Sunflower Seed Meal Research Articles

Magnetic and visible light-induced novel green synthesized magnetic Co3O4 photocatalysts via sunflower seed meal extract for anionic and cationic dye removal by adsorption assisted photocatalytic degradation

This study was aimed at the preparation of m-Co3O4 NPs (magnetic Co3O4 nanoparticles) from sunflower seed meal (SFSM) which is the waste of sunflower seed oil factories, and their application as a photocatalyst for the adsorption assistant photocatalysis degradation of methylene blue (MB), and direct yellow-50 (DY-50) under the visible irradiations. Also, the photocatalytic performance of m-Co3O4 NPs was evaluated in synthetic wastewater. The produced m-Co3O4 NPs were ferromagnetic with a saturation magnetization value of 4.3 emu g−1 and the degradation of cationic MB and anionic DY-50 dyes by 100% and 93% in 20 min and 35 min, respectively, by adsorption-assisted photocatalytic process under visible light was achieved. The reactions were found to be pseudo-second-order equation for the adsorption-assisted photocatalytic process for both dyes. The photocatalytic activity of m-Co3O4 NPs decreased slightly even after five repeated cycles. These results show that the m-Co3O4 NPs can be used successfully in dye treatment in wastewater with their adsorption-assisted photocatalytic properties, activation by visible light, magnetic separability, and low-cost production.

243 The Effect of Totally or Partially Replacing Soybean Meal by Alternative Protein Sources on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Growing Finishing Pigs

Abstract In many countries, soybean meal (SBM) is the premier protein source in pig diets because of the optimal amino acid (AA) content. However, due to developments in sustainability and local availability of SBM, it is of great interest for the feed industry to explore the effect on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of replacing SBM inclusion in pig diets by alternative protein sources. The objective of the current study was to explore the effect of partially and/or totally replacement of SBM in the starter, grower and finisher diets formulating based on the same NE, dig AA/NE, and similar AA profile on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs (25 kg to slaughter at ±120 kg). In total, 120 boars and 120 gilts (Top Pi x T20) entered the experiment with an average body weight of 23.4 ± 1.87 kg and age of 61.4 ± 1.43 days. Pigs were blocked and randomly allocated to four dietary treatments depending on the inclusion level of SBM in the starter, grower and finisher phases. In treatment 1, the starter, grower and finisher feeds contained 16.0, 12.0 and 8.0% of SBM, respectively. In treatment 2, the starter, grower and finisher feeds contained 10.8, 8.1 and 0% of SBM, respectively. In treatment 3, the starter, grower and finisher feeds contained 5.3, 0 and 0% of SBM, respectively. In treatment 4, none of the feeds contained SBM. Pigs were housed in pens with 10 pigs per pen. The pens were equipped with individual feeding stations (IVO-G stations), which allowed for the measurement of individual feed intake. Pigs were individually weighed at the start of the experiment and at the diet changes at approximately 50 and 80 kg body weight and slaughter (±120 kg). During the grower phase, pigs fed according to treatment 1 showed reduced ADFI than the other treatment groups (1.91 vs. 2.0, 2.02 and 2.02 kg/d, P = 0.021) and subsequently decreased ADG (882 g/d vs. 927, 924 and 948 g/d, P = 0.005). Similar results were found during the starter + grower phases, where the pigs fed according to treatment 1 showed less ADFI than the other treatment groups pigs (1.63 vs. 1.71, 1.73 and 1.71 kg/d, P = 0.013) and subsequently less ADG (842 vs. 878, 878 and 874 g/d, P = 0.039). No major differences were found regarding the carcass characteristics. In conclusion, feed intake and growth performance were improved and carcass quality was not penalized by totally or partially replacing the SBM by other protein rich feedstuffs including rape seed meal (RSM), sunflower seed meal (SFM) and peas in diets for growing-fishing pigs.

Effect of Sunflower Seed Meal Fermented with Aspergillus Niger and Saccharomyces Cerevisiae on Intestinal Morphology, Microbial Population, and Some Digestive Parameters in Broiler Chicks

Effect of Sunflower Seed Meal Fermented with Aspergillus Niger and Saccharomyces Cerevisiae on Intestinal Morphology, Microbial Population, and Some Digestive Parameters in Broiler Chicks

Over-toasting dehulled rapeseed meal and soybean meal, but not sunflower seed meal, increases prececal nitrogen and amino acid digesta flows in broilers

Poorly digestible proteins may lead to increased protein fermentation in the ceca of broilers and hence, the production of potentially harmful metabolites. To evaluate effects of protein fermentation on gut health, an experimental contrast in ileal nitrogen (N) and amino acid (AA) flow is required. Therefore, our objective was to develop a model that creates a contrast in protein fermentation by increasing the prececal flow of protein within ingredients. To this end, we used additional toasting of protein sources and evaluated the effect on prececal N and AA flows. One-day-old Ross 308 male broilers (n = 480) were divided over 6 dietary treatments, with 8 replicate pens with 10 broilers each. Diets contained 20% of a regular soybean meal (SBM), high protein sunflower seed meal (SFM) or a dehulled rapeseed meal (dRSM) as is, or heat damaged by secondary toasting at 136°C for 20 min (tSBM, tSFM, or tdRSM). Ileal and total tract digesta flows of N and AA were determined with 5 birds per pen in their third week of life using an inert marker (TiO2) in the feed. Additional toasting increased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) only in birds fed dRSM (1.39 vs. 1.31), but not SBM and SFM (interaction P = 0.047). In SBM, additional toasting increased the flow of histidine, lysine, and aspartate through the distal ileum and excreted, while in SFM it had no effect on flows of N and AA. Toasting dRSM increased the prececal flows and excretion of N (862 vs 665 and 999 vs 761 mg/d, respectively) and of the AA. Of the ingredients tested, toasting dRSM is a suitable model to increase protein flows into the hind-gut, permitting the assessment of effects of protein fermentation.

Short communication: Pelleting increases the metabolizable energy of de-hulled sunflower seed meal for broilers

The study examined the effects of two methods of processing de-hulled sunflower seed meal (SFM) from the same batch of sunflower seeds. Sunflower seed meal was fed to broilers as meal (MSFM) or after it had been pelleted (PSFM) at 75 °C and 360 kPa pressure to pass through a 3 mm mesh. Three diets were prepared, namely a balancer feed (BF) and two diets containing 200 g/kg MSFM or 200 g/kg PSFM. They were fed to 30 pens (two birds each) with male Ross 308 broilers, from 8 to 21 days old, following randomization. Data were analysed by ANOVA. Two pre-planned orthogonal contrast tests were performed to compare overall differences between the diets containing SFM and BF and between diets containing the MSFM and PSFM. The BF had a very different nutrient composition from the complete feeds containing SFM so, as expected, there were differences in growth performance and nutrient retention. The diet containing PSFM had greater apparent metabolizable energy corrected for N retention (AMEn) and dry matter retention (DMR) than that containing MSFM. The use of the substitution method showed the PSFM had AMEn that was 18% greater than the MSFM (8.79 vs 7.47 MJ/kg DM). Under the conditions of the current study, incorporating PSFM in a mash broiler feed increased dietary AMEn compared with the same feed containing MSFM. Further studies are needed to identify whether the benefits of pre-pelleting SFM remain after this product has been incorporated in complete pelleted broiler feeds.

EFFECT OF DIETARY LEVELS OF UNPROCESSED AND UNDEHULLED SUNFLOWER SEEDMEAL ON THE PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding graded levels of unprocessed and undehulled sunflower seed meal, on the performance of laying hens. One hundred and fifty Black Harco layers in their second month of egg production were randomly alloted to five diets in which sunflower seed meal (SSM) was tested at levels of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0% of the diets for a ten week period. Average daily feed intake (ADFI), egg weights, egg shell thickness, yolk index and Haugh units did not show any significant (P>0.05) treatment effects. SSM significantly (P<0.05) increased per cent egg production at 7.5 and 10.0% levels over control. Body weight was significantly (P<0.05) depressed by 5.0 and 10.0% SSM, Dressed carcass weight (% liveweight) of birds on 7.5% SSM was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of birds on the rest of the diets. Hens on 7.5 and 10% SSM had intestines which were significantly (P<0.05) longer than the intestines of hens on the other diets, Caecum length of birds on 10% SSM was significantly laying hens. (P<0.05) higher than those of birds on diets 1 to 4; these beans however showed no significant treatment effect on their caeca length. Liver, gizzard and net carcass weights were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by SSM. The effect of SSM on egg production would seem to recommend 7.5% as the optimum level inclusion.

EFFECT OF VARIOUS DIETARY LEVELS OF SUNFLOWER SEED MEAL ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GROWING RABBITS IN SUDANO-SAHELIAN ZONE

The experiment which lasted for seventy (70) days was conducted to determine the effects of various dietary levels of sunflower seed meal (SSM) on the performance of growing rabbits. Thirty- two (32) indigenous breeds of rabbits obtained from small-scale producers were used in study. They were individually weighed and randomly assigned to the four (4) dietary treatments, in which 0,10, 20 and 30% of the groundnut cake was replaced by SSM, respectively. The diets contained 2391.76, 2387.44, 2383.12 and 2378.80 Kcal ME/kg for diets 1,2,3 and 4, respectively. The crude protein (CP) was approximately 14.0% for the four (4) experimental diets. The diets, in mash form were fed to the rabbits ad libitum. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) amongst the treatments in all the parameters examined. However, he incorporation of SSM resulted in a considerable decrease in feed cost with increasing levels of SSM. Thc. results of this Study therefore suggest that 30% or more of the GNC could be replaced by SSM in the diets of growing rabbits without deleterious effect on performance.

Effect of replacement of sunflower seed meal with isonitrogenousPolistes instabilis onin vitro methanogenesis and rumen fermentation

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing sunflower seed meal (SM) with isonitrogenousPolistes instabilis (PI) onin vitro methanogenesis, rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility. The SM was replaced with isonitrogenous PI at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8% proportions. Treatment groups were as follows: P0 = no replacement of SM with PI; P0.5 = 0.5% replacement of SM with PI; P1 = 1% replacement of SM with PI; P2 = 2% replacement of SM with PI; P4 = 4% replacement of SM with PI; and P8 = 8% replacement of SM with PI. As a result of this study, gas and methane production decreased linearly with PI inclusion in diet. The lowest value ofin vitro organic matter digestibility, truly degraded substrate, metabolisable energy, and net energy lactation were observed in the P8 group.In vitro ruminal pH did not change linearly but was higher in P2 group than P0.5 group according to the combined effect. The propionic acid concentration in the rumen was lowest in P1 and P4 group and highest in P8 group; the quadratic effect was also significant. The butyric acid concentration in the rumen was not affected by dietary treatments. The short-chain fatty acids concentration decreased linearly with PI replacement. The fermentation efficiency was higher in P8 group than P1 and P4 groups. The replacement of SM withP. instabilis in beef cattle diet has the potential to reduce methane emissions. However, due to the high lipid content, it generally results in lower gas production and digestibility at 8% inclusion in the diet.

Feeding value of de-hulled sunflower seed meal for broilers

The effects of de-hulled sunflower seed meal (SFM) samples with different crude protein (CP) and non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) content on apparent metabolizable energy (AME), AME metabolizability (EM) and pre-caecal protein digestibility (pcPD) were examined. The birds were fed one of four mash diets. On a per kilogram basis, the basal diet (BD) contained as major ingredients 549.5 g wheat, 150 g soybean meal and 175 g full fat soybean meal as well as 215.4 g crude protein kg–1 and 12.81 MJ AME kg–1. Another three diets containing 200 g kg–1 of each of three experimental SFM samples in place of the BD were also mixed. Each diet was fed to birds in ten pens with two male Ross 308 broilers ranging in age from 8 to 21 days. Dietary AME was determined from excreta collection between days 17 and 21, while AME, EM and pcPD were determined when the birds were 21 days old. The substitutional method was used to determine AME, EM and pcPD in the SFM samples. The SFM samples high in NSP had lower AME (P = 0.001), EM (P < 0.001) and pcPD (P = 0.005). The beneficial effect of carrying out a further de-hulling of SFM seems to be mediated through reduced NSP content and improved energy and protein bioavailability.

The Evaluation of Sunflower Seed Meal as Protein Source in Lamb Ration

Sunflower seeds meal is one of feed ingredient that has crude protein content similar to coconut meal. Sunflower seeds meal contains unsaturated fatty acids and crude fiber in high concentration. In this study we use female lamb as animal model with average of body weight 13.58 ± 1.82 kg and aged 2 to 3 months. The experimental design used a randomized block design (RBD) with 3 treatments and 4 groups, Treatment without addition of sunflower seeds meal (P0), with addition of 10% sunflower seeds meal (P1), and with addition of 15% sunflower seed meal (P2). Based on the results it can be concluded that substitution of sunflower seeds meal in diet did not improve feed consumption, body weight gain, feed efficiency, as well as metabolites of blood glucose and cholesterol. The use of sunflower seed meal in diet up to 15% is still safe for performance of ewes.

Effects of Multi-Species Lactobacillus and Sunflower Seed Meal on Nitrogen-Containing Compounds in Laying Hens' Manure and Biological Components in Blood Serum

The primary purpose of this study was 2-fold. First, it was important to investigate the effects of short-term feeding of Lactobacillus species (plantarum, paracasei, and rhamnosus) via water on nitrogen compounds in manure and blood serum. Second, the effects of sunflower seed meal (SFM) on the same compounds were investigated. Components measured were: ammonia (NH3) emissions from manure, and ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations in the manure. Biological components of serum included NH3, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, total protein, albumin, and creatine kinase. Probiotics were mixed in chlorinated drinking water at > 23.3 Mil cfu/g product or 3.64 × 106 cfu/L for each Lactobacillus species to produce approximately 70,000,000 cfu/g product or 1.092 × 107 cfu/L in total. Laying hens (65- to 74-wk-old) were randomly assigned to 4 treatments and fed for 4 wk. Diets were a corn-soy based Control, the Control + Probiotics, the Control + 20% SFM + probiotics or the control + 20% SFM. Major effects and interactions were determined for manure and serum measurements at P < 0.05. Probiotics did not significantly affect NH3 emissions, NH4-N, TKN, and TN in manure. SFM significantly reduced NH3 emissions (P < 0.0001), TKN (P < 0.0001), and TN (P < 0.0001) in manure. TKN in manure was significantly decreased across all treatments. All serum measurements remained statistically similar for the major effects of Probiotics and 20% SFM at P < 0.05.

Evaluating rumen fermentation kinetics and nutritive value of sunflower seed meal supplemented with acetonic extract of pomegranate peel using &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; gas production technique

This study was conducted to investigate effects of supplementing different levels (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0% of buffered rumen fluid) of acetonic extract of pomegranate peel on rumen fermentation kinetics of sunflower seed meal (SFM), using in vitro gas production technique. The samples were incubated in syringes containing rumen liquor obtained from three cannulated Iranian Ghezel rams for 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 36h. Results indicated that, addition of acetonic extract of pomegranate peel resulted in increase in gas production volume in all of incubation times (p &lt; 0.0001). Amount of gas production, also increased by increasing dose of the extract. Amounts of a (the gas production from the immediately soluble fraction), b (the gas production from the insoluble fraction) and a + b (the potential gas production) for pomegranate peel extract supplemented sunflower seed meal were higher (p &lt; 0.05) than that of control meal. Adding pomegranate peel extract resulted in increase estimated short chain fatty acids (SCFA) production as well as digestible organic matter (DOM), metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL) content of SFM. Production of SCFA as well as DOM, ME and NEL content of SFM increased (p &lt; 0.05) by enhancing the level of the extract supplementation. In conclusion, it can be suggest that, supplementing acetonic extract of pomegranate peel may be lead to higher ruminal fermentation and better nutritive value of SFM in ruminants.

Effect of Enzyme Supplementation to Laying Hens Diets Containing Different Levels of Sunflower Seed Meal on Performance and Egg Quality

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of enzyme supplementation to laying hens diets containing different levels of sunflower seed meal on performance and egg quality. The experiment was used 128 laying hens (Hy-Line W36) at 44 week of age throughout 84 days. Sixteen diets consisting of four levels of sunflower seed meal (0, 5, 10 and 20 % diet) and four levels enzyme (0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/ kg diet) in 4 x 4 factorial arrangement were used with four replicates of two birds each. During the experiment, feed and water were used as ad libitum. The effect of enzyme supplementation to laying hens diets containing different levels of sunflower seed meal did not significantly effect on body weight change, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg shell weight, egg shell thickness and egg shell breaking strength (P&gt;0.05). The result of this study that containing 20% sunflower seed meal to laying hens diets can be used without adversely affecting performance and eggshell quality.

Lactobacillus and dietary sunflower meal supplementation in layer diets: Effects on specific serum content and hydrogen sulfide concentration in layer manure

Studies show that in poultry houses, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is present in a much higher concentration than its odor threshold of 10 ppb for humans and has a short-lived deleterious effect on White Leghorns at concentrations of 0.2% H2S. A possible way to reduce H2S emissions (often exhausted into the environment) is to decrease its concentration in manure by adding high fiber byproducts and probiotics in diets. A combination of probiotics (Lactobaccillus paracasei, Lactobaccillus plantarum, and Lactobaccillus rhamnosus at 1.56 mL per 10 L (to provide 3.64 × 106 cfu/L of each species) in chlorinated drinking water and sunflower seed meal (SFM) were evaluated for their early effects on the H2S concentration in manure and specific measurements in serum. Sixty-four White Leghorn inbred crosses (65- to 74-week-old) were randomly allocated into two replicates of four treatments including a Control, Control + Probiotics, Control + Probiotics + 20% SFM, and Control + 20% SFM. After a 7-day acclimation period with different treatments, fecal matter was analyzed for total sulfur (TS), sulfate-sulfur (SO4-S), and H2S while blood serum was analyzed for amylase, calcium, phosphate, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Results indicated that probiotics significantly increased SO4-S, whereas 20% SFM decreased H2S, total sulfur, and increased sulfate sulfur. Dietary supplementation of SFM also significantly decreased serum amylase activity, calcium, and phosphorus.

Effects of Multi-Strain Lactobacillus and Sunflower Seed Meal on Nitrogen containing Compounds in Laying Hens Manure and Biological Components in Blood Serum

Effects of Multi-Strain Lactobacillus and Sunflower Seed Meal on Nitrogen containing Compounds in Laying Hens Manure and Biological Components in Blood Serum

Screening Antimicrobial Peptides from Hydrolysates of Sunflower Seed Meal Protein Hydrolyzing with Proteases

Screening Antimicrobial Peptides from Hydrolysates of Sunflower Seed Meal Protein Hydrolyzing with Proteases

The effectiveness of dietary sunflower meal and exogenous enzyme on growth, digestive enzymes, carcass traits, and blood chemistry of broilers.

High costs of conventional protein feed sources including soybean meal (SBM) generated the need for finding other alternatives. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the impact of graded replacements of SBM by sunflower seed meal (SFM) with or without enzyme supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzymes, carcass traits, and blood profile of broiler chickens. A total of 240 unsexed 1-week-old broiler chicks (Hubbard) were randomly divided into eight treatment groups of 30 chicks each in five replicates each of six chicks in a factorial design (4×2) arrangement, including four levels of SFM (0, 25, 50, and 75% replacing SBM) and two levels of enzyme (0- or 0.1-g/kg diet) supplementation. Performance traits including feed conversion ratio, body weight, and weight gain were significantly (P<0.01) improved with increasing SFM up to 50% substitution for SBM or with enzyme supplementation in broiler diet during the experiment. However, feed intake of broiler chicks was decreased with enzyme supplementation (P<0.05). The activities of digestive enzymes (protease and amylase) were significantly (P<0.05) influenced and enhanced by SFM and enzyme inclusion in diets, respectively. The activities of protease and amylase were improved with SFM diet supplemented with 0.1g/kg enzyme in comparison with those with the un-supplemented diet. The evaluated carcass traits were not statistically (P>0.05) influenced by feeding SFM meal or enzyme addition. Biochemical blood parameters were significantly (P<0.01) affected by SFM, enzyme, or their interaction in broiler diets, except for globulin that was not affected by dietary enzyme. It is concluded that increasing SFM level in the diet up to 50% replacing SBM with the supplementation of enzyme improved the growth performance and enhanced positively carcass traits as well as the activity of digestive enzymes in broiler chickens.

Substitution of fish meal with sunflower seed meal in diets for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) reared in earthen ponds

ABSTRACTThis study investigated sunflower seed meal (SSM) as dietary protein replacement of fish meal (FM) for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles (initial mean weight of 19.8 ± 6.3 g) reared in earthen ponds for 210 days. SSM replaced 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (i.e., D25, D50, D75, and D100, respectively) of FM in an isonitrogenous and isocaloric diet. The optimum FM replacement level of D25 as predicted by the equation y = 177.5 + 26.5x – 7.9x2 yielded an optimum weight of about 184 g within 100 days. Thus D25 was the most effective SSM level for Nile tilapia growth in earthen ponds. Fish growth declined as SSM exceeded D25. The length-weight relationship (r ≥ 90%) depicted an isometric fish growth. Nutrient utilization parameters were similar in all the diets except for D100. The protein content of fish carcass was highest in the control and D25, while fiber level was highest in D100. Amino acids imbalance and high fiber content could have reduced the fish growth at D50, D75, and D100.

Rumen Degradability and Small Intestinal Digestibility of the Amino Acids in Four Protein Supplements.

The supplementation of livestock feed with animal protein is a present cause for public concern, and plant protein shortages have become increasingly prominent in China. This conflict may be resolved by fully utilizing currently available sources of plant protein. We estimated the rumen degradability and the small intestinal digestibility of the amino acids (AA) in rapeseed meal (RSM), soybean meal (SBM), sunflower seed meal (SFM) and sesame meal (SSM) using the mobile nylon bag method to determine the absorbable AA content of these protein supplements as a guide towards dietary formulations for the dairy industry. Overall, this study aimed to utilize protein supplements effectively to guide dietary formulations to increase milk yield and save plant protein resources. To this end, we studied four cows with a permanent rumen fistula and duodenal T-shape fistula in a 4×4 Latin square experimental design. The results showed that the total small intestine absorbable amino acids and small intestine absorbable essential amino acids were higher in the SBM (26.34% and 13.11% dry matter [DM], respectively) than in the SFM (13.97% and 6.89% DM, respectively). The small intestine absorbable Lys contents of the SFM, SSM, RSM and SBM were 0.86%, 0.88%, 1.43%, and 2.12% (DM basis), respectively, and the absorbable Met contents of these meals were 0.28%, 1.03%, 0.52%, and 0.47% (DM basis), respectively. Among the examined food sources, the milk protein score of the SBM (0.181) was highest followed by those of the RSM (0.136), SSM (0.108) and SFM (0.106). The absorbable amino acid contents of the protein supplements accurately reflected protein availability, which is an important indicator of the balance of feed formulation. Therefore, a database detailing the absorbable AA should be established.

Rumen Degradability and Post-ruminal Digestion of Dry Matter, Nitrogen and Amino Acids of Three Protein Supplements.

This study evaluated the in situ ruminal degradability, and subsequent small intestinal digestibility (SID) of dry matter, crude protein (CP), and amino acids (AA) of cottonseed meal (CSM), sunflower seed meal (SFSM) and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) by using the modified three-step in vitro procedure. The ruminal degradability and subsequent SID of AA in rumen-undegradable protein (RUP-AA) varied among three protein supplements. The result show that the effective degradability of DM for SFSM, CSM, and DDGS was 60.8%, 56.4%, and 41.0% and their ruminal fermentable organic matter was 60.0%, 55.9%, and 39.9%, respectively. The ruminal degradable protein (RDP) content in CP for SFSM, CSM, and DDGS was 68.3%, 39.0%, and 32.9%, respectively, at the ruminal solid passage rate of 1.84%/h. The SFSM is a good source of RDP for rumen micro-organisms; however, the SID of RUP of SFSM was lower. The DDGS and CSM are good sources of RUP for lambs to digest in the small intestine to complement ruminal microbial AA of growing lambs. Individual RUP-AA from each protein source was selectively removed by the rumen micro-organisms, especially for Trp, Arg, His, and Lys (p<0.01). The SID of individual RUP-AA was different within specific RUP origin (p<0.01). Limiting amino acid was Leu for RUP of CSM and Lys for both RUP of SFSM and DDGS, respectively. Therefore, different protein supplements with specific limitations should be selected and combined carefully in growing lambs ration to optimize AA balance.