Summer Evening Research Articles

Seasonal and diurnal variations in leaf aroma volatiles of Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T. Nees & Eberm as evidenced from metabolite profiling, histochemical and ultrastructural analyses.

Though the leaves of Cinnamomum tamala is extensively employed in culinary applications due to its rich aroma and therapeutic properties, the produce exhibits variability in composition and contents of leaf essential oil due to fluctuations in climatic conditions and harvesting time. This work evaluated the impact of seasonal and diurnal variations on the composition and contents of aroma volatiles in the mature leaves of C. tamala. In summer, the profile of aroma volatile was dominated by phenylpropanoids (112.96±24.11μg/g of freeze-dried leaf tissue) while in winter monoterpenes (58.45±8.194μg/g of freeze-dried leaf tissue) acquired the dominance. The variability in the contents of primary metabolites was shown to be influenced by the harvesting season and time. Organic acids and sugars showed highest accumulation in leaves harvested during summer evening and winter morning, respectively. Histochemical study showed the presence of lipids and terpenes in the secretory cells as revealed through sudan III and NaDi staining. The ontogeny of secretory oil cells that accumulate essential oil were elucidated through ultrastructural study.

Nishant Singh.

"The most exciting thing about my research is the totally crazy and unexpected stuff which you never thought would happen thanks to this little universe of self-assembly. You plan something and the chemistry gods have something else planned for you (almost always more exciting)… My favorite time of day is late summer evenings…" Find out more about Nishant Singh in his Introducing… Profile.

Preventing poaching in marine protected areas: A crime script analysis to inform interventions

Ubiquitous poaching poses a persistent challenge to marine protected areas (MPAs) management. The global consensus to protect 30% of the ocean by 2030 has heightened the importance of effective MPA management. However, the law enforcement capacity for open-access common pool issues is frequently constrained. There remains an ongoing imperative to expand the knowledge on how to combat poaching. Drawing from environmental criminology approaches, this paper illustrates crime scripts of documented poaching cases in Taiwan's MPAs over the past decade to detail crime commission process and develops prevention strategies. We identify that poachers were often involved shore-based diving, shoreline handpicking and poaching by boats during clear summer evenings in easily accessible MPAs. To prevent marine poaching, suggested key interventions include managing access and exists, controlling fishing equipment, rationally deploying patrolling capacity and natural surveillance measures, creating traceable seafood supply chains, and increasing public vigilance and awareness. Environmental criminology approaches make poaching predictable and enable the precise allocation of law enforcement resources at a certain level. To further improve effectiveness of prevention strategies, we highlight the need to periodically review crime scripts and associated policies when new cases are identified. In addition, incorporating techniques from the best practices in MPA management into prevention strategies can also enhance the effectiveness of environmental criminology approaches in MPA poaching. This paper can inform the development of interventions and enhancing the management of MPAs toward global objectives.

Beyond the merit order effect: Impact of the rapid expansion of renewable energy on electricity market price

A drop in the average electricity market price owing to renewable energy with low marginal costs has been identified and explored as merit order effect. However, diffusion of variable renewable energy leads to concerns about the need for flexibility, decline of supply capacity, and volatility increase of electricity prices. For both decarbonization and stable electricity systems, understanding the drivers of market price is critical, but it is challenging because electricity markets are non-linear and affected by multiple factors. Hence, this research proposes a model based on machine learning techniques and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) and estimates the multi-directional impact of renewable energy on the Japanese electricity market. The results reveal that the contribution of demand to market price is the largest, followed by solar generation and operable power facility capacity. This research identifies a large decline in the price triggered by solar power during the daytime; however, the effect of solar power varies by the time of day, season, and demand. Additionally, the results suggest that the market price increases when demand is high and solar generation is low, such as during summer evenings. Using XAI, this study quantitatively and visually demonstrated that interactions between solar power, demand, and operable power facility capacity are the key factors behind the high market volatility and price surge. It is important to manage the pace of plant installation and energy transition. Our study provides insights into how and when the market price changes with variable renewable energy and other policy-making factors.

Rustem Yakhin. Music for children: on the question of the embodiment of the national

The article reviews the children’s music of the outstanding Tatar composer Rustem Yakhin. Three piano cycles (“Three Pieces”, “Pictures of Nature”, “Summer Evenings”), individual children’s pieces and arrangements of folk songs are analysed. A characteristic feature of Yakhin’s work is the synthesis of European traditions with elements of Tatar musical folklore. The characteristics of the implementation of the national style in children’s music are considered. The originality of the melodic, rhythmic and harmonic structures chosen by the composer is emphasized.

Ionospheric Global and Regional Electron Contents in Solar Cycles 23–25

The Earth’s ionosphere experiences forcing from above and below and varies in different periods. We analyzed the dynamics of the ionospheric global and regional electron contents (GEC and REC) in solar cycles 23/24 (SC23/SC24) and the first part of solar cycle 25 (SC25). We considered several methodological issues for GEC calculations and created a tool to compute GEC and made it available through SIMuRG (System for Ionosphere Monitoring and Research from GNSS). The paper shows the asymmetry of GEC dynamics in different solar cycles. The mid-latitude summer evening anomaly disrupted the diurnal REC variation in the Siberian region under solar minima. The mean GEC showed similar dependence on the F10.7 index in SC25 and SC23/SC24. The difference in solar cycles could prevent reliable forecasting for GEC for the next solar cycle. Our model, based on a neural network, could predict GEC dynamics in SC25 accurately when we input the F10.7 index.

Reflections on Leonard J. Arrington

Reflections on Leonard J. Arrington

Between Empathy and Antagonism: Subjective Imagination in the Situationist Drakabygget

In the summer of 1963, a group of Northern European artists known as the Scandinavian Bauhaus Situationists – or Drakabygget, named after the farm in southern Sweden where the group was based – mounted an exhibition entitled Drakabyggarna, at the Galerie St. Nicolaus in Vejbystrand, Sweden (Fig. 1). Although scant information exists regarding the specific works on display, it consisted largely of expressionist paintings, drawings, and collages.1 Yet, on a warm summer evening in August 1965, the same group of artists paraded through the Strøget, Copenhagen’s high street, accompanied by the Danish folk musicians Caesar and Paul Dissing, who performed as part of a spectacle featuring between 80 and 300 folk singers, as thousands of people danced and sang in the streets around them. Sadly, scant visual records exist documenting the event – referred to as ‘the Situationist life, song and love’, and it came to an end when local authorities arrived to shut down the eruption of public revelry.2

Experimental investigation of the tropospheric temperature gradient with Flightradar24

Sitting on the terrace on a warm summer evening and looking up at the sky, we often wonder where an airplane is going to fly. Based on the observed flight direction, we can make assumptions, but rarely check if they are really correct. The app Flightradar24 offers the possibility to confirm our assumptions. For this purpose, you just need to target the aircraft with your smartphone or tablet and then you will get augmented reality (AR) information for the flight displayed in the live image (Fig. 1): takeoff and destination, distance to the observer, airline, and type and photo of the aircraft. By tapping on the AR window, more detailed information on the flight times, the distance traveled, and the exact flight route is displayed on a map (Fig. 2). In this way, data of particular physical interest can also be retrieved, namely the aircraft’s current altitude, its speed, its position, the prevailing wind speed, and the outside temperature. This corresponds to a retrieval of measurement data, so that the app can also be used for physical quasi-experiments. At this point, the investigation of the temperature profile of the troposphere will be described. Many further quantitative analyses can be found in Ref. 2. This approach to modeling also provides an example of handling real data in the sense of data literacy.

A Return to the Commons: An Eco-Marxist Reading of Jewett's “The Gray Mills of Farley” and Rebecca Harding Davis’ Life in the Iron Mills

A Return to the Commons: An Eco-Marxist Reading of Jewett's “The Gray Mills of Farley” and Rebecca Harding Davis’ <i>Life in the Iron Mills</i>

The Fire and Sermon

The Fire and Sermon Abhay K. (bio) After T.S. EliotThe river’s soul is slashed: its five fingersFractured and dammed with an imaginary border. The windCrosses back and forth the ancient land, unhindered. The saint has departed.Sweet Indus, flow gently, till I sing again.The river bears no blood stains, partition papers,Silk flags, passports, blue or greenOr other remains of dark midnights. The saint has departed.And their successors, the drifting souls of the subcontinent;The departed have left only their words of wisdom.By the lost waters of Sarasvati1 I sit down and weep . . .Sweet Indus, flow gently till I sing again,Sweet Indus, flow gently, for I tread rough terrain.I hear explosions in Pokhran2The split of the atoms, shockwaves ripping the world apart. Violent storms blew through the desertDrowning villages and cities in sandWhile I was strolling at Bandra bandstandOn a hot summer evening in BombayThe desert shook again, this time in Quetta3 [End Page 291] While I was grazing a cowherd in BalochistanDust rose in the sky turning the day into nightAnd the dry hot winds from the desert destroyedAll the sunflowers from Peshawar to Kanyakumari.But from time to time I hear talks of sunflowersBeing revived or of planting a new crop of similar kindWhich will grow as fast and shine as bright.O the sun shines bright in the desertAnd there is no waterWe drink only milk and eat only dessertSarve bhavantu sukhin, sarve santu niamayahSarve bhadrani pashyantu, ma kaschit dukh bhag bhavet! 4 Ram Ram Sita RamHare Krishna Hare HareIshwar Allah Tero NamSabko Sanmati De Bhagwan 5 Eternal CityUnder the smog of a November noonMrs. Kaul, the Civil ServantBright as ruby, in her finest SariStitched in Benares by Banke Bihari,Asked me gently in HinglishTo dine at the India International CentreFollowed by a luminous night at a five-star hotel. At the midnight hour, when the world sleepsTurning and tossing in beds, when the humanity recuperatesLike a frog hibernating in winter,I, Lord Mountbatten, though blind, swinging across the subcontinent, [End Page 292] Partitioned with a pen on paper, can seeAt the midnight hour, the sun setting over the British EmpireHeading homeward, as the sailor returns home from sea,It’s teatime in London, time to make one’s own breakfast, lightOne’s own stove, and to open canned tin food.Of the vast empireOver which the Sun never set,What has been left?Souvenirs, loot, kohinoor, and maps?I, Mountbatten, now an old man with wrinkled skinForesaw what was coming, and left the scene—All awaited that expected moment.Nehru, the impatient man with the gift of gab, arrived,The last Englishman, Macaulay’s true son,One of a kind the British could trustSomeone who could speak the language, a confidante.The propitious hour arrived at midnight, as he agreed,The Raj ended, India woke up from centuries of slumber,for its tryst with destinybut broken and limping.Partitioned and bleeding, assaulted by invadersand tribesmen heavily armed;inviting immediate response,that made a substantial difference.(And I, the Time, have foreseen it allEnacted on this same ancient land of Bharat;I have fought in Kurukshetra and KarnalAnd walked among the dead after the great war of Mahabharat.)I Mountbatten deliver my final farewell speech,And grope my way, after the sunset (on the Empire), to the sea . . . [End Page 293] India heaves a sigh of relief,Fully aware of its new found freedom;Its numb amputated body feels a streak of terror:It must move on: now what’s done is done.When even great men stoop to folly andCommit despicable acts partitioning the landIt wipes tears with its tender left hand,And sobs silently alone at dawn. A new music plays in the Moghul gardensAnd along the Rajpath, up the Central Secretariat.O Delhi o Delhi, I can sometimes hearBeside a public monument at the India Gate,The pleasant sounds of the...

Quantifying Mechanisms of Aeolian Dust Emission: Field Measurements at Etosha Pan, Namibia

AbstractDetermining the controls on aeolian dust emissions from major sources is necessary for reliable quantification of atmospheric aerosol concentrations and fluxes. However, ground‐based measurements of dust emissions at‐source are rare and of generally short duration, failing to capture the annual cycle. Here, we provide new insights into dust dynamics by measuring aerosol concentrations and meteorological conditions for a full year (July 2015–June 2016) at Etosha Pan, Namibia, a globally significant dust source. Surface deployed field instrumentation provided 10‐min averaged data on meteorological conditions, aerosol concentration (mg/m3), and horizontal dust flux (g/m2/min10). A Doppler lidar provided additional data for some of the period. 51 significant dust events were identified in response to strong E‐ENE winds. We demonstrate that these events occurred throughout the year and were not restricted to the austral winter, as previously indicated by satellite observations. Peak horizontal flux occurred in the spring (November) due to strengthening erosive winds and highly desiccating conditions increasing surface erodibility. We identify a strong seasonal differentiation in the meteorological mechanisms controlling dust uplift; low‐level jets on dry winter mornings (61% of all events), and cold pool outflows in humid summer evenings (39% of events). Significantly, we demonstrate a very strong bias toward the contribution of low frequency and high magnitude events, with nearly 31% of annual horizontal dust flux generated by only 6 individual events. Our study demonstrates how longer‐term (≈1 year), ground‐based, and at‐source field measurements can radically improve interpretations of dust event dynamics and controls at major source locations.

In This Issue

On summer evenings, LeGrande Davies and his grandfather Otto Kesler loved to sit outside their Cove Fort home and watch the sunset, while a group of coyotes began its serenade. Davies recalled that “‘Grandpa would always say, “Ah. Can't they sing well. Can't they sing well.” There was a peacefulness that would come because the wind quits blowing in the evening.’” So notes Rebecca Andersen in the opening article of the spring 2022 Utah Historical Quarterly, which focuses on land in the Intermountain West and a handful of the entities—whether personal, familial, or corporate—that have made a living off it. The action in this issue takes place mainly in Utah but also in Nevada, Wyoming, and other neighboring states, on the traditional homelands of Indigenous tribes, a testament to the reality that watersheds, economies, and interpersonal networks do not always adhere to neat political boundaries.In 1903, William Henry Kesler moved his family to Cove Fort. Ira N. Hinckley had built the fort, located in Millard County at an elevation of some six thousand feet, in 1867. By the time Kesler arrived, it was almost a ruin. But over the course of the twentieth century, generations of Keslers renovated and cared for Cove Fort and the land it occupied, using it as a ranch, way station, and destination for tourists. Drawing from oral histories, Andersen contextualizes the Keslers’ experience within the broader changes of the twentieth century as the family “fought to maintain sense of autonomy, a way of life and understanding of the past that shaped their identity and relationship to the land.”Next, Sara Dant presents an extensively researched history of log drives along the Weber River and other waterways. A regional market for timber grew in the final decades of the nineteenth century, stimulated in large part by the development of railroads and mines. Entrepreneurs in Utah and elsewhere answered this demand by cutting thousands of trees in mountain forests and driving the hewn logs down river to their next destination. As Dant observes, “In the arid West, water is the essential element,” providing both sustenance and “highways of timber commerce and trade.” This financially significant industry also had a negative impact on the region's forests and waterways, a fact that was observed by Albert Potter, Reed Smoot, and others.Our third article continues the theme of regional resource extraction with William Parry's account of William S. Godbe's mining activities. From the 1860s onward, Godbe and his eight sons were deeply involved in the mineral development of Utah and Nevada. The Godbe men opened mines, combed through tailings, founded companies, created new chemical processes, and much more in their search for mineral wealth. In these endeavors, they met with only partial success and, unfortunately, damaged their own health and, presumably, the health of their employees and the land.Laurie Bryant rounds out the issue with an article that pieces together the history of Utah's first hospital for the mentally ill: an institution run both publicly and privately that had a decidedly rocky career and became part of the religious and cultural tensions that were so present in late-nineteenth-century Salt Lake City. In reconstructing a history of the asylum, Bryant also pays tribute to its patients—people who endured much and yet whose lives were infinitely valuable.

Present and future land surface and wet bulb temperatures in the Arabian Peninsula

The Arabian Peninsula exhibits extreme hot summers and has one of the world’s largest population growths. We use satellite observations and reanalysis as well as climate model projections to analyze morning and evening land surface temperatures (LSTs), to refer to processes at the surface, and wet bulb temperatures (WBTs) to measure human heat stress. We focus on three regions: the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, the inland capital of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh and the irrigated agricultural region in Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia. This study shows that the time of day is important when studying LST and WBT, with current and future WBT higher in the early summer evenings. It also shows that the effect of humidity brought from waterbodies or through irrigation can significantly increase heat stress. Over the coasts of the Peninsula, humidity decreases LST but increases heat stress via WBT values higher than 25 °C in the evening. Riyadh, located in the heart of the Peninsula has lower WBT of 15 °C–17.5 °C and LST reaching 42.5 °C. Irrigation in the Al-Jouf province decreases LST by up to 10° with respect to its surroundings, while it increases WBT by up to 2.5°. Climate projections over the Arabian Peninsula suggest that global efforts will determine the survivability in this region. The projected increase in LST and WBT are +6 °C and +4 °C, respectively, in the Persian Gulf and Riyadh by the end of the century, posing significant risks on human survivability in the Peninsula unless strict climate mitigation takes place.

Can wind and solar replace coal in Texas?

Texas has seen a rapid decline in coal use in recent years, but still burns more coal and emits more carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide than any other state. Coal’s share of power generation in the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) system that covers most of the state fell to 20 percent in 2019, while wind grew to 20 percent and solar to 2 percent. Here, we investigate the potential for new wind and solar projects already proposed in the ERCOT interconnection queue as of June 2020 to replace the coal power that remained in 2019. The Wind Integration National Data Set (WIND) Toolkit is used to simulate the output of each wind project, and the System Advisor Model to simulate solar output, for 3 years of meteorological conditions. Mixed integer cost-optimization modeling finds that a portfolio of just 72 of the 108 wind projects and 42 of the 262 solar projects in the queue would be sufficient to replace most coal generation in ERCOT, leaving 10 percent of coal output uncovered and generating larger surpluses at other times. The complementary timing of solar and wind in Texas, with sunshine peaking midday and winds peaking overnight in the west and on summer evenings near the coast, enables these high levels of displacement to be achieved. In fact, the wind and solar portfolio would outproduce retired coal on summer afternoons when demand peaks, leaving small gaps in evenings and shoulder seasons when demand is lower.

Experts Argue for Ending Seasonal Time Change

Experts Argue for Ending Seasonal Time Change

Ionospheric Topside Diffusive Flux and the Formation of Summer Nighttime Ionospheric Electron Density Enhancement Over Millstone Hill

AbstractIonospheric F‐region electron density is anomalously higher in the evening than during the daytime on many occasions in the summer in geomagnetic mid‐latitude regions. This unexpected ionospheric diurnal variation has been studied for several decades. The underlying processes have been suggested to be related to meridional winds, topside influx arising from sunset ionospheric collapse, and other factors. However, substantial controversies remain unresolved. Using a numerical model driven by the statistical topside O+ diffusive flux from the Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar data, we provide new insight into the competing roles of topside diffusive flux, neutral winds, and electric fields in forming the evening density peak. Simulations indicate that while meridional winds, which turn equatorward before sunset, are essential to sustain the daytime ionization near dusk, the topside diffusive flux is critically important for the formation and timing of the summer evening density peak.

Temporality and Texture in the Performance of George Crumb’s Music for a Summer Evening

Music for a Summer Evening (Makrokosmos III, 1974) for two amplified pianos and percussion by George Crumb is one of the first works written after 1945 to use the same ensemble inaugurated by Béla Bartók in his Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion. The aim of this article is to examine the relationship between temporality and texture in the performance of Music for a Summer Evening. The highly diversified textures in terms of colour and density, as well as the tempo palette offer performers a high degree of freedom in their interpretation. Seven recorded performances of the work, covering a period of more than forty years (1975–2017) are compared according to the methods I developed during previous studies (Lalitte, Philippe. 2015. Analyser l’interprétation de la musique du XXe siècle. Une analyse d’interprétations enregistrées des Dix pièces pour quintette à vent de György Ligeti. Paris: Hermann; Lalitte, Philippe. 2018. “L’interprétation de Sopiana pour flûte, piano et bande de François-Bernard Mâche.” In François-Bernard Mâche: Le poète et le savant face à l’univers sonore, edited by Geneviève Mathon and Marta Grabocz, 299–318. Paris: Hermann; Lalitte, Philippe, and Vincent Grepel. 2017. “Prêt-à-porter ou coupe sur mesure? Liberté et contraintes dans l’interprétation de la Sequenza III de Berio.” Filigrane 22.). The article sheds light on issues such as the fidelity to the score, the singularity of some interpretations, the impact of texture on the temporality of performance, and the potential effect of the number of musicians in the ensemble.

ПОЕТИЧНІ Й ПРОЗОВІ ТВОРИ МИКОЛИ ВІНГРАНОВСЬКОГО В АНГЛОМОВНИХ ПЕРЕКЛАДАХ

The article examines the poetry and fiction by Mykola Vingranovskyj in English translations. Attention is paid to the chronological sequence of translations, the figures of translators and the works selected for translation, their equivalence to the original. The first translation of M. Vingranovskyj's fiction (the short story "White Flowers") appeared with the assistance of Yu. Lutsky in Canada and aimed at popularizing Ukrainian literature among students. The short story opens the extremely lyrical world of Mykola Vingranovskyj, where the story revolves not around the event, but around the feelings, which brings the short story closer to poetry. The novella was included to the anthology (Modern Ukrainian Short Stories, 1973) as the example of the prose of the sixties (shistdesyatnyky), which departed from socialist-realist ideological canons and turned to the emotional and expressive potential of artistic language. The translation of Yuri and Moira Lutsky is marked by the desire to convey as fully as possible the author's individual style, including figurative metaphor, to create a text equivalent to the original in communicative orientation. The collection Summer Evening (1987), translated by Anatoliy Bilenko, was published after M. Vingranovskyj was awarded the Taras Shevchenko National Prize of Ukraine (1984). The collection includes stories for children's audiences, conveying children's perception of the world: Chest, Shaggi, The Gosling, Good Night, What Makes the World Spin, Summer Evening. A. Bilenko's translations are notable for the adequacy of the reproduction of artistic and stylistic features of the original, semantic equivalence. Some translated poems, which emphasize the civic component (Sistine Madonna, To My Sea, On the Golden Table, The First Lullaby, Star Prelude) were included to the anthology of Ukrainian poetry (Anthology of Soviet Ukrainian Poetry, 1982), and Russian translators were involved in translating the poems (Dorian Rottenberg, Michael McGreg), which significantly reduced the artistic value of poetry. During the times of independent Ukraine, competitions for translations to the writer's anniversaries were initiated. However, translated works have not been published in collections and anthologies. Active work on translations of M. Vingranovskyj's works is still ahead.

Application of phase change material in thermal energy storage systems

The energy sustainability is one of the recent fields of research among scientist and engineers throughout the world. Solar energy is abundantly available and can be used to generate power. A major problem faced by technologies using solar radiation for energy generation is the unavailability of sunlight during night hours or when the sky-view has been obstructed by natural weather phenomena such as rain, cloudy weather, etc. Solar energy is not always produced at the peak power usage times which usually occurs during summer afternoons and evenings. To firm renewables, that is, to ensure energy on-demand irrespective of the time of the day is one of the biggest challenges facing the energy industry. Storing energy can contribute to smoothing out variations attributed to the amount of sunlight incident onto concentrating solar-thermal power systems or photovoltaic systems and allow for smoother flow of energy on the grid. Latent heat thermal energy storage system (LHTES) is one of the vital ways to store thermal energy with the help of phase change materials (PCM). The current paper gives an overview about the LHTES, and different methods of enhancing the thermal conductivity of PCM.