Sunflower Cake Research Articles

Technological line for the production of sunflower cake

BACKGROUND: The results of the study conducted to increase the shelf life of sunflower cake by justifying the optimal operating parameters of the ozonizer in the line of the sunflower cake production are presented. Studies of the processing of sunflower cake with an ozone-air mixture at optimal operating parameters, such as its concentration, the duration of its processing and the intensity of the high-frequency field, have been conducted. AIM: Increasing of the long-term storage of protein feed by improving the basic design parameters of the device for its production. METHODS: Resulting from the conducted theoretical research, the technological line for the protein feed production was developed according to the patent for the invention of the Russian Federation No. 2706188. To determine the optimal operating parameters of the device in the sunflower cake production line, which affect its shelf life, the design of experiment theory was used. RESULTS: A regression equation in coded values, characterizing the effect of the concentration of the ozone-air mixture, the duration of the sunflower cake treatment and the intensity of the high-frequency field on the sunflower cake shelf life, is obtained. The analysis of the obtained mathematical model of the processing process is performed. CONCLUSION: Experimental studies of the developed line for the production of sunflower cake with quality control of its treatment with an ozone-air mixture have shown that the sunflower cake shelf life depends on the ozone-air mixture concentration and the duration of treatment of the sunflower cake, as well as on the intensity of the high-frequency field. At the same time, with a decrease in the ozone-air mixture concentration, the duration of treatment of the sunflower cake and the intensity of the high-frequency field during the treatment increase. In the area of low concentration, increased duration up to 120 s and intensity up to 15250 V/m, the shelf life of the cake increases. It is reasonable to process sunflower cake with the ozone-air mixture to increase its shelf life from 3 to 5.45 months according to the GOST 80-96 using the developed line (patent RF 2706188) at a concentration of 23.03 mg/m3, processing time of 134 s and a high-frequency field strength of 17374 V/m.

Fermented agar by-product and sunflower cake mixture as feedstuff for European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Industrial agar production from red seaweeds such as Gelidium sp. generates large quantities of by-products (GBP), often discarded as waste. GBP and sunflower cake (SC) are under-valorized as feedstuff due to their high non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) content. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) may disrupt NSP and improve their nutritional value. This study evaluated the utilization of Aspergillus ibericus and Aspergillus niger for SSF of a GBP and SC mixture (1:1 ratio; Gmix). SSF with A. ibericus decreased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content (P < 0.05) along with high β-glucosidase activity (P < 0.05). SSF with A. niger increased crude protein, reduced NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content, and produced higher xylanase, cellulase, and protease activities (P < 0.05). A 63-day growth trial with European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles tested four isoproteic and isolipidic diets (44 % protein; 16 % lipids): a control diet without Gmix and three diets incorporating 10 % Gmix unfermented (diet Gmix), fermented by A. ibericus (diet Gmix-ibericus), or by A. niger (diet Gmix-niger). The Gmix and Gmix-ibericus diets promoted similar growth to the control, but the Gmix-ibericus diet supported higher feed efficiency, nitrogen, and energy utilization than the control diet (P < 0.05). The Gmix-niger diet negatively affected overall growth, feed intake, and utilization. Plasma metabolite levels, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation were similar among diets. However, the Gmix-ibericus diet reduced total and oxidized glutathione levels (P < 0.05). Overall, G-mix or Gmix-ibericus diets did not compromise European seabass performance or oxidative status, with the Gmix-ibericus diet enhancing feed utilization efficiency by 25 %. Further studies are needed to understand the negative impact of the Gmix-niger diet on the European seabass.

Valorization of Gelidium corneum by-product through solid-state fermentation

Red seaweed Gelidium is used for agar extraction, generating large quantities of by-products (red seaweed by-product – GBP). Its carbohydrate and protein-rich composition makes it a suitable substrate to produce value-added compounds through solid-state fermentation (SSF). For the first time, GBP was used in SSF with Aspergillus ibericus and Aspergillus niger for carbohydrases production and protein enrichment. SSF was performed with unsupplemented GBP, supplemented with Mandel salt solution, and mixed at equal dry mass proportion with plant feedstuffs and with the seaweed Ulva rigida. A. niger CECT 2915 was the best strain under SSF obtaining the maximum xylanase activity (498 ± 49 U g-1), in GBP mixed with sunflower cake and the maximum of cellulase activity (382 ± 37 U g-1) in GBP mixed with rapeseed cake. In these mixtures, protein content increased 1.2-fold by SSF, as well as in GBP mixed with rice bran (1.3-fold). Scale-up of SSF using GBP mixed with sunflower cake from flasks to tray-type bioreactors demonstrated SSF reproducibility, achieving similar xylanase and cellulase activities. In the stirred-drum bioreactor, aeration and low agitation favored both enzymes production. Bioprocessing of GBP with plant feedstuffs using SSF was a cost-effective strategy to produce high-value enzymes, valorizing this seaweed by-product.

Isolation, Characterization, and Biopreservation of Lactobacillus brevis DN-1 to Inhibit Mold and Remove Aflatoxin B1 in Peanut and Sunflower Cakes

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most toxic mycotoxin and is widespread in moldy feed. The use of biological removal methods to reduce AFB1 has become a research hotspot. This study aimed to isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) capable of removing AFB1 from moldy feeds and assessed the removal capacity under various environmental conditions. A strain named Lactobacillus brevis DN-1 was isolated from feed samples and showed 71.38% AFB1 percent removal. Furthermore, DN-1 showed good antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus BNCC336156 and Aspergillus parasiticus BNCC335939. The optimum growth temperature and pH of DN-1 were 37 °C and 6.0, respectively, and DN-1 grew well in the concentration range of 0–20 µg/L AFB1. Under a temperature of 20–40 °C, pH of 3.0–9.0, and anaerobic conditions, the percent removal of AFB1 was more than 60%. An analysis of the different components of DN-1 showed that cell wall adsorption was the main removal method and suggested the pathway for AFB1 removal by LAB. In addition, strain DN-1 was used as a biological preservative in artificially contaminated peanut and sunflower cakes, which significantly inhibited the growth of mold and production of AFB1. In brief, this study highlights the potential use of DN-1 as a preventive agent against aflatoxicosis via strong removal capability in the application of fermented feed or food.

RESEARCH OF DISPERSION PROPERTIES OF OILCAKES

This article presents the results of research on the dispersion properties of oilseed cakes after oil extraction for further use in the bakery, confectionery, and pasta industries. Soybean, pumpkin, sunflower, peanut, and flax seed cakes were used in the work. Oilseed cakes are a high-protein product and can serve as an alternative gluten-free raw material for the production of flour products. The microstructural characteristics of the oilcake's surface were determined using an electron microscope-micro analyzer JXA-8230 from JEOL at the Scientific Center for Composite Materials LLP, Almaty. Sample images were obtained at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV, an electron beam current of much less than 1 nA, and aperture diaphragms No. 3 and 4. Laser analysis of particles of the applied materials up to nanoparticles was also performed. The smallest particle distribution is in sunflower cake (D10=3.177 um, D50=6.403 um, D90=10.007 um, Dav=6.529 um), the largest is in flax cake (D10=34.127 um, D50=61.243 um, D90=89.052 um, Dav=61.519 um). The research aimed to establish the microstructure and analysis of the particles of oilseed cakes and further influence the phase transformations and technological properties of bakery, confectionery, and pasta products.

Impact and adoption of feed technologies at Nharira-Lancashire Dairy Scheme

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the impact and adoption of nutrition technologies and their effect on milk production at the Nharira-Lancashire dairy scheme. Sixty households (30 from each scheme) were randomly selected and interviewed by use of a semi-structured questionnaire. Fisher’s exact and Monte Carlo tests were carried out to determine the association between farmer experience and feed technology. Logistic regression was used to rank farmers’ awareness and adoption of feed technologies. The results indicated that farmers have been exposed to at least five new feed technologies and adoption is influenced by education status, sex, age and gender of household head (P &lt; 0.05). Feed technology adoption was in the order: silage 70.83% &gt; sunflower cake 41.66% &gt; legume reinforcement 27.1% &gt; legume trees 16.66% &gt; napier fodder 8.33% &gt; urea treatment 4.17%. Milk yield was affected by month and year (P &lt; 0.05). The impact of adoption was below anticipation, as indicated by lack of economic surpluses. A cost-benefit analysis needs to be carried out for all feed technologies within the study area to streamline viable options.

Effect of organic fertilisers on the yield and quality of giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) in Jharkhand

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. and Thoms. is an important medicinal plant belonging to the family Menispermaceae that is used in Ayurveda to improve the immune system and the body's resistance against infections. The experiment was conducted at the Botanical Garden, PG Department of Botany, Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribag, to determine the effect of organic fertilisers on the yield of Tinospora cordifolia. The plants of Tinospora cordifolia were planted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 12 treatments replicated three times. The seedling plant was transplanted in February 2021 on a plot size of 2 m x 2 m with a spacing level of 100 cm x 100 cm. The number of plants in each treatment was four. Farm Yard Manure (FYM), Vermicompost, Sunflower Cake (SC), Mahua Cake (MC), Linseed Cake (LC), Karanj Cake (KC), Mustered Cake (MC), Neem Cake (NC), Azotobactor, and Tricoderma were used as organic fertilisers for application in all treatments. The useful part of this plant is the stem, and the effectiveness of its medicinal value depends upon its thickness. The objective of this research was to find out the effect of organic fertiliser on the yield of Tinospora cordifolia in Jharkhand. Maximum significant stem yield per hectare (16781.00 kg/ha), dry stem yield per hectare (10695.42 kg/ha), and percentage of Giloy-satva (3.71%) were recorded from Treatment-7 (Application of Linseed Cake: 5 t ha-1). Linseed cake is the best organic fertiliser for the cultivation of Giloy. It will be significant to the farmers and medicinal plant growers interested in the commercial cultivation of Tinospora cordifolia in Jharkhand.

The effect of ultrasound on the feed mixture of sunflower cake and whey

At present, secondary products of the main production in the form of cake, oil meal, bran and whey are widely used for feeding cattle. Despite the presence of protein, fats, carbohydrates, minerals and fiber in their composition, there is a problem of low assimilability of these nutrients. Moreover, secondary products are often unsafe in terms of microbiological parameters. To solve this problem, various physical and mechanical impacts are used. The paper presents the results of the study of an ultrasound effect on the feed mixture of sunflower cake and whey. Ultrasound is wave oscillations with frequencies higher than 20 kHz. Ultrasound waves propagate in solid, liquid and gas media, have a high mechanical energy and cause several physical, chemical and biological phenomena. When ultrasound impacts a mixture, bubbles are formed and large amounts of energy are emitted upon their collapse. This energy is expended on destruction of large particles of cake with particle sizes of 1370.8–2776.6 µm in the dry cake and up to 1.8–300.0 µm in the suspension. The overwhelming majority (60–75%) of particles have sizes of 11 to 30 µm when duration of the ultrasound treatment is 20–30 min. This can be seen in the photographs of the mixture under a microscope. With that, the homogeneous gel-like mass containing protein, fat, fiber and sugars is formed from a simple mixture of components, which significantly improves the process of assimilation of structured nutrients of cake by animals. A decrease in the protein content from 10.20% to 6.65% has been revealed in the suspension with a component ratio of 1:4 to 1:8. Temperature-time regimes for ratios of the cake/whey components have been established. The optimal temperature was 60–70°C, treatment time was 20 min. A temperature was lower in the mixture with a ratio of 1:8 for all time periods due to a decrease in viscosity of the formed suspension. Microbial inactivation occurs under the impact of ultrasound, which is important for animal health and productivity. As a result of the statistical processing of process indicators, a range was established for optimal values of variable factors at which a decrease in the microbiological contamination of the mixture takes place.

Screening of Microorganisms from Wastes and Identification of the Optimal Substrate for Biosurfactant Production

The production of biosurfactants from organic wastes has received significant attention due to its potential cost savings. This study involved the isolation of biosurfactant-producing microorganisms from waste sources. The surfactant properties of the 37 studied isolates were assessed by reducing surface tension and their emulsifying properties, determined by the emulsification index E24. We assessed the ability of these isolated strains to produce biosurfactants using various waste substrates, namely potato peelings, waste cooking oil and sunflower cake. Our results showed that sunflower cake exhibited better growth and biosurfactant production for most of the strains studied. This highlights that sunflower cake is a potentially effective and economical substrate for the production of biosurfactants. The most effective strains allowing to achieve an emulsification index above 50% and reduce surface tension below 40 mN m−1 were Enterobacter sp. 2pp, strain 2wfo, Peribacillus sp. 1mo, Sphingomonas sp. 2mo, Ochrobactrum sp. 5mo, Shouchella sp. 6mo, Bacillus sp. 1os, Bacillus sp. 2os. Among these strains, both previously known strains as biosurfactant producers and previously unknown strains were found. Thus, we found that among representatives of the genus Sphingomonas there are effective producers of biosurfactants. The highest yield of biosurfactant on a medium with glycerol and glucose was shown by the Bacillus sp. 2os strain of 0.501 and 0.636 g L−1, respectively.

Evaluation of selected agricultural by-products as potential feeds for rearing edible grasshopper, Ruspolia differens (Serville) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

BackgroundCrop residues and agro-industrial by-products constitute an enormous pool of unused and often neglected resources that could be productively utilized for rearing edible insects to meet the global demand for animal-based protein. Utilizing such products as feedstocks can lower the cost of edible insect production and reduce associated environmental pollution.MethodsWe evaluated the biology (survival, developmental duration, and adult fresh weight) of Ruspolia differens reared on eleven locally available agricultural by-products in Uganda, namely; dry maize cob, waste from a locally brewed finger millet drink, cotton seed cake, soybean hull meal, sunflower cake, pumpkin pulp, peelings of unripe banana, cassava, sweet potato, pineapple and pumpkin. Germinated finger millet was used as a control. Newly hatched (1 day old) nymphs were reared individually on each diet until 14 days post adult emergence. The nutritional profiles of the by-products were also determined. General linear models were fitted to analyse whether R. differens performance differed between sexes and among diets. The relationship between R. differens performance and the nutritional profiles of the diets were tested by Pearson correlation coefficient.ResultsOnly three test diets (soybean hull meal, dry maize cob, and the local brew waste) supported survival till the adult stage. Nymphal survival negatively correlated with diets’ crude fibre content (r = − 0.96, p = 0.042). Nymphal development duration significantly differed among the diets, with the shortest duration under soybean hull meal (approx. 138 days) and the longest under the local brew waste (205 days). Nymphal development duration positively correlated with diets’ crude fibre content (r = 0.95, p = 0.022). Adult fresh weight at emergence and 14 days post emergence did not differ across the test diets. Female individuals were ~ 1.3 times heavier than males 14 days post emergence, although both sexes had similar weights at adult emergence. The levels of secondary metabolites in the diets were not associated with any growth performance parameters of R. differens.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that R. differens can thrive and develop on some agricultural by-products. The results could guide the design of R. differens mass-rearing programs using locally available agricultural by-products.

The study of fermented compound feeds from agricultural production waste and processing industry

The article is devoted to the study of quality and safety indicators of compound feeds made from agricultural and processing industry waste under the influence of microbiological fermentation. Compound feeds of the following formulation were studied: recipe No. 1: beer pellet -40%; wheat bran – 20.0 %; sunflower cake - 20%; mushroom substrate – 20%; recipe No. 2: beer pellet - 40%; wheat bran – 10.0%; sunflower cake - 10 %; mushroom substrate – 30%; recipe No. 3: beer pellet – 40%; wheat bran – 10.0%; sunflower cake - 20%; mushroom substrate – 20 %; recipe No. 4: beer pellet - 29%; wheat bran – 54.0%; sunflower cake - 17%; recipe No. 5: beer pellet – 25%; soy – 75.0%. The purpose of our research was to study the quality and safety indicators of compound feeds made up of agricultural and processing industry waste after microbiological fermentation with Lesnov's starter culture. It has been established that recipes No. 5 and No. 4 are the most preferable in terms of the content of metabolic energy for cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry. The content of mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin), microscopic mold fungi and yeast, pesticides (malathion, pyrimithophosmethyl, cypermethrin, diflubenzuron), nitrates and nitrites, lead, arsenic, cadmium and mercury in fermented compound feeds of various formulations did not exceed MDU; GMO not detected. When choosing recipes, it is necessary to take into account the physicochemical parameters of fermented compound feeds and the peculiarities of animal digestion (single-chamber or multi-chamber stomachs).

ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА ФЕРМЕНТИРОВАННЫХ КОМБИКОРМОВ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ СПОСОБА ПРИГОТОВЛЕНИЯ

The article presents the results of a comparative study of the physicochemical parameters of fermented compound feed consisting of 40% brewer's grains, 20% wheat bran, 20% sunflower cake, 20% mushroom substrate. Prepared in two ways: the first way – the compound feed composed of native ingredients was fermented, the second – the compound feed composed of pre-fermented ingredients. In the compound feed composed of fermented ingredients, in comparison with the compound feed fermented in full, the mass fraction of moisture, crude fat, soluble carbohydrates, starch and crude fiber was higher; the mass fraction of crude protein and exchange energy was lower.

Multi-enzyme supplementation in diets containing sunflower cake for pullets: Mineral digestibility and bone quality

Multi-enzyme supplementation in diets containing sunflower cake for pullets: Mineral digestibility and bone quality

Investigation of the structure of pasta

This article discusses the structure of the properties of oilseed cakes in the production of pasta. During the research, a partial replacement of premium wheat with pumpkin, soy, peanut, sunflower and linseed cake was made. The incorporation of pumpkin, soy, peanut, sunflower, and flax cakes stems from the rich variety of vitamins present in these raw materials. As part of the study, the amino acid composition of the studied cakes, the rheological and physico-chemical parameters of pasta mixtures were considered. The results obtained comply with the requirements established in the standardization documents and technical regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union. Studies have shown that the addition of oilseed cakes does not reduce the rheological and technological parameters of pasta. Quality indicators are determined in accordance with TR CU 021/2011 "On food safety", TR CU 022/2011 "Food products in terms of their labeling", TR CU 029/2012 "Safety requirements for food additives, flavorings and technological aids", regulatory and technical documents GOST 31743-2017 "Pasta products. General technical conditions", GOST 31964-2012 "Pasta products. Acceptance rules and methods for determining quality", GOST 8057-95 "Soybean meal. Technical conditions", GOST 11201-65 "Peanut cake food. Technical specifications, GOST 80-96 "Sunflower cake. Technical specifications, GOST 10974-95 "Flax cake. Technical conditions".

Seed production technology of sunflower (Helianthus annuus): An update

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) belonging to the family Asteraceae was introduced in India in 1969 and became one of the important oilseed crops. The oil is used for culinary purpose, preparation of cosmetics etc. Seed production can be taken up in all the three seasons like kharif, rabi and summer. For rainfed conditions June – July and October – November and for irrigated conditions April – May and December – January is suitable for seed production. Sunflower oil is light yellow in colour and possesses good odour, which can be used for a variety of cooking purposes like any other edible oil. Sunflower oil is a rich source of linoleic acid (64%), which helps in washing out of cholesterol deposition in the coronary arteries of theheart, and thus it is good for heart patients. The oil is used for manufacturing hydrogenated oil.Its oil is also used in manufacture of soaps and cosmetics. The sunflower cake contains 40-44% high quality protein. It is ideally suited for poultry and livestock rations. The sunflowerkernels can be eaten raw or roasted. It can also be used for manufacturing baby foods.

Unveiling Oil Seed Cakes Ability to Suppress Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium udum Butler) in Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.)

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) holds significant economic importance as a versatile crop due to its various uses. It is a valuable source of nutrition for human consumption, rich in protein, dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals. Additionally, pigeonpea plays a crucial role in sustainable agriculture by fixing atmospheric nitrogen and enhancing soil fertility. Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium udum is an important economic threat to the growers of pigeonpea in India and across the globe. The study was therefore conducted during the years 2017–2019 to determine the impact of the various oil seed cakes on the fusarium wilt of pigeonpea. Seven treatments including different types of oil seed cakes viz., mustard cake, neem cake, linseed cake, mahua cake, sunflower cake, groundnut cake and carbendazim (treated check) were employed by adopting the soil inoculation method. All of the treatments employed notably diminished the incidence of fusarium wilt. Among the treatments, neem cake (T2) was most effective in suppressing disease incidence (73.78% and 76.89%), registering the least plant fatalities (19.05 and 18.02), respectively. Furthermore, treatment (T2) also showed maximum plant height at 120 DAS (151.86 cm and 153.34 cm) and the highest root-nodules count of pigeon pea (5.71, 5.66) respectively in both the cropping years compared to other treatments and untreated control (T0).

Sunflower cake associated with crude glycerin in white laying hens diets: Performance and quality, antioxidant activity and lipid oxidation of eggs

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sunflower cake inclusion and its association with crude glycerin in the diet of laying hens. A total of 320 laying hens with 39 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme with 5 replications of 8 birds. The studied factors were 4 inclusion levels of sunflower cake and 2 levels of crude glycerin. The inclusion of 210 g/kg of sunflower cake reduced egg mass and worsened feed conversion, and after the level 70 g/kg there was reduction in yolk coloration and specific density of eggs with or without the addition of glycerin in the diet. The addition of 70 g/kg of crude glycerin reduced the specific density of eggs in all levels of sunflower cake. There was increase in phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and antioxidant activity in eggs and reduction in lipid oxidation of yolks from fresh and stored eggs, with the inclusion of sunflower cake. The addition of crude glycerin increased the lipid oxidation of egg yolks. Therefore, it is possible to include up to 140 g/kg sunflower cake in the diet of laying hens, with or without crude glycerin, without impairing performance and egg quality, obtaining higher antioxidant capacity of eggs and lower lipid oxidation in yolks from fresh and stored eggs. The inclusion of 70 g/kg crude glycerin does not affect laying hens performance, however, it worsens shell quality and increases lipid oxidation in the liver and egg yolks.

FEED ALLOWANCE FOR HOLSTEIN COWS DURING LACTATION AND DRY PERIODS (SAKHALIN ISLAND)

The study presents the results of a survey of agricultural enterprises and peasant farms in the Sakhalin Oblast. The authors conducted the visual estimation of the feed consumption and cows’ overall health, revealed the chemical analysis of primary zootechnical parameters of the feed, compared the results with the rates and previous data, and gave recommendations. Moreover, the authors assessed the fodder, feed allowance and compared it with the nutritional rates using the software “Feeding rations” developed by the “Plinor limited liability company”. Furthermore, one can identify that the daily milk yield of Holstein cows doubled in the period 2001–2010, but the feed allowance of the Holstein cows during lactation and dry periods still did not meet nutritional requirements. The low nutritional value of green forage is caused by the small amount of legumes in the herbage. One should prepare winter forage earlier to improve the quality of ration (hay, haylage, silage). Mowing grasses ten days later than the optimal time leads to a protein decrease in forage by 30%–35%. It is crucial to balance the feed allowance with biological and mineral supplements, adding grain mixture or sunflower cake.

Solid State and Semi-Solid Fermentations of Olive and Sunflower Cakes with Yarrowia lipolytica: Impact of Biological and Physical Pretreatments

Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising feedstock for added value compound production in biotechnological processes such as solid-state fermentation (SSF). Although these solid materials can be directly used as substrates in fermentations in a solid state, a pretreatment is often required, especially if the microorganism selected is unable to produce lignocellulosic enzymes. In the present work, several pretreatment strategies were applied to a 50% (w/w) mixture of olive and sunflower cakes before SSF for lipase production by the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica W29. Co-culture strategies with Y. lipolytica and Aspergillus niger did not improve lipase production by the oleaginous yeast. Biological pretreatment with a fungal enzymatic extract led to a significant increase in sugar availability in the substrate mixture after a short incubation period, improving yeast growth. Microwave and ultrasound were the physical pretreatments selected and microwave irradiation proved to be the best method, resulting in 44% and 17% increases in yeast growth and lipase production, respectively, compared to the untreated mixture. An improvement in lipase activity was also observed after ultrasonic treatment in semi-solid fermentations, leading to a 2-fold increase in this enzyme activity compared to the control. The utilization of pretreatments before SSF with Y. lipolytica can increase sugars availability and result in structural changes in the solid substrate, which can improve the bioprocesses’ productivity.

Olive and sunflower cakes as suitable substrates for lipase production by Yarrowia spp.: From flasks to bioreactor

Solid state fermentation is a biotechnological process that allows the utilization of agro-industrial by-products as solid substrates for the growth of microorganisms, including filamentous fungi and yeasts, with the simultaneous production of added value compounds, like enzymes. Oil cakes, such as olive and sunflower cakes, are generated during vegetable oil extraction and have received great interest as solid substrates in SSF processes. In the present work, a 50% (w/w) mixture of olive and sunflower cakes was used as substrate in SSF for lipase production by several strains of Y. lipolytica and Y. divulgata. The strain of Y. lipolytica W29 was the best lipase producer under small scale SSF and studies were conducted to address important factors in scaling-up the process. Different bioreactors were used and the effect of aeration and agitation on lipase production was studied. Higher lipase activity was obtained in tray bioreactors, reaching 85 U/g (dry mass of substrates) after 48 h of SSF, while the operation in a horizontal drum bioreactor favored yeast growth, resulting in the highest yeast biomass production and a delay in lipase maximum activity. The scale-up of SSF for lipase production by Y. lipolytica has been successfully performed, showing that SSF is an interesting and eco-friendly bioprocessing strategy for the valorization of by-products from vegetable oil industries.