Sump Oil Research Articles

Rosin-inspired robust superhydrophobic coating for ensuring stable super-slippery properties

Superhydrophobic coatings infused with lubricants to form super-slippery surfaces have tremendous potential for applications in various fields. However, the robustness of superhydrophobic coatings remains a major challenge limiting their application and promotion. Herein, we developed a synergistically reinforced superhydrophobic coating (SRSC) using naturally-derived rosin as an adhesive to graft hydrophobic nanoparticles. The SRSC surface, with hierarchical micro−/nanostructure, exhibited remarkable mechanical and chemical robustness, enduring sandpaper abrasion, tape-peel, water/sand impact, and exposure to acid, alkali, and salt solutions without significant damage. When infused with perfluoropolyether lubricating oil to obtain the SRSC-based super-slippery surface, it could easily repel low-surface-energy and corrosive droplets (e.g., hot water, sump oil, alkali, and acid droplets). Importantly, such super-slippery surface exhibits remarkable resistance to icing. Furthermore, the surface demonstrates self-healing capabilities and controlled movement of oil droplets along specific wetting pathways resembling the shapes of “8” and “COS” under external energy stimulation. These findings are expected to promote the development and application of superhydrophobic coatings in real-world scenarios.

Prediction of sump oil growth rate towards gravitational settling of produced water in oilfield based on machine learning

Gravitational settling is crucial for treating produced water, and its efficiency affects the separation in multi-stage treatment processes. Due to complex water properties and thickening upper oil layer during the settling process, sump oil recovery in appropriate time is essential to avoid secondary pollution of separated water and recover oil resources. This paper constructs and analyzes the dataset of sump oil recovery for produced water separation. It is determined that the factors affecting the sump oil growth are oil content, daily processing capacity, polymer concentration, and suspended solids content. The produced water of water-flooding, polymer-flooding, and ASP-flooding, with average oil contents of 0.03893, 0.20072, and 0.05387, respectively, is carried out to train the prediction model for the sump oil growth rate. It is indicated that for actual settling tanks with cross-sectional areas ranging from 100 m2 to 900 m2 and daily processing capacity range from 5000 m3 to 30000 m3, the sump oil growth rate for produced water of water-flooding, polymer-flooding, and ASP-flooding are distributed in the ranges of 0.1094 m/day to 2.5206 m/day, 0.0309 m/day to 0.7524 m/day, and 0.0505 m/day to 1.8764 m/day, respectively. The predicted results are consistent with actual operation.

Test method for determining the scuffing capacity of oils with reduced oil volume

Previous studies by several researchers have shown that the aging of the transmission fluid in dual clutch transmissions has a major impact on the wear protection of the highly loaded tribological contacts. Depending on the transmission design, oil sump temperature, transmitted torque, rotational speed and oil volume, the scuffing ability decreases significantly. Since typically only limited quantities of oil from gearbox tests are available to evaluate oil condition with respect to wear protection properties, available analytical standards are currently limited to methods such as viscometry, TAN, elemental analysis, and IR. A test method is presented that can be used to determine the gear scuffing load capacity of transmission fluids with a reduced oil volume. For this purpose, a standard test rig is modified to reduce the test oil volume from 1.25 liters, as specified in the public standards, to 0.5 liters. The applicability of the reduced test oil volume is demonstrated and the remaining scuffing wear protection of several used oil samples from durability testing is presented. A comparison of the tribological results with the chemical oil analysis results shows the advantage of direct testing of the oil's service properties.

Fuel-Lubricant Interactions: Critical Review of Recent Work

A critical review of recent work on fuel lubricant interactions is undertaken. The work focusses on liquid fuels used in diesel and gasoline vehicles. The amount of fuel that contaminates the lubricant depends on driving conditions, engine design, fuel type, and lubricant type. When fuel contaminates a lubricant, the viscosity of the lubricant will change (it will usually decrease), the sump oil level may increase, there may be a tendency for more sludge formation, there may be an impact on friction and wear, and low speed pre-ignition could occur. The increased use of biofuels (particularly biodiesel) may require a reduction in oil drain intervals, and fuel borne additives could contaminate the lubricant. The move towards the active regeneration of particulate filters by delayed fuel post-injection and the move towards hybrid electric vehicles and vehicles equipped with stop-start systems will lead to increased fuel dilution. This will be of more concern in diesel engines, since significant fuel dilution could persist at sump oil temperatures in the range of 100–150 °C (whereas in gasoline engines the more volatile gasoline fuel will have substantially evaporated at these temperatures). It is anticipated that more research into fuel lubricant interactions, particularly for diesel engines, will be needed in the near future.

Health Implication of Physicochemical Properties of Sump Oil Polluted and Remediated Soil

Physicochemical properties of sump oil polluted and remediated soil was studied. Five (5kg) of soil was polluted with different concentrations (00, 50, 150 and 300 ml) of sump oil. The physiochemical properties of these soils were analyzed before pollution and after pollution using standard analytical procedures.The result of physicochemical parameters of the unpolluted, polluted and treated soils showed significant (P≤0.05) increase which are as follows: organic carbon%: (0.97,1.69-2.15, 0.8-1.49 ) organic matter%: (1.68,2.92-3.71, 1.3-2.57 )Total exchangeable acidity (0.5, 1.2-1.4, 0.5-1.1)Total nitrogen contentmol/kg:(0.08, 0.14-0.18, 0.06-0.12),Cataion exchange capacity(3.14, 4.18-5.17, 3.78-5.76) Calcium contentmol/kg:(1.2, 1.6-2.6, 1.4-2.6),Potassiummol/kg:( 0.18,0.18-0.22, 0.17-0.26) show significant (P≤0.05) decrease for PH:( 5.65, 4.11-4.31,5.67- 7.2) and magnesium mol/kg: (5.25,1.86-2.66, 4.26-7.63) The study concluded that sump oil pollution significantly changes the physicochemical properties of the soil and hence impacts it negatively. Treatment with house hold waste remediated the polluted soil and reversed most of the negative impact of the pollution.

Numerical Simulation of Damage on Warm Deep Drawing of Al 6061-T6 Aluminium Alloy

This work focuses on the numerical simulation of warm deep drawing operation of car sump oil made with Al 6061-T6 aluminum alloy for the purpose of process optimization. The thermo visco-plastic behavior with damage effect of the material is described by the Johnson-Cook (JC) model. The JC model parameters for the Al 6061-T6 Aluminum alloy were exploited. Numerical simulation of the deep drawing operation was performed with the use of the ABAQUS FE software thanks to the dynamic Explicit Temperature-Displacement algorithm. The design of the different tools is obtained on the basis of the geometry of the finished product. Designing of punch, die and blank holder is performed using CATIA 3D CAD software. The warm forming method involves the heating of the blank holder and the die to a certain temperature, whereas, the punch is kept at room temperature. In this study, predefined temperatures of the die and blank holder and punch speed will be investigated among other stamping parameters. The computed damage evolution curves for a given set of the process parameters are retrieved at the end of the simulation to determine suitable forming conditions. It can be noted that the slower the damage evolution achieved within the blank, the more appropriate the process parameters. Thus, by increasing strain rate, main cracks change location.

The impact of adsorbents on the oxidative stability of biodiesel and its influence on the deterioration of engine oil

This study presents the impact of adsorbents in augmenting the oxidative stability of biodiesel. Engine oil performance is affected by the use of biodiesel as it can accumulate in a vehicle’s sump and impact engine oil durability. This work aims to assess the influence of adsorbents on the formation of oligomers in engine oil when biodiesel or its blends are used as fuel. 20% rapeseed methyl ester biodiesel (RME) mixed with 80% base oil were treated with combined adsorbents of magnesium aluminum hydroxycarbonate and 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene in the mass ratio of 1:2. Mannol engine oil was also used to study the impact of the adsorbents on the additives in the oil. The adsorbents were also tested with pure additives. The mixtures were aged at 170 °C for 80 h. With the use of adsorbent, induction period increased by a factor of about 3. The FTIR results showed about 60% less formation of oligomers which correlates with the results of size exclusion chromatography. About 90% reduction in the total acid value. Viscosity increment was under than 50%. The adsorbents therefore, have an enhanced impact on the formation of oligomers.

Effects of biodiesel blends on lubricating oil degradation and piston assembly energy losses

Fuel is considered a major influencing parameter for engine oil condition during extended engine operation. Its effects on engine oil performance is required to be investigated with the implementation of the worldwide biodiesel mandate in various countries. This research monitored the influence of biodiesel on the condition of engine lube oil by long duration testing on three fuels: DF as the baseline; 20% palm biodiesel and 80% DF (PB20); and 20% jatropha biodiesel and 80% DF (JB20). The tests were carried out on a single-cylinder CI engine. Sump oil samples were collected at regular intervals during 200-h tests, after which the rheological, tribological, and chemical properties of the samples were investigated. Results showed that the B20 fuels decreased the viscosity and increased the acidity of the engine oil. Piston ring-cylinder and piston skirt-cylinder tests, in which a high-stroke reciprocating test rig was used, showed a slight increase in friction and wear losses near the intervals of oil draining for the B20 fuels. Chemical analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ASTM standard testing showed a decrease in soot loading but an increase in the fuel residue, corrosiveness, and oxidation of the engine oil samples for B20 fuelled engine tests.

Wet Sump Design for a FSAE Racing Car

The problem statement consisted of designing a Wet Sump Lubrication system for Formula Manipal, Manipal Institute of Technology's FSAE racing team. The team uses a 2003 specification Honda CBR 600RR motorcycle engine to power the rear wheels by means of a chain drive and a limited slip differential. Packaging and performance constraints meant that the stock oil pan could not be retained. It was thus proposed to design and manufacture a custom wet sump oil pan and validate it by testing. The goal was to build a lubrication system which worked flawlessly in a racing environment including acceleration, braking and cornering. This was realized by innovatively placing baffles and a windage tray in the oil pan. At the same time, it was important to reduce the height of the oil pan so as to allow the engine to be mounted lower in the chassis, facilitate better packaging and improve the dynamic performance of the car.

The efficiency of a hypoid axle—a thermally coupled lubrication model

The final drive unit in road vehicles, such as medium and heavy trucks, and four-wheel-drive and rear-wheel-drive passenger cars, usually consists of a hypoid or spiral bevel geared transmission and differential, housed in a self-contained, dip-lubricated axle. Such units are subjected to very variable duty—including extreme combinations of speed, gradient, applied torque and external temperature—and are typically cooled by natural and forced convection on the exterior surface. On the other hand, there are appreciable internal power losses due to gear friction and churning and to bearing and seal losses. These losses are highly dependent upon the lubrication regime of the internal components and hence to the thermal behaviour of the entire axle.In the present paper, we describe a thermally coupled model of axle lubrication. The torque and speed demand is first found from a specified duty (“drive cycle”) which includes terrain as well as speed-versus-time and external temperature data. The evolution of sump oil and component temperatures is followed, and increments of energy loss evaluated in each time-step. Elastohydrodynamic film thickness is determined for the hypoid gear set, using a development of Buckingham's method, and friction losses calculated using a simple oil rheological model based on tribometer (MTM) testing. Churning, seal and bearing (speed-dependent) losses are found using empirical algorithms. Energy losses over complete drive cycles for different lubricants are derived, enabling the relative fuel economy for different oils to be evaluated.Results show that (i) the bulk temperature rise of the axle is highly dependent on the specified vehicle duty and (ii) the efficiency can be strongly influenced by choices available to the lubricant formulator. Taken together, these findings suggest that specialist axle lubricant formulations for particular vehicle types and applications will be attractive as a route to optimum fuel economy.

Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel Fuel

Biodiesel, the fatty acid alkyl esters derived from vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste cooking oils, is an alternative to diesel fuel. One of the major technical issues with the use of biodiesel is its susceptibility to oxidation. Oxidation of biodiesel is a complex process which involves a number of mechanisms producing an array of chemical components such as aldehydes, acids, ketones, and oligomeric compounds. These components in turn increase the viscosity and deposits in the fuel beyond acceptable levels. A variety of factors affect the level of these decomposition products as well as the rate of formation and decay. These factors include the temperature, presence of light, catalytic metals in the fuel system, sump oil, or storage containers, type of biodiesel, fatty acid profile, blend level, other contaminants, and presence of antioxidants. This paper examines the relevant factors influencing the biodiesel oxidative stability, the methods used to analyse and test biodiesel oxidation, as well as the effect that oxidation has on the fuel's properties.

Reduced risk of acute poisoning in Australian cattle from used motor oils after introduction of lead-free petrol

Lead (Pb) poisoning of cattle has been relatively common in Australia and sump oil has been identified as an important cause of Pb toxicity for cattle because they seem to have a tendency to drink it. Lead-free petrol has been available in Australia since 1975, so the aim of this study was to assess the current risk to cattle from drinking used automotive oils. Sump or gear box oil was collected from 56 vehicles being serviced. The low levels of Pb found suggest that the removal of leaded petrol from the Australian market as a public health measure has benefited cattle by eliminating the risk of acute poisoning from used engine oil.

Factors affecting the decomposition of biodiesel under simulated engine sump oil conditions

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel derived from plant, waste, or algal oils. It is synthesized by the transesterification of triglycerides with an alcohol to yield fatty acid alkyl esters. These esters are prone to oxidative deterioration, yielding a variety of products which increase the viscosity of the fuel beyond acceptable levels. A proportion of the fuel used will always find its way into the vehicle's lubricating oil with dilution becoming increasingly significant on vehicles equipped with a particulate filter because late injections lead to increased wall wetting. Biodiesel will also accumulate in the lubricating oil but, unlike mineral diesel, the biodiesel will not evaporate at the normal operating temperature of the oil and will instead accumulate. As the biodiesel oxidizes within the oil, degradation products will eventually form, leading to a significant increase in the oil viscosity with a potential impact on base engine durability. This study investigates the relative effects of a number of factors likely to be relevant to biodiesel oxidation within a simulated engine lubrication oil environment. The findings of this study suggest that determining the point at which oxidation occurs is inherently difficult and the impact of various factors can vary depending on the oxidation indicator examined. The most significant factors in total oxidation were found to be the temperature and air flowrate with other factors, such as the presence of iron and pro-oxidant, having a significant impact only after initial oxidation reactions had occurred.

Bioremediation of petroleum products impacted freshwater using locally available algae

Bioremediation seeks to degrade or decompose toxic pollutants in the environment into less harmful ones using organisms. This is achieved when the organisms metabolize the pollutants for cellular growth. Algae grow naturally in puddles, drainages and on wet soils and could constitute a nuisance when they cause accidents. This work attempts to investigate the possibility of using naturally occurring algae to reduce hydrocarbon counts in waters contaminated with petroleum products such as petrol, kerosene, diesel and sump oil. Algae were collected from a puddle near Nsukka Fire Service Station. Aliquots of 2 L of tap water with algae properly dispersed were poured into 39 transparent plastic containers and placed in a screened house. Various concentrations of 2.5 ml/L, 5 ml/L and 7.5 ml/L of pollutants were introduced in three replicates. A control was set up without these. Physico-chemical (pH, dissolved oxygen content, nitrates, phosphates, ammonia, copper, zinc, iron and magnesium) and phycological analysis were carried out using standard methods at the beginning and end of the experiment that lasted for 40 days. Cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria) and Chlorophyta (Spirogyra) were dominant at the onset. Later, more growth of Chlorophyta (Clostrium, Spirogyra, Ulothrix and Ankistrodesmus) and Cyanobacteria, (Aphanizomenon, Oscillatoria, Microcystis) were observed, while Bacillariophyta (Navicula and Pinnularia) and Dinophyta (Peridinium) were low. Results showed a drop in temperature, pH, oxygen percentage saturation, total alkalinity and hydrocarbon and increase in nitrate nitrogen, phosphate, magnesium, iron and zinc with time.

Influence of oil supply on the scuffing load-carrying capacity of hypoid gears

In industrial or automotive dip lubricated gear drives, low oil levels may be used due to different design requirements or constraints. A variation of the sump oil level affects different working conditions of gears, such as the power loss, the heat generation, and the load-carrying capacity with respect to different types of damage. In particular, reduced oil levels decrease the scuffing load capacity of gears because of high bulk temperatures and reduced oil quantity in the gear mesh. Investigations were made in a back-to-back hypoid gear test rig to evaluate the influence of the bath oil level on the scuffing load-carrying capacity of dip lubricated hypoid gears.

Comparative investigations of oil consumption and oil emissions on a spark ignition engine

Determining the oil consumption of internal combustion engines presents a challenge to every engine test engineer due to the complex interactions. In a joint project set up by Federal Mogul Burscheid GmbH and General Motors Powertrain Europe it was proposed to study the behavior of a gasoline engine with respect to sump oil consumption and oil emissions in the exhaust gas. To measure the emissions a new online measurement system supplied by Automobil-Pruftechnik Landau was used which enables oil emissions to be measured directly in the exhaust gas of a combustion engine.

Extraction and tribological investigation of top piston ring zone oil from a gasoline engine

With tightening emission regulations, increased expected fuel economy, and longer drain intervals impacting on lubricant formulation, greater understanding of how oil degrades in an automotive engine is becoming ever more important. Equally significant is the effect that this degraded lubricant has on the tribological operation of the engine, particularly its overall internal friction and component wear In a previous paper, four tests to degrade oil in a single cylinder engine were reported [1]. These tests were set up such that the lubricating oil was degraded in the ring pack before returning to the sump, where it was sampled and chemical and rheological analysis undertaken. This paper reports the extension of this work using the same Hydra engine and describes how oil has additionally been extracted from the rear of the top piston ring during engine operation. This extracted oil has then been subjected to similar analysis as the sump oil samples in the previous tests, along with additional analysis to look at the tribological properties of the oil using tribometers. The results clearly show significant differences in the rheological, tribological, and chemical properties of the fresh oil and used sump oil samples when compared with the top ring zone (TRZ) oil samples, particularly the effect of load on the levels of volatiles present in the TRZ samples and their effect on traction and friction coefficient values during tribological testing.

Ethnoveterinary practices of owners of pneumatic-cart pulling camels in Faisalabad City (Pakistan)

The present study was planned to investigate the ethnoveterinary methods practiced by the owners of pneumatic-cart pulling camels in Faisalabad Metropolis (Pakistan). During a 7-year-period (November 1992–November 1999), 200 owners of draught camels working in the city were interviewed. Information concerning the ethnoveterinary practices for the treatment of common disorders of digestive tract (indigestion, colic and diarrhea), respiratory tract (cold/rhinitis, pneumonia), skin problems (mange, ulceration of nostrils with or without nasal myiasis, ticks and lice, harness sores), systemic states (fever, ze /rba /d, anhidrosis) and preventive therapy of indigestion and halitosis was collected through interviews and collated with those documented for the treatment of desert-dwelling camels. Familiarity of owners with two traditional methods of surra (trypanosomiasis) diagnosis (‘Sand-ball test’ and ‘Hair-stick test’) known to pastorilists was also probed. In addition, the dose and frequency of use of common salt was investigated. Traditional inputs utilized by the camel owners included various plant products, insecticides, sulphur, sump oil, common salt, aspirin, naphthalene balls and milk fat. Different owners used different combinations of traditional drugs for the treatment of disorders/conditions investigated. None of the camel owners was found familiar with the ‘Sand-ball test’ or ‘Hair-stick test’ of trypanosomiasis diagnosis. For the prevention of indigestion and halitosis all camel owners had practiced administration of ‘massaulas’ (physic drench/balls) along with common salt (average 250 g) on weekly basis. Firing had not been used by any owner. In general, the ethnoveterinary treatment practices used by the owners of city-dwelling camels appear to be different from those documented for the treatment of diseases of desert-dwelling camels.

Oil consumption measurement under DOE conditions

Oil consumption is an increasingly important catchword in the internal combustion engine industry. This article explicitly defines the term oil consumption and presents a measurement system for determining sump oil consumption. Based on the example of a part-factorial DoE, the procedure and measurement results using the “Movan” measurement system from Federal Mogul Burscheid GmbH are demonstrated. The emphasis is placed on the accuracy attainable with statistical confidence over minimal measurement periods.

Just the Sort of Day Jack Had Always Loved

Just the Sort of Day Jack Had Always Loved