Summer Nights Research Articles

An acceptance speech.

An acceptance speech.

All is Mended? Activism and Eco-Anxiety in Bright Summer Night

All is Mended? Activism and Eco-Anxiety in Bright Summer Night

A CFD transient model of leaf wetness duration on greenhouse cucumber leaves

The estimation of leaf wetness duration (LWD) is important for crop disease monitoring and early warning, because LWD provides the necessary conditions for pathogen infection. Crop canopy condensation caused by high humidity in greenhouses is one of the main causes of LWD formation, and measuring LWD in greenhouses is difficult. A simulation model based on agricultural meteorological parameters is typically used to replace field measurements. This study was conducted in a Chinese solar greenhouse. A 2D transient model based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to estimate the distribution of cucumber leaf condensation in a solar greenhouse during early summer nights in Beijing. The LWD was estimated by considering the duration of the simulated leaf condensation at each point and simulating the dehumidification effect under ventilation conditions. The visual observations of leaf condensation were compared with the simulation results from May 31 to June 1 and from June 3 to June 4, 2021 (cloudy and clear days, respectively). The horizontal leaf condensation was observed first near the south roof, whereas the vertical canopy had a longer LWD at 1 m from the ground (average value of 8 h). LWD was estimated using relative humidity thresholds (RMSE of 1.944 h on cloudy days and RMSE of 0.5 h on clear days), and the good agreement between measurements and estimation indicated that the 2D CFD model combined with the relative humidity threshold method could be used to estimate the temporal and spatial distribution of canopy LWD.

The Private Investigator

The Private Investigator

Boundary-layer height and surface stability at Hyytiälä, Finland, in ERA5 and observations

Abstract. We investigate the boundary-layer (BL) height at Hyytiälä in southern Finland diagnosed from radiosonde observations, a microwave radiometer (MWR) and ERA5 reanalysis. Four different, pre-existing algorithms are used to diagnose the BL height from the radiosondes. The diagnosed BL height is sensitive to the method used. The level of agreement, and the sign of systematic bias between the four different methods, depends on the surface-layer stability. For very unstable situations, the median BL height diagnosed from the radiosondes varies from 600 to 1500 m depending on which method is applied. Good agreement between the BL height in ERA5 and diagnosed from the radiosondes using Richardson-number-based methods is found for almost all stability classes, suggesting that ERA5 has adequate vertical resolution near the surface to resolve the BL structure. However, ERA5 overestimates the BL height in very stable conditions, highlighting the ongoing challenge for numerical models to correctly resolve the stable BL. Furthermore, ERA5 BL height differs most from the radiosondes at 18:00 UTC, suggesting ERA5 does not resolve the evening transition correctly. BL height estimates from the MWR are also found to be reliable in unstable situations but often are inaccurate under stable conditions when, in comparison to ERA5 BL heights, they are much deeper. The errors in the MWR BL height estimates originate from the limitations of the manufacturer's algorithm for stable conditions and also the misidentification of the type of BL. A climatology of the annual and diurnal cycle of BL height, based on ERA5 data, and surface-layer stability, based on eddy covariance observations, was created. The shallowest (353 m) monthly median BL height occurs in February and the deepest (576 m) in June. In winter there is no diurnal cycle in BL height; unstable BLs are rare, yet so are very stable BLs. The shallowest BLs occur at night in spring and summer, and very stable conditions are most common at night in the warm season. Finally, using ERA5 gridded data, we determined that the BL height observed at Hyytiälä is representative of most land areas in southern and central Finland. However, the spatial variability of the BL height is largest during daytime in summer, reducing the area over which BL height observations from Hyytiälä would be representative.

Climate change impacts shifting landscape of the dairy industry in Hawai'i.

Proper knowledge and understanding of climatic variability across different seasons are important in farm management. To learn more about the potential effects of climate change on dairying in Hawaii, we conducted a study on site-specific climate characterization using several variables including rainfall, wind speed (WS), solar radiation, and temperature, at two dairy farms located on Hawai`i Island, Hawai`i, in Ookala named “OK DAIRY” and in Upolu Point named “UP DAIRY.” Temperature–humidity index (THI) and WS variations in the hottest four months (June to September) were analyzed to determine when critical thresholds that affect animal health are exceeded. Rainfall data were used to estimate the capacity of forage production in 6-mo wet (November to April) and dry (May to October) seasons. Future projections of temperature and rainfall were assessed using mid- and end-century gridded data products for low (RCP 4.5) and high emissions (RCP 8.5) scenarios. Our results showed that the “OK DAIRY” site received higher rainfall than the “UP DAIRY” site, favoring grass growth and forage availability. In addition, the “UP DAIRY” site was more stressful for animals during the summer (THI 69 to 73) than the “OK DAIRY” site (THI 67 to 70) as the THI exceeded the critical threshold of 68, which is conducive for high-lactating cattle. On the “UP DAIRY” site, the THI did not drop below 68 during the summer nights, which created fewer opportunities for cattle to recover from heat stress. Future projections indicated that air temperature would increase 1.3 to 1.8 °C by mid-century and 1.6 to 3.2 °C by the end-century at both farms, and rainfall will increase at the “OK DAIRY” site and decrease at the “UP DAIRY” site by the end-century. The agriculture and livestock industries, particularly the dairy and beef subsectors in Hawai`i, are vulnerable to climate changes as higher temperatures and less rainfall will have adverse effects on cattle. The findings in this study demonstrated how both observed and projected changes in climate support the development of long-term strategies for breeding and holistic livestock management practices to adapt to changing climate conditions.

The Social Spaces of Music Traditions in Baghdad before and after Destruction

The Social Spaces of Music Traditions in Baghdad before and after Destruction

Experimental research on the vapor injected photovoltaic-thermal heat pump for heating, power generation and refrigeration

This paper presents a vapor injected photovoltaic-thermal heat pump system (VI-PVTHP), which can take advantages of the vapor injection (VI) heat pump cycle, significantly increase the heating performance of the system. Not only that, but the VI-PVTHP can also be used for refrigeration by effectively use the PVT modules as condenser of the system. As a result, the system can realize three functions of heating, power generation and refrigeration, and can be used to meet building’s heating, electricity and cooling demands. Then a prototype of the VI-PVTHP was established. Based on the test data of the prototype, the performance and operation characteristics of the VI-PVTHP were analyzed. Results show that the system has good operation reliability and considerable heating, power generation and refrigeration performance during the three working conditions of hot water production, winter space heating and summer night refrigeration. Even on cloudy winter days with ambient air temperatures as low as −8.1 °C, the system can produce domestic hot water of 50 °C with an average COP of 2.59. The VI-PVTHP prototype can continuously and stably produce hot water at the temperature of 40 °C which required for space heating, with an average COP of 2.65. The average EER of the VI-PVTHP prototype was 2.12 during the refrigeration test in summer night. The PVT modules can make good use of night sky radiation and air convection for heat dissipation and is suitable for serving as condenser for heat pump. Radiative heat dissipation to sky is the main way of heat dissipation. During the tests, the heat dissipation flux of the PVT module has reached to ∼650 W/m2.

Evaluation of cooling performance of a novel dual-purpose solar thermal collector through numerical simulations

Flat Plate Solar Collector (FPSC) has been popularly used in the US and is typically covered on top with a single-pane glass, known as glazed FPSC, which, however, can only be used for heat collection. This paper aims to develop an innovative dual-purpose solar thermal collector that allows heat collection during daytime and cold collection during night. It was developed from a conventional glazed FPSC by using a double-pane cover on the top that allows water or other liquid flowing in the gap between the two panes to accomplish heat removal, while its heat-collection function will still be retained, which is accomplished similarly to a conventional FPSC through the copper tubes embedded in the absorber plate underneath. Specifically, the cooling performance of the developed collector was evaluated in this study through simulations carried out in the environment of COMSOL Multiphysics. The results show that the average cold collection capacity of the developed collector is between 28.5 and 262.4 W/m2 when used in various climates across the US, e.g., from the hot (e.g., Miami) to cold (e.g., Anchorage) climate zones, respectively, as the result of both convective and radiative cooling during summer nights. This type of collector is more suitable for use in commercial buildings that have a large amount of internal heat gains and located in cool/cold climate cities or regions (such as Climate Zone 5, 6, 7, and 8) with high wind and/or rich precipitation (e.g., Kansas City or Chicago) for space cooling.

The 2022 O’Shaughnessy Poetry Prize Winner

The 2022 O’Shaughnessy Poetry Prize Winner Gerry Murphy The 26th O’Shaughnessy Poetry Prize winner, Gerry Murphy, was born in Cork City and has helped to shape the writing identity of Cork and beyond. He attended University College Cork, where he was part of a resurgence of literary activity under the inspiration of Professor Seán Lucy and John Montague. Among his contemporaries, described by Thomas Dillon Redshaw as “that remarkable generation,” were Thomas McCarthy, Theo Dorgan, Maurice Riordan, Greg Delanty, and Seán Dunne. He is a hugely popular reader of his own work. But “what makes Murphy unique among his contemporaries,” according to the late Ireland Chair of Poetry John Montague, “is his curious integrity, the way he has created an aesthetic out of nearly nothing, ex nihilo.” His many poetry collections include A Small Fat Boy Walking Backwards (1985, 1992), Rio de la Plata and All That (1993), The Empty Quarter (1995), Extracts from the Lost Log-Book of Christopher Columbus (1999), Torso of an Ex-Girlfriend (2002), My Flirtation with International Socialism (2010), and Muse (2015). His latest collection is The Humours of Nothingness (2020). Click for larger view View full resolution [End Page 5] A Note at The End There’s nothing else for itbut to dream steadily,to concentrate on a spotbelow your left earlobetowards the napeof your neck,leave the front door open,a light in the hall,enough room in the bedand hope to wakewith your sleepy ghostsnug beside me. Summer Nights South Channel On Parliament Bridgewe would talk and talkover the churning roar of water,the occasional sigh of traffic.Until the tide turned,swelling darkly in the channel,kissing up under the arch,making the weir shut up. Melville Terrace for hugh Who knows?A hundred years from nowI may still be here.A swallow flitting in and outthrough warping roof-beamsor a rat scrambling acrossa jumble of worm-eaten books,unremittingly cheerful. [End Page 6] Rush Hour I know the pedestrian lightis in your favourand you must go and go now but I want to lingerjust a little longer in your embraceat the corner of Washington Streetand South Main Street. I want to kisseach individual hair of your headfrom root to tipwhile the lights change and change againand the city grinds to a shuddering haltand the sky tilts overto reveal teeming constellations,utterly silent, unbearably distant. After Seferis for theo As you sleep,one eye remains opento the immense choreographiesof the stars,one ear alertto the water frettingat the rudder. [End Page 7] Copyright © 2022 The University of St. Thomas

Warmer summer nocturnal surface air temperatures and cardiovascular disease death risk: a population-based study

BackgroundIn recent summers, some populous mid-latitude to high-latitude regions have experienced greater heat intensity, more at night than by day. Such warming has been associated with increased cause-specific adult mortality....

Investigation of indoor environment and thermal comfort of building installed with bifacial PV modules

In comparison with common PV module, bifacial PV module can increase energy output by installing cells on both sides of the module. Due to the thermoelectric effect in the rear, the impact of bifacial PV module on indoor environment is more complex. To study indoor environment of bifacial PV module as building envelope, a building integrated bifacial PV module was established. Through the experiments and simulation of the PV building, it is found that thermal stratification is obvious at noon in summer, which indicates the bifacial PV module causes a large influence on the indoor temperature. PMV is between -1 and +1 in summer nights and winter days but it becomes poor in sunny days due to the large solar radiation intensity. Additionally, the indoor light environment is studied. The indoor lighting is ideal in general but overlarge when the solar radiation is too strong. For the purpose of improving the indoor comfort, the coverage of PV module was changed and the heat insulation reflective layer was installed behind the PV modules. With the optimization design, the indoor environment has been significantly improved, and the period of annual thermal comfort has increased by 8%.

Field Measurements of Bedroom Environment in Winter and Summer on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Field measurements of the bedroom environment on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was conducted by continuously measuring the air temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 concentration in the bedrooms of 197 residents (100 in winter and 97 in summer) for 7 days. And the daily environmental controls of residents were recorded. The results showed that the night-time thermal environment in bedrooms on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was more warmer and wetter in summer than in winter, but the CO2 concentration was lower in winter. On both winter and summer nights, drops in air temperature, relative humidity and CO2 concentration in the bedrooms were found when doors or windows were opened, increases in relative humidity and CO2 concentration in bedrooms were found when there were more occupants in the bedrooms. This study also found there was a greater reduction of CO2 concentrations when doors or windows were opened in the bedrooms of multiple occupants compared to the bedrooms of a single occupant. And on winter nights, the humidity increase in the bedrooms caused by the action of the humidifier was not affected by the status of doors and windows.

What Are you?

What Are you? Sammee James (bio) What are you? I have spent most of my life being bombarded by people asking about my heritage, experience, credentials, and skills. I have spent thirty-one years on this planet having to prove my worth every day due to the color of my skin and my feminine appearance. I grew up introducing myself as, “My father was Black and my mother was white.” I described myself as caramel, coffee with cream, or a swirl cone to help give everyone the whole picture of living in between two worlds. Being mixed wasn’t a common thing when I was a child so I became an outcast that found solace in being alone so I wouldn’t feel the rejection of losing another friend due to parts of myself I had no control over. I am the light that warms your soul while you sleep in the soft green grass. I am your favorite song at the end of a long, and tiresome day. I am the cool breeze that brings life to a wind chime. I am the perfect swirl ice cream cone on a hot summer night. I spent most of my energy, as a teen, trying to fit in and ever changing my identity in an attempt to be accepted. I have fit myself in every box I have been forced in and have learned to adapt on the spot. Through every personality I showed, I never let myself love. I didn’t think anyone would love someone who didn’t know who they were. I was just a vessel for everyone to use until I finally found myself. I was the sassy, Black friend you saw on TV. I was the drama queen on and off the stage. I was the bolstering{~?~KB: AU: Did you mean “boisterious”?}, loud gal pal that could party with the boys. I accepted every name and label my friends and family put on me because they know me best, right? I am a tight hug that holds you up when nothing makes sense. I am the passion that rings in your ears while your dreams manifest into reality. [End Page 136] I am laughter that vibrates every bone. I came out twice as an adult. I felt supported and comfortable enough to let the world know “I am a proud bisexual!” at twenty. It took almost another ten years to come out as nonbinary. I had to fight the constant negative thoughts that if I was true to myself, no one would love me. I feared having too many differences from the norm to be accepted by friends and family. I hid behind descriptors like “one of the guys” and a tom girl {~?~KB: AU: Tomboy?}to hint that I wasn’t exactly a woman. I was inspired by peers who were their pure self with such confidence and grace. I wanted to shine as bright as them! I slowly chose outfits and styles that would fit my mood that day rather than my gender. I became an art piece that surprised even myself. I gave myself space to experience the mysterious in-between of what society tells us without the shame I was familiar with. I hoped one day, someone would look at me and be inspired. I am the roar of the crowd celebrating you. I am the sigh of relief when you are able to truly smile again. I am the future where hope thrives and love is the universal language. I am the dream of my past, the progress of my present, and the hope for my future. I was taught by society to apologize for my existence. I was shown that being different made you unloveable. I am now living proof that you can be who you are deep down and that freedom will open all the doors of love and acceptance. I live as an example of telling yourself yes after decades of no and the feeling of relief that overwhelms your very soul. Life wasn’t easy for me but I am grateful for the journey, I can love and forgive myself. I can smile through the toughest...

Size-segregated aerosol fluxes, deposition velocities, and chemical composition in an Alpine valley

The paper presents eddy covariance measurements of aerosol fluxes performed above an Alpine pasture in the Camonica Valley (Italian Alps) during summer 2019 and winter 2020. Vertical fluxes and deposition velocities (vds) were computed for nine aerosol size classes, with geometric mean diameters (GMDs) ranging from 10 nm to 0.76 μm, employing a fast-response electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI+, Dekati, FI). At the end of each campaign, the concentration of water-soluble ions was estimated from the ion chromatography chemical speciation performed on the multi-impactor filters. K+ concentrations tripled in winter, evidencing the impact of biomass burning emissions, while nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, and sulphate were ascribed to secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) formation. During summer, classes characterized by downward net daily fluxes presented a high percentage of SIA (> 70%) deposited on the respective filters. Phenomena of growth or coagulation of particles were also detected from the steady increase in concentrations during the day in classes with GMD ≥ 20 nm. Turbulence favoured intense aerosol exchange during the day. During summer nights, low friction velocities (u∗) led to weaker fluxes, while a strong, stable stratification in winter determined aerosol trapping at ground level and non-negligible, mostly negative, fluxes during nighttime. The trends of vds versus aerosol GMDs showed prevailing deposition phenomena under stable atmospheric conditions, with relative humidity higher than or equal to 90%, friction velocity lower than 0.15 m s−1, or wind speed lower than 2 m s−1. Cluster analysis identified groups of days with or without nucleation events and highlighted a rainout effect in summer during a period characterized by intense precipitation.

Preweaning dairy calves' preferences for outdoor access

Adult dairy cattle show a preference for outdoor spaces during summer nights, but little is known about such preferences for dairy calves. Our aim was to determine the preferences of dairy calves for outdoor access during their first 11 wk of age in summer conditions. Calves were paired (n = 10) at 7 d of age and placed in one of 10 pens (7.32 × 2.44 m, deep bedded with bark mulch), each with equally sized outdoor and indoor areas. All feed was provided indoors; calves had ad libitum access to water, hay and concentrate. During the preweaning period, from 5 to 29 d of age, calves were offered 12 L/d of milk divided into 2 feedings. Calves were weaned stepwise, with milk gradually reduced by 1 L/d from d 30 to 35 of age. Calves were fed 6 L/d from 35 to 51 d of age, then milk was again reduced by 1 L/d so that calves were completely weaned by 56 d of age. Calves remained in the trial until, on average (± SD), 72 ± 2 d of age. Pens were continuously video recorded, and behaviors were scored 3 d/wk using 5-min scan samples. Four observers scored whether calves were inside, outside, lying, standing, in the sun or shade (interobserver reliability = 0.97). Sun and shade could not always be detected, so a proportion was calculated as the amount of time in the sun or shade divided by the total time sun or shade was visible. Calves spent approximately one-third of their time outside throughout the experiment, and time spent outside was affected by several factors. Pairs of calves spent less time outside as the amount of rain increased. During the first 6 wk of age, time spent outside increased, but time spent outside decreased between wk 6 and 7, and remained around 200 min/d from wk 7 to 11. Calves with the highest average daily gain and calves that were approximately 50% white appeared to spend more time outdoors. When outside, calves spent similar amounts of time in the sun and shade during the first 8 wk, but after weaning they appeared to spend more time in the shade. When calves were outside they appeared to spend a greater proportion of their time standing than when they were indoors during the first 4 wk. These results indicate that, when given the option in the summer, calves make use of an outdoor space, but this appears to vary with weather, calf age, average daily gain, and coat color.

A Neural Network-Based TEC Model Capable of Reproducing Nighttime Winter Anomaly

With the availability of fast computing machines, as well as the advancement of machine learning techniques and Big Data algorithms, the development of a more sophisticated total electron content (TEC) model featuring the Nighttime Winter Anomaly (NWA) and other effects is possible and is presented here. The NWA is visible in the Northern Hemisphere for the American sector and in the Southern Hemisphere for the Asian longitude sector under solar minimum conditions. During the NWA, the mean ionization level is found to be higher in the winter nights compared to the summer nights. The approach proposed here is a fully connected neural network (NN) model trained with Global Ionosphere Maps (GIMs) data from the last two solar cycles. The day of year, universal time, geographic longitude, geomagnetic latitude, solar zenith angle, and solar activity proxy, F10.7, were used as the input parameters for the model. The model was tested with independent TEC datasets from the years 2015 and 2020, representing high solar activity (HSA) and low solar activity (LSA) conditions. Our investigation shows that the root mean squared (RMS) deviations are in the order of 6 and 2.5 TEC units during HSA and LSA period, respectively. Additionally, NN model results were compared with another model, the Neustrelitz TEC Model (NTCM). We found that the neural network model outperformed the NTCM by approximately 1 TEC unit. More importantly, the NN model can reproduce the evolution of the NWA effect during low solar activity, whereas the NTCM model cannot reproduce such effect in the TEC variation.

Thermal performance analysis of building construction with insulated walls in summer days and nights

Thermal performance analysis of building construction with insulated walls in summer days and nights

Investigating the effect of summer night ventilation on the urban buildings’ thermal and energy performance using numerical approaches

The present study aims to evaluate by simulation means, the effect of different night ventilations rates on the thermal and energy performance of typical building units, located in dense urban areas in Thessaloniki, Greece, both under thermostatic control and free-floating conditions. The numerical assessment is conducted with the dynamic building energy performance simulation model EnergyPlus. A parametric analysis, involving 4 different air flow rates (i.e., 3 ACH, 5ACH, 10ACH, 15ACH) has been carried out for 8 typical building units, located in 4 different urban areas in the city of Thessaloniki, presenting different morphological characteristics. In all cases, single side ventilation has been considered rather than cross ventilation, to evaluate the less optimal, building configuration scenario. The obtained simulation results revealed the significant effect of night ventilation on improving the thermal and energy performance of all the examined building units. Still, the morphological characteristics of the case study areas in which the examined building units are located, also affected the obtained simulation results and the achieved cooling energy savings.

Large urban parks summertime cool and wet island intensity and its influencing factors in Beijing, China

Construction of urban parks has long been proved as an effective way to mitigate urban heat island effect, and better arrangement of green spaces in a city is expected to help regulate urban climate. To provide further empirical evidence and guidance for urban green spaces planning and design, field measurement of summertime air temperature and relative humidity was conducted in and out of 10 large urban parks in Beijing, China. Averaged daytime and nighttime park cool and wet island intensity were 1.09 ℃, 1.48 % and 3.63 ℃, 4.25 % respectively. Parks’ influence on local-scale climate extended as far as over 1km during summer nights, and more effective cooling effects were provided within approximately one-park width. Among all influencing factors, park size plays dominant role in regulating nighttime local-scale climate in parks’ adjacent area, while vegetation coverage around sampling points out of urban parks also has significant contributions, indicating that large urban parks and their surrounding urban greenery interact to affect neighborhood climate. Park size was the only factor found correlated with nocturnal park cool and wet island intensity. Results of this study provide additional information on large urban parks’ local-scale climate effect and give insights to future urban green spaces planning and design practice.