Summer Garden Research Articles

The effects of school gardens on fruit and vegetable consumption at school: A randomized controlled trial with low-income elementary schools in four U.S. states

This randomized controlled trial examines the effects of a school garden intervention on children’s fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption at school over two years. We randomly assigned schools to the intervention group that received gardens and related curriculum (n = 24) or to the waitlist control group that received gardens and curriculum at the conclusion of the study (n = 22). Children in second, fourth, and fifth grade at baseline (n = 2767) in low-income schools (n = 46) in four U.S. States (Arkansas, Iowa, New York, and Washington) participated. The intervention comprised gardens for each classroom; a curriculum focused on nutrition, plant science, and horticulture, including activities and FV tasting sessions; resources for the school that addressed topics such as soil contamination and food safety; an implementation guide focused on issues related to planning, planting, and maintaining the garden through the year, engaging volunteers, summer gardening, building community capacity, and sustaining the gardening program. FV consumption was measured by photographing lunches before and after children ate, for 2–3 days, at baseline and at each of 3 subsequent periods of data collection during the intervention. FV consumption was calculated using Digital Food Image Analysis. Among children in the intervention, fruit consumption and low-fat vegetable consumption increased from pre-garden baseline to post-garden more than among control group children. Garden intervention fidelity (GIF) also predicted changes in dietary intake, with more robust interventions showing a stronger effect than weaker interventions. GIF-lessons was a particularly potent predictor of change in dietary intake. School gardens modestly increase children’s FV consumption at school.

Greening of historically formed recreation areas in small towns of Russia on the example of Udmurtia cities

The preservation and popularization of the historical environment of the city represents the involvement of open spaces in social turnover. The purpose of the work is to characterize the floral design of historically developed urban gardens and parks of Udmurtia cities: Izhevsk, Sarapul, Glazov, Votkinsk. A brief history of the studied objects of culture and recreation is presented. The most important component of the aesthetic appeal of gardens and parks is floral decoration. The emotional state of citizens depends on the quality and decorativeness of the floral decoration of recreation areas. 404 objects of floral decoration were examined using the route method. There are 15 types of floral decoration in the studied area. The features of the typical composition of floral decoration of gardens and parks of Udmurtia cities are noted. A brief description of the qualitative and decorative condition of flower beds is given. The disadvantages of floral design were revealed: poor quality care of plants, flower beds without using the laws of composition, abandoned flower beds of perennials. The positive side can be considered the extensive species composition of perennial flower and ornamental crops. In total, 98 species of ornamental herbaceous plants have been identified and identified in gardens and parks. Annual crops – 27 species, perennial – 71 species. Highly decorative flower beds are marked, only in gardens and parks of Izhevsk. There are 23% of flower beds in the Kirov Central Park and in the Summer Garden named after Gorky's 19% of flower beds have a high decorative rating (4 points). In second place are the flower beds of Glazov gardens and parks. The city parks of Sarapul and Votkinsk have remained at the level of previous decades in terms of their level of well-being, they need to be revitalized in accordance with new concepts of the organization of city parks. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time an assessment was given of the quality and decorativeness of the floral decoration of the historically formed recreation areas of the cities of Udmurtia.

Science in your summer garden

Flowers that form fractals Romanesco cauliflower is mesmerizing. Unlike the boring old regular white cauliflower, romanesco’s buds spiral out in a distinctive fractal pattern. But how this pattern comes about is something biologists have been asking for a long time. A recent study suggests that the pattern may be related to the dynamics of how the florets grow ( Science 2021, DOI: 10.1126/science.abg5999 ). Through a combination of computer modeling and genetic experiments, Christophe Godin , a computational scientist at France’s National Institute for Research in Digital Science and Technology and the University of Lyon, and François Parcy , a plant geneticist at the French National Center for Scientific Research and Grenoble Alpes University, mutated the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to grow in a romanesco-esque flowering pattern. The team found that this change in flowering shape was caused by only one genetic tweak to a cauliflower mutant of the Arabidopsis

Science in your summer garden

Science in your summer garden

VYTEGRA TOWN LICHEN SPECIES SUBJECT TO PROTECTION AND IN NEED OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN THE VOLOGDA REGION

Information is provided on seven Vologda Region's red-listed lichen species discovered in the town of Vytegra, viz. Chaenotheca stemonea, Gyalolechia flavorubescens, Ramalina dilacerata, Ramalina farinacea, Ramalina pollinaria, Ramalina sinensis, and Xanthoria fallax s. l., and on two species in need of biological control, Melanelixia subargentifera and Parmelina tiliacea. Red-listed species were recorded from 17 locations, and species in need of biological control - from three. Red-listed lichen species were found on 15 woody species, 8 of them native and 7 alien. Most of the findings come from linden (Tilia cordata) and white poplar (Populus alba) trees over 100 years old, growing in the town's two historical parks - Culture and Recreation Park ('Summer Garden') and Children's Village. In these parks, 1-3 red-listed species were found on almost every old tree. Both parks are recognized as requiring a conservation status. The numerous later tree plantations, which are now some 45-50 years old, contain much fewer red-listed lichens, which either occur on singular trees or are absent in many localities. In semi-natural habitats, which are very few within Vytegra town administrative boundaries and occupy a small area, 4 red-listed species were found. The red-listed Chaenotheca stemonea, characteristic of old-growth forests, was found only in a remnant piece of a riparian spruce forest.

Vases, Caskets, and Decorative Lamps of the Leningrad Factory of Porcelain in 1956–1966: Context, Attribution, Interpretation

This paper focuses on two stages in the development of post-war production interior porcelain. The first stage is the completion of the development in the decorative and industrial arts of the grand style. The second stage is the development of modern style, which is reflected in the works of mass porcelain. The research refers to the Leningrad Factory of Porcelain and the production of the enterprise from 1956–1966. The products of the plant have not been studied sufficiently so far. However, the factory was one of the many Soviet porcelain enterprises that was involved in the creation of a new living environment. Two stages in the development of industrial art related to the organisation of the residential interior were reflected in the company’s products, i.e. works of small porcelain plastics, utilitarian porcelain, i.e. vases, boxes, bottles, night lamps, etc. The first stage is filled with works of small plastic arts (second half of the 1950s). The second stage is associated with the interior, in which porcelain goods played the role of accents in the interior, emphasising empty space (first half of the 1960s). The author of the article carries out analysis of caskets and vials of the enterprise (40 Years of October caskets, casket with a lion, Matryoshka casket, Summer Garden, a series of bottles and caskets), vases and pots (Lines planters, decorative vases, damask, and stacks), lamps (Chinese Pagoda night light, Golden Cockerel night light). Based on the interpretation of the value of the enterprise in the formation of the interior, the value of products in the processes of transition from the grand style to the modern style, a conclusion is drawn about the importance of the plant in the formation of the living environment. The massive nature of the works of the plant influenced the fact that the current stylistic trends were available to a vast number of Soviet citizens, who perceived new aesthetic norms.

Античные философы в Санкт-Петербурге: визуально-пластическое образование города и человека

The article is devoted to the study of philosophical significance of visual and plastic iconography of ancient philosophers as a special way of education and formation of human image, landscape of the city and culture as a whole. The author seeks to identify and analyze as much as possible the presence of such images in St. Petersburg, primarily in the form of sculptural statues and busts in palaces and parks. For this purpose the article examines what role antique plastic art played in the systems of education and aesthetics of everyday life of in the 18th and 19th centuries men, how and by whom it was perceived, disseminated and propagandized. Particular attention is paid to the history and philosophy of garden art from Ancient Greece to the Enlightenment, since this is where the educational function of the iconography of ancient philosophers (for example, in the Summer Garden and Pavlovsky Park) is expressively revealed. The article uses extensive material to illustrate the peculiarities of ancient art collections and the originality of images of ancient philosophers in European and Russian culture of the 18th–19th centuries.

Experience of using of Vaccinium vitis-idaea l. in the Summer garden in St. Petersburg

The object of study – Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. were planted on the parterre of the Summer garden of St. Petersburg in 2011 in the number of copies 7545 Shrubs were planted in the 3-line with a length of 401 m and a total area 201 m2. The aim of the study is to identify the causes of intensive drying of cowberry shrubs in the Summer garden of St. Petersburg. Six years of experience in the use of cowberries showed that there is a constant decline of these plants. Each year, about 14% of plants dry up, but in some years, the proportion of falloff can be up to 20% of their total number. Planting material comes to the Summer garden from Europe, due to the lack of nurseries in Russia cowberries grown for decorative purposes. The safety of cowberries at the moment is about 62.5%. The obvious cause of drying could not be identified. No significant fungal pathogens were found on leaves and shoots. The dependence of the drop from the ongoing agricultural activities, recreational load, natural light planting, humidity, temperature and chemical composition of the soil is not currently established.
 

Effects of Summer Garden Program on Changes in Diet and Nutrient Intake in Children

Effects of Summer Garden Program on Changes in Diet and Nutrient Intake in Children

Between a Granite Vase and Palace Doors. Once again about the Summer Garden by Anna Akhmatova

[статья и аннотация на русском, аннотации на английском и литовском языках]
 
 Интерпретация стихотворения «Летний сад» в контексте мотивов и образов представителей европейского модернизма находится на периферии интересов исследователей творчества Анны Ахматовой. Между тем сравнительное рассмотрение «Летнего сада» в связи с отдельными текстами Т. С. Элиота, Дж. Джойса и Д. Г. Лоуренса в рамках панхронной проблематики стихотворения позволяет уточнить либо даже оспорить отдельные утверждения ахматоведов. Опираясь на литературные пристрастия в области западноевропейской культуры, озвученные самой Ахматовой (в частности, активный интерес к творчеству Элиота, Джойса и М. Пруста), мы предлагаем ввести некоторые философско-эстетические категории и метафоры названных авторов в качестве инструмента исследования художественного мышления поэтессы. Сопоставление Ахматовой с европейскими модернистами не ограничивается прочтением «Летнего сада». Отдельные замечания касаются «Поэмы без Героя».

Soils of the Summer Garden (Saint Petersburg)

Soils of the Summer Garden—the first regular (French-style) garden in Russia—are characterized on the basis of the materials of field study performed during reconstruction of the garden in 2005–2011. Most of these soils are filled soils—urbostratozems—underlain by the loamy sands deposited in the Littorina Sea or by the buried gray-humus gleyic and gleyed soils. Urbostratozems are characterized by the slightly acid reaction in the topsoil horizons and slightly alkaline reaction in the middle-profile and lower horizons. The humus content in them varies from 0.2 to 6.8%; in the buried gray-humus soils, it is within 1.3–2.6%. The soils of the garden are characterized by the high and extremely high content of available phosphorus and the predominantly low content of available potassium as determined by Machigin’s method. The bulk content of Pb in the surface soil horizons during the period of our study exceeded the maximum permissible concentration by 3–20 times; the bulk contents of Cu and Zn exceeded the tentative permissible concentrations for coarse-textured soils by 2–6 and 4–20 times, respectively. The main sources of the soil contamination by the heavy metals are the nearby highways. Local contaminated area was also found near the household yard.

The Summer Garden Photograph, Or a Barthesian Reading of the Mutable Poetics of Louise Glück

L’article propose une lecture du poeme « A Summer Garden » de la poete americaine contemporaine Louise Gluck. Il est tire de son dernier recueil, Faithful And Virtuous Night (2014), qui confirme un changement de style radical dans le parcours de l’auteure, avec des poemes plus longs, apparemment plus narratifs, et des poemes en prose. Nous nous proposons de lire « A Summer Garden », poeme de deuil, a travers le regard de Roland Barthes qui avait trouve en « la Photo du Jardin d’Hiver » la verite de sa mere, decedee trois ans avant que ne soit publie La Chambre claire en 1980. “A Summer Garden” de Louise Gluck s’ouvre sur la decouverte d’une photographie de la mere de la persona, assise dans un jardin d’ete ou le temps semble s’etre arrete, pris dans l’oscillation et la repetition insistante d’un ete qui semble ne jamais advenir. Nous etudions comment la poetique de Gluck decentre et differe le punctum de sa photographie du jardin d’ete au moyen d’une constellation de deictiques, de signes qui montrent le dehors, le hors-champ. Alors que les pages se noircissent chez Gluck, les multiples ecrans que le poeme met en scene demeurent obstinement vierges, le langage impuissant face a un chagrin que l’ecriture rend paradoxalement impossible.

Sprouting Seeds of Connectedness: Associations between Gardening and Cooking Skills and Youth Connections to Peers, Adults, and Community

This study assessed cross-sectional relationships between cooking and gardening skills and young people's connectedness to their peers, adults in their lives, and their community. Racially/ethnically diverse youth (n=106; ages 7–14, 51 percent female) participated in a summer gardening and cooking Youth Farm program and completed surveys at the end of the program on gardening skills, cooking skills, and connectedness to peers, adults and community. Using descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses, the study assessed associations between cooking and gardening skills with and without adjustment for potential confounding variables. Youth reported high average levels of cooking and gardening skills; skill levels were higher for those who had participated in more summers of Youth Farm programming. Cooking skills were associated with connectedness, but relationships between gardening skills and connectedness measures were less statistically robust. In light of positive outcomes from previous research and associations with connectedness yielded by the present research, multicomponent cooking and gardening programs show great promise for promoting healthy development for diverse, urban youth.

Monitoring, Restoration and Maintenance of Aged Trees in Summer and Mikhailovsky Gardens of St. Petersburg

The image of the Summer Garden is inseparable from the image of St. Petersburg. It was survived together with the city of the period of formation, rapid flourishing, change of rulers, change, economic systems, natural and military disasters. In June 2009, Russian Museum proceeded to largest restoration on the reconstruction of the memorial ensemble of the Summer garden. The article presents the results of inspection condition of old-growth trees in Summer and Mikhailovsky Gardens and analyze inventory data from 1962 to 2014, the dynamics of change in the number of trees.

Summer Garden Programs Improve Children’s Food Knowledge and Preferences: Evidence Using Stated and Revealed Preference Measures

One reason for excessive body weight among youth is poor eating choices. Garden-based programs have the potential to educate children about fruits and vegetables and healthy eating generally, and improve their food preferences. This study examines the impacts of two community-based summer garden programs in Atlanta, GA, on children aged 5–14 years (n = 71). These programs spanned 1 to 2 weeks and included daily gardening activities and nutritional education. The study employs a pre- and postprogram questionnaire and a food choice experiment to evaluate changes in knowledge about and preferences for healthy and unhealthy foods. Results show that the programs substantially and significantly increased knowledge about nutrients (P < 0.01), plants (P < 0.1), and healthy foods (P < 0.01). The programs also increased the number of fruits and vegetables participants tried (P < 0.1) and their propensity to make healthy choices in the food experiment (P < 0.1). Regression analysis shows program impacts on plant knowledge (P < 0.1) and fruits and vegetables tried (P < 0.1) to be lower for African American children (n = 38) and all other program impacts to be statistically homogenous. At least in the short term, garden programs such as these can alter children’s preferences and decisions regarding healthy eating. More research is needed to see if these effects persist and ultimately improve health outcomes into adulthood.

On an introduced weevil Polydrusus formosus (Mayer) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae: Entiminae) in the Summer Garden, St. Petersburg

In the summer of 2015, Polydrusus formosus was found in the Summer Garden, St. Petersburg on Tilia cordata in the trellises and berceau restored in 2011. This weevil was known in the European part of the former USSR only in Moldova and Crimea. The finding of 6 individuals of Polydrusus formosus only on the linden trellises may be due to an unintended introduction of the weevils (probably only a single fertilized female) with the plants from Germany and maintenance of the population in the Summer Garden for already five years.

Summer Gardening in Urban Settings in Canada: Lessons Learned & Sharing Experiences

In light of the fact that urban areas are, in general, responsible for about 75 percent of global energy consumption and 80 percent of global emissions, and as cities continue to grow that they will have a crucial impact on global climate change mitigation efforts, this article shares the lessons learned and experience gained though Summer Gardening in an urban setting in Winnipeg in Manitoba, Canada in 2013 on a number of key aspects, including household food and water security, climate change, carbon footprint, ecosystem management and indigenous knowledge etc. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jepsl.v3i2.7847 Journal of Environmental Professionals Sri Lanka: 2014 Vol. 3 No. 2: 60-71

VÝVOJ ZAHRADNÍHO UMĚNÍ 18. STOLETÍ V SANKT PETĚRBURGU A SROVNÁNÍ S HLAVNÍMI EVROPSKÝMI VZORY

The 18th century was the period when the Russian empire started to open to the western culture. The economic and cultural development of this country started after the reforms of the emperor Petr I. Large number of the imperial palaces where built after the foundation of Santk Petersburg in 1703. Peter I was a big admirer of the western culture, his knowledge about it increased during two visits through Europe. Therefore, the formal gardens and baroque palaces built during the reign of Peter the Great are called Peter’s baroque.Until 1715 were all Russian gardens influenced by the Holland pattern like the palaces built by William of Orange in Holland – Het Loo and in England part of the Hampton Court. The first garden laid out in formal style in Sankt Petersburg was the Summer Garden – located in the architectural heart of the city. Gardens of this period were characteristic by small closed ground plan surrounded by water canals, an absence of using terrace as a symbol of majesty and highest point of view and finally by modest architecture. After the second visit of Peter I to Europe, he started to use all principles of the French formal gardens based on Andre Le Notre work. Palaces like Petrodvorets, Strelna and residence of first minister Alexander Menshikov in Oranienbaum were laid out on a natural terrace overlooking the Gulf of Finland. During the reign Elizabeth Petrovna started a huge expansion of palaces Petrodvorets, Hermitage and Tsarskoe Selo by the Italian architect Francisco Bartolomeo Rastrelli, whose combinations of rich ornaments, soft unusual colours and white columns are symbol of Russian baroque of the middle of 18th century. Moreover, F. B. Rastrelli also rebuilt some garden pavilions giving a new dimension of composition between buildings and garden. His sense of buildings soft colours in contras to the dark colours of north nature was very important and helped to improve Russian garden design of this time.After the start of reign Catherine II in 1761 begun new period of architectural style – Classicism and English Landscape School. At first was rebuilt a part of the formal gardens in Tsarskoe Selo for which was used the composition of the famous Stowe Park as a pattern. Others built landscape parks were Pavlovsk, Gatchina and Alexandrowski Park. In the process of creating those imperial residences were used principles of the work of William Kent, with antique temples, also Lancelot Brown’s famous nature scenery. Moreover, the compositions of landscape parks are good examples of oriental and neo-gothic pavilions. Russian formal gardens and landscape parks are inseparable part of European art in 17th and 18th century. They composition content basic characteristic of French baroque and English landscape school together with different elements originated as a adaptation to the specific climatic conditions of this region.

Ghazal: Tangle

Ghazal:Tangle Shadab Zeest Hashmi (bio) Lorelei’s mythic hair, her combing song, caused sailors to find their fate in a tangleTo make a woman, you must first wring her neck, said Picasso. Line, bait, tangle Woman, sacrificed, is eaten whole by love gods, household gods, land and sea godsBerenice, Ptolemy’s bride, lopped o√ her braid for a god, to save her mate in a tangle The story ends worse for most but Berenice’s sacrificial locks, prized, became starsin an iridescent cluster. On a clear night you might see that love agitate the tangle Strange, the flame in Rabia Basri’s metaphor became Napoleon’s bomb in CairoThis Sufi’s Heaven burned when the library burned; metaphor in a state of tangle You pour a cup of chai, Zeest, then another and another to thaw a frozen loveThat summer garden was a figment. Its floral pendants: dead weight in a tangle [End Page 23] Shadab Zeest Hashmi Shadab Zeest Hashmi’s Baker of Tarifa, a book based on the history of interfaith tolerance in Al Andalus (Muslim Spain), won the 2011 San Diego Book Award for poetry. Her poems have been nominated for the Pushcart Prize multiple times, translated into Spanish and Urdu, and have appeared in Poetry International, Nimrod, The Cortland Review, RHINO, and elsewhere. She represents Pakistan on UniVerse: A United Nations of Poetry and has taught in the mfa program at San Diego State University as a writer-in-residence. She is a guest columnist for 3 Quarks Daily. Kohl and Chalk is her new book of poems. Copyright © 2014 University of Nebraska Press

“There's Millions in It!”: The Gilded Age and the Economy of Satire

“There's Millions in It!”: <i>The Gilded Age</i> and the Economy of Satire