Scheme/Type-1 mode of changer transfer mechanism in the ternary. Transient photocurrent validated the excitation of charge carriers in the presence of light with 18.18% increases in photocurrent for ternary. Formation of internal electric field at the interface of heterojunction restricted the recombination rate. The reduction in the charge transfer resistance by the introduction of WS2 was established through LSPR effect. Pore size varies from 2 to 30 nm confirms mesoporous structure. Highest donor density of 4.24 × 1023 was found in WOCNS. This has significantly enhanced photocatalysing ability and established successful degradation of both MB and MO under the direct sunlight and artificial NIR light source. AQY of WOCNS composite was found to be 66.67% higher than pristine g-C3N4 in the NIR region. The dominance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide radicals (.O2-) and holes (h+) were primarily responsible for decomposition of MB and MO. The ternary exhibited high stability and reusability with a removal efficiency of 87% for up to 5th consecutive cycles. This study demonstrates the novel S-scheme/Type-1 strategy for harnessing full solar spectrum with application towards water purification and industrial wastewater treatment.

Nanoscale metal oxides–2D materials heterostructures for photoelectrochemical water splitting—a review

This review comprehensively discusses the state-of-the-art of metal oxides/2D materials heterostructures as promising alternatives to harvest the renewable source of sunlight for improved photoelectrochemical water splitting performance.