Levels Of Sunflower Oil Research Articles

Impact of n − 3 fatty acid chain length and n − 3/ n − 6 ratio in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) diets

A feeding trial was carried out to test the impact of n − 3 fatty acid chain length and n − 3/ n − 6 ratio in diets for Atlantic salmon, according to a 2 × 4 factorial design. Two dietary fat sources: fish oil (FO), rich in long chain EPA and DHA and linseed oil (LO) rich in linolenic acid were replaced by increasing levels of sunflower oil (SO) rich in linoleic acid: 0, 25, 50 and 75%. Thus eight experimental diets were produced containing either a combination of FO and SO (100:0; 25:75, 50:50 and 25:75) or a combination of LO and SO (100:0; 25:75, 50:50 and 25:75). Diets were fed to duplicate tanks of Atlantic salmon weighing approximately 220 g (initial stocking density 10 kg/m 3). The effects of the diets on performance, fat digestibility, muscle and liver fatty acid composition were determined after 12 weeks of feeding. No differences in growth were observed. Fat digestibility was affected by the concentration of saturated fatty acid in the diet, and was lower in fish fed the FO based diets. However, the progressive replacement of FO by SO led to a linear increase ( P < 0.01) of fat digestibility. Fatty acid composition in muscle and liver was significantly altered by experimental diets. The progressive inclusion of SO in the diet led to a linear increase ( P < 0.01) in total n − 6 fatty acids in the muscle, however, the source of dietary n − 3 affected ( P < 0.01) the accumulation pattern of these fatty acids having a more marked response in fish fed the FO based diets. Total n − 3 HUFA concentrations where higher ( P < 0.01) in muscle and liver of fish fed FO based diets, and linearly ( P < 0.01) decreased with increasing dietary SO inputs. However, total n − 3 fatty acid concentration was higher in fish fed the LO based diets ( P < 0.01). The present study suggest that LO is a potential fat source in Atlantic salmon feeding having no detrimental effects on fish growth, health and feed conversion.

Effects of Feed Restriction and Dietary Fat Saturation on Performance and Serum Thyroid Hormones of Broiler Chickens

This experiment carried out to study the effects of dietary fat saturation on performance and serum thyroid hormones of broilers under free or skip a day nutrition at 18-28 days of age. We used 720 male Ross 308 broiler chickens in a completely randomized design with a 2*4 factorial arrangement with 3 replicate and 30 chicks for each replicate. Experiment factors were: 1skip a day or free feeding at days 10-28 of age and, 2diets with different unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios (2, 3.5, 5 and 6.5) formulated using different levels of sunflower oil and tallow. At 28 and 42 days of age, weight gain and feed consumption recorded and blood samples were taken. SAS software used for Variance analysis and means comparing. Skip a day nutrition at days 18-28 of age significantly reduced feed intake and weight gain and increased feed conversion, But free nutrition at days 29-42 of age removed this differences. At day 28, diet with unsaturated to saturated ratio of 6.5 significantly reduced feed intake and weight gain and increased feed conversion. At day 42 of age dietary fat type didn’t have any significant effect on feed intake and weight gain but altered feed conversion as a manner same to day 28 of age. Skip a day nutrition significantly decreased T3 and increased T4 levels at day 28 of age but this effects were disappeared after re-feeding at day 42 of age. This survey showed that feed restriction didn’t affect bird’s ability to utilize fats with different degrees of saturation. Fat type and feed restriction affect broilers performance separately without any interaction. Dietary fat saturation didn’t have any significant effect on serum thyroid hormones levels, while feed restriction have a pronounce effect.

PALM OIL AND SUNFLOWER OIL: EFFECT OF BLEND COMPOSITION AND STIRRER TYPES DURING FRACTIONATION ON THE YIELD AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE OLEINS

ABSTRACT The effect of blend composition of refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm oil and sunflower oil and that of different types of stirrers during fractionation on the yield and physicochemical characteristics of the oleins was investigated. Blends of 80% palm oil with 20% sunflower oil, and 60% palm oil with 40% sunflower oil were fractionated at 21C, and the oil samples were agitated with stirrers 1, 2, 3 and 4. The results showed that the highest yield was obtained with 60% palm oil and 40% sunflower oil blend when stirrer 2 was used to agitate the sample. There was a significant difference in iodine value (IV) of samples agitated with stirrers 3 and 4. The difference was not significant when stirrers 1 and 2 were used. Blending palm oil with sunflower oil followed by fractionation produced oleins of much higher IV than either commercially available regular palm olein or superolein. The major fatty acids in the oleins obtained after fractionating blend of 80% palm oil and 20% sunflower oil were palmitic (31.8–33.2%), oleic (38.1–39.3%) and linoleic (21.6–24.1%) acids. With higher amount of sunflower oil of 40% in the oil blend, the amount of palmitic acid significantly decreased (25.1–26.3%). After fractionation, the blend containing 60% palm oil and 40% sunflower oil produced liquid fractions which were lower in dipalmitoyl‐oleoyl‐glycerol (POP), palmitoyl‐oleoyl‐stearoyl‐glycerol (POS), palmitoyl‐dioleoyl‐glycerol (POO) and dipalmitoyl‐linoleoyl‐glycerol (PLP) compared to the blend containing 80% palm oil and 20% sunflower oil. The blend with a higher level of sunflower oil at 40% produced oleins of much lower cloud point (3.5–3.7C) than the blend containing only 20% sunflower oil. The type of stirrer did not have any significant effect on the cloud point.

Conjugated linoleic acid concentration in M. Longissimus dorsi from heifers offered sunflower oil-based concentrates and conserved forages

Dietary inclusion of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich plant oils is one approach to improving the fatty acid profile of ruminant meat and meat products from a human health perspective. Whole crop wheat silages represent a possible alternative forage to grass silage for beef production, however, they may adversely impact the fatty acid profile of ruminant muscle since grass silage is rich in C18:3n−3. The first objective of this experiment was to investigate the relationship between an increase in the dietary supply of C18:2n−6 from sunflower oil (SFO) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentration in the muscle tissue of beef cattle. The second objective was to investigate the effect of the basal forage type on the muscle fatty acid composition and its response to increasing inclusion of SFO. One hundred and five heifers were blocked according to initial bodyweight and assigned to one of seven silage treatments. The silage treatments were: (1) grass silage (GS), (2) whole crop wheat silage with 38% dry matter (DM) (W1), (3) GS and W1 at a ratio of 1:2 (DM basis) (W1GS) (4) GS and W1 at a ratio of 2:1 (DM basis) (GSW1), (5) whole crop wheat silage with 52% DM (W2), (6) GS and W2 at a ratio of 1:2 (DM basis) (W2GS), (7) GS and W2 at a ratio of 2:1 (DM basis) (GSW2). Within each silage treatment, 5 animals were assigned to one of three concentrate rations, differing in the content of SFO. The levels of inclusion of SFO in the concentrate were 0, 55, 110 g/kg concentrate. Inclusion of SFO in the diet led to an increase in the n−6:n−3 fatty acid ratio in muscle. In animals fed grass silage or mixed silages the n−6:n−3 ratio was lower in muscle compared with those fed whole crop wheat silages, with the exception of animals fed 55 g SFO/kg, for which feeding W1GS led to a higher ratio than W1. Other than the n−6:n−3 ratio there were no significant interactions between the effect of type of silage and the level of SFO on the concentration of fatty acids in intramuscular fat. Increasing the inclusion of SFO led to a linear increase in the CLAcis-9,trans-11 and PUFA concentration in intramuscular fat (P<0.001). This study confirmed the potential for modification, and improvement from a human health perspective, of the fatty acid composition of beef muscle by dietary manipulation.

Effects of forage and sunflower oil levels on ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid formation in beef steers fed finishing diets.

Six Hereford steers (295 kg) cannulated in the proximal duodenum were used to evaluate the effects of forage and sunflower oil level on ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) outflow. Steers were fed one of six treatment diets in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (grass hay level: 12, 24, or 36% of DM; and sunflower oil level: 2 or 4% of DM) in a 6 x 6 Latin square design. The remainder of the diet was made up of steam rolled corn and protein/mineral supplement. Duodenal samples were collected for 4 d following 10-d diet adaptation periods. Data were analyzed with animal, period, forage level, sunflower oil level, and two-way interaction between forage and sunflower oil level in the model. Dry matter intake showed a quadratic response (P < 0.04), with an increase in DMI as forage level increased from 12 to 24% followed by a decrease in DMI when 36% forage was fed. Flow of fatty acids at the duodenum was higher (P < 0.03) for 4 vs. 2% sunflower oil diets, and similar among forage levels. Apparent ruminal digestibility of NDF increased in a linear manner (P < 0.04) as dietary forage level increased. Ruminal BH of dietary unsaturated 18-C fatty acids, oleic acid, and linoleic acid increased linearly (P < 0.05) as dietary forage level increased. Linoleic acid BH tended (P < 0.07) to be greater for 4 than 2% sunflower oil level. Duodenal flow of pentadecyclic, stearic, linolenic, and arachidic acids increased linearly (P < 0.05) as dietary forage level increased from 12 to 36%. Duodenal flow of linoleic acid decreased in a linear manner (P < 0.03) with increasing dietary forage level. Flow of trans-10 octadecenoate decreased linearly (P < 0.03) as dietary forage level increased, whereas trans-11 vaccenic acid flow to the duodenum increased (P < 0.01) linearly with increased dietary forage. Dietary forage or sunflower oil levels did not alter the outflow of cis-9, trans-11 CLA. Flows of cis-11, trans-13, and cis-9, cis-11 CLA increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increased dietary forage. Flows of cis-11, cis-13, and trans-11, trans-13 CLA decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increased dietary forage. Increasing dietary forage levels from 12 to 36% in beef cattle finishing diets increased BH of unsaturated 18-C fatty acid and outflow of trans-11 vaccenic acid to duodenum without altering cis-9, trans-11 CLA outflow.

Effects of Different Levels of Sunflower Oil in Diets on Lipoproteins, Cholesterol and Triglyceride in Geese

Utlu, N., Kaya, N., Yucel, O. 2002. Effects of different levels of sunflower oil in diets on lipoproteins, cholesterol and triglyceride in geese. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 22: 209–212. To evaluate the effect of sunflower oil (SO) in diet on serum lipid profile, 40 goslings were divided into four equal groups and fed on ration containing 0, 2, 4 or 6% SO in basal diet for eleven weeks. Cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased with increasing levels of SO in diet. Triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol also decreased (P<0.05) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol increased but differences from control group were significant only at the highest level of SO in the diet. It is suggested that meat from geese fed on lipids containing PUFA may have better human acceptance.

The fatty acid, phospholipid and cholesterol content of control and polyunsaturated lamb aorta.

AbstractLambs trained to drink liquid supplements containing various levels of sunflower oil showed increased incorporation of linoleic acid into the aortic phospholipids with associated decreases in the percentage of C18:3ω3, C20:3ω9, C20:5ω3 and the C22ω3 fatty acids, while there was no significant change in the percentage of C20: 4ω6 fatty acid. The levels of cholesterol, total phospholipid and phospholipid fractions, did not vary significantly with increasing oil intake.