Summer Course Research Articles

Reflections on co-researching AI literacy

Students as Partners (SaP) approaches have gained more and more traction in higher education in recent years (Dai & Matthews, 2022). Rooted in values such as reciprocity and shared responsibility, SaP can offer opportunities for internationalizing the curriculum and departing from traditional teacher-student hierarchies (Green & Baxter, 2022). This case study focuses on a SaP project involving international students and their English for Academic Purposes (EAP) teacher, which investigated artificial intelligence (AI) literacy during a UK pre-sessional course in summer 2023. The project identified that learning about the limitations of AI, in addition to developing skills for effective prompt writing, was beneficial to students (Partridge et al, 2023). This case study reflects on the challenges and benefits of SaP for both students and the teacher using the Advance HE (2016) Framework for Student Engagement Through Partnership. Based on these reflections, the case study offers recommendations for future SaP projects including effective scheduling, defining roles, engaging in continual reflection, and formally recognising student input.

Ten Years of the Synthetic Biology Summer Course at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.

The Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) Summer Course on Synthetic Biology, established in 2013, has emerged as a premier platform for immersive education and research in this dynamic field. Rooted in CSHL's rich legacy of biological discovery, the course offers a comprehensive exploration of synthetic biology's fundamentals and applications. Led by a consortium of faculty from diverse institutions, the course structure seamlessly integrates practical laboratory sessions, exploratory research rotations, and enriching seminars by leaders in the field. Over the years, the curriculum has evolved to cover essential topics such as cell-free transcription-translation, DNA construction, computational modeling of gene circuits, engineered gene regulation, and CRISPR technologies. In this review, we describe the history, development, and structure of the course, and discuss how elements of the course might inform the development of other short courses in synthetic biology. We also demonstrate the course's impact beyond the lab with a summary of alumni contributions to research, education, and entrepreneurship. Through these efforts, the CSHL Summer Course on Synthetic Biology remains at the forefront of shaping the next generation of synthetic biologists.

A summer course in cancer for high school students-an update on lessons taught and lessons learned

BackgroundPrevious graduate students and postdoctoral associates from the University of Florida Health Cancer Center, in partnership with the University of Florida Student Science Training Program, implemented a cooperative learning curriculum, providing high school students with a broad overview of cancer topics over six weeks over the summer. To address discussions necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic on student autonomy, we report lessons learned and outcomes of a cancer biology and therapeutic curriculum modified for a collaborative learning environment.MethodsThis pre-post longitudinal observational study conducted in 2023 on a cancer biology and therapeutics course evaluated students’ knowledge retention and general awareness and opinions in cancer research. A structured survey was employed for data collection, using learning assessment surveys and the Likert scale ranging from 1 to 10, with 10 being highly likely.ResultsStudent performance tracked over a 7-year period indicated consistency in performance between years. Post-assessment analysis revealed significant improvements in student benchmark understanding, notably in their ability to define cancer in one sentence (p = 0.0407), identify cancer therapies (p = 0.0040), and recognize cancer hallmarks (p < 0.0001). An increased trend in median response to the likelihood of pursuing cancer research (p = 0.8793) and the possibility of pursuing cancer research (p = 0.4874) were also observed, although not statistically significant. Moreover, feedback from participating students indicated that “the educational activities at the end of class (e.g., escape room, case studies)” and “learning about cancer and getting to work in groups…” the curriculum fostered a positive educational learning environment.ConclusionStudents generally retained the course material presented and upheld a positive perception of the course. Incorporating opportunities for peer-to-peer learning, especially when introducing or discussing complex issues like cancer, may benefit student autotomy.

LECTURER'S COMMUNICATION ATTRACTIVENESS AND STUDENT CREATIVITY IN THAI SUMMER COURSE PROGRAM

This study aims to measure and analyze facts about the relationship between the lecturer's communication attractiveness in the Summer Course program in Thailand and student creativity in the study of culture tourism. The method used is quantitative; to measure the correlation, the researcher used the Correlation Analysis Test using IBM SPSS Statistics 23 software. The results of the research show that there is a significant correlation between the lecturer's communication attractiveness, who provides learning materials on the Summer Course program at the International College RMUTK, Thailand, and the creativity of Communication Science students in West Java, Indonesia, in studying Tourism and Thai culture. In general, the conclusion of this study has proven that the communication attractiveness of lecturers consists of six variables: lecturers' communication of attractiveness, namely: taking style attractiveness, communication skill attractiveness, communication techniques attractiveness, communication strategy attractiveness, communication behavior attractiveness, communication intelligence attractiveness has a positive and significant correlation with student creativity which is measured from 9 aspects creativity, namely: setting creativity, building creativity, organizing learning, facilitate creativity, positive creativity, balance and opportunity creativity, courage and imagination creativity, managing creativity, mastery of creativity. The variable with the highest relationship value is between the variable of Lecturer Communication Appeal and variable Y: Arrangement Creativity and Building Creativity. The relationship between variables that have the lowest relationship value is between the relationship of Communication Appeal and the variable of Learning Organization. The variable of Lecturer Communication Attractiveness (X) is closely related to Student Creativity (Y).

Academic filmmaking and its discontents

Working with the same filmed material from the perspective of anthropology and screen studies, the authors discuss their disciplines’ different approaches to academic filmmaking. This article presents two videos, Filming Out Loud and Whose Stories, made from the same raw footage shot by the two authors together at the garage Cedric Motors, situated close to Manchester University, UK, where they were taking a summer course in ethnographic filmmaking at the Granada Centre for Visual Anthropology in June 2022. After spending seven days at the garage, filming the workdays of the owner Pat Rafter and his main employee (who wishes to remain unnamed), this raw material was then edited separately by each author. Producing points of methodological comparison between videographic criticism working with “an archive of moving images and sounds” (Keathley and Mittell 2019) and the culturally situated “encounters with alterity” enacted through ethnographic filmmaking (Cox et al. 2016), the authors engage with the methodological differences and commonalities between their two disciplines and filmmaking practices. By focusing on how the unpredictability of ethnographic fieldwork generated a rethinking of received conventions, interdisciplinary collaboration in visual research is here framed as an opportunity for a “transmutation of sensibilities” (Csordas 2007) bringing into question both videographic criticism’s imperative of critical thinking articulated audiovisually (generally on archival material) and visual anthropology’s observational legacy. Scraping at the weld between disciplinary received knowledge, the authors reflect on the positionality and ethics of their research and on the task of elaborating a filmic narrative while accounting for different social or cultural worlds

“It’s exactly how I pictured it!”: the construction and impact of the tourist gaze in study abroad

ABSTRACT Study abroad is laden with socially constructed expectations informed by discourses of place, people, and culture presented through social media, pop culture, word-of-mouth, and marketing. These discourses can shape how students approach and interpret their host countries and study abroad experiences. To better inform language and culture curriculum in study abroad programming, this qualitative case study explored how 13 U.S. students in an introductory Italian language and culture summer course perceived their host country and culture before, during, and after a short-term study abroad programme in Italy. Framed by Urry’s notion of the tourist gaze through a social constructionist lens, the study examined multiple data sources including interviews, participant observation, questionnaires, social media, and course artifacts. Findings identified that students curated their own Italian reality by filtering their experiences through existing frames of reference. They conceptualised Italy through a romanticised lens fuelled not only by stereotypes and singular narratives, but also by sheltered exposure to the broader country. Further, students perpetuated the tourist gaze by reproducing the same discourses that they themselves referenced. The implications support curricular intervention strategies to challenge existing frames of reference and to expose students to broader representations of the host country and culture.

The Correspondence Between Ligeti and Adorno in the Light of Discussions on Ligeti’s Position in Modernism – With a Sideways Glance at Le Grand Macabre

“I am extremely interested in the new upheavals taking place in music - I was completely isolated from all this in Hungary”, Ligeti wrote to Wolfgang Steinecke, then director of the Darmstadt Summer Course for New Music, in spring 1957. In the summer of the same year, he attended his first seminars and lectures at this internationally renowned forum - and just a few years later, he took on the same place an important role as a lecturer and source of inspiration. Despite this and many other clear indications of Ligeti’s central role in new music since 1950, the references to other important European composers of the 20th/21st century are sometimes downplayed in Musicology, to simultaneously emphasize the conservative aspects of some of his statements about music. But does this help us to understand Ligeti’s music? It seems to me that the answer to this question is clearly in the negative. Keywords: Ligeti, Adorno, modernism, Le grand macabre

A Summer Course in Cancer for High School Students - An Update on Lessons Taught and Lessons Learned.

Previous graduate students and postdoctoral associates from the University of Florida Health Cancer Center, in partnership with the University of Florida Student Science Training Program, implemented a cooperative learning curriculum, providing high school students with a broad overview of cancer topics over six weeks over the summer. However, the ongoing shift in education and training delivery initially necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to many discussions surrounding student autonomy and satisfaction. Furthermore, adapting hybrid and distance learning styles has notably influenced student-led collaboration and critical thinking skills. Here, we report on an update of experiences gleaned from the modified curriculum of this course to accommodate hybrid and cooperative teaching. This pre-post longitudinal observational study evaluated modifications to a cancer biology and therapeutics course. Student performance was assessed using surveys administered before and after the course to determine effectiveness. Student performance tracked over a 7-year period indicated improved cumulative grade averages after modifying the previous curriculum. Post-assessment analysis revealed significant improvements in student benchmark understanding, notably in their ability to define cancer in one sentence (p = 0.0407), identify cancer therapies (p = 0.0040), and recognize cancer hallmarks (p < 0.0001). An increased trend in median response to the likelihood of pursuing cancer research (p = 0.8793) and the possibility of pursuing cancer research (p = 0.4874) were also observed, although not statistically significant. Moreover, feedback from participating students indicated that "the educational activities at the end of class (e.g., escape room, case studies)" and "learning about cancer and getting to work in groups…" the curriculum fostered a positive educational learning environment. Students generally held a positive perception of the course. Post-assessment analysis revealed decreasing trends in students' perception of course difficulty compared to their expectations in the pre-assessment. Constructive feedback centered around fostering collaborative environments, with an observed increase in learner autonomy towards the end of the course, as evidenced by students' growing comfort in leading group case studies and conducting research on topics. We hope that future course directors engage actively and incorporate practical clinical examples for students, especially when introducing or discussing complex issues like cancer.

From primers to pipettes: An immersive course introducing high school students to qPCR for quantifying chemical defense gene expression.

We created a 2-week, dual-module summer course introducing high school students to environmental toxicology by teaching them quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) as a way to quantify gene expression of chemical defense proteins in response to exposure to environmental pollutants. During the course, students are guided through the various stages of a successful qPCR experiment: in silico primer design and quality control, total RNA extraction and isolation, cDNA conversion, primer test PCR, and evaluation of results via agarose gel electrophoresis or UV/Vis spectra. The course combines lectures, discussions, and demonstrations with dry and wet laboratory sections to give students a thorough understanding of the scope, utility, and chemical principles of qPCR. At the end of the course, the students are taught how to analyze qPCR data and are encouraged to discuss their findings with other classmates to evaluate their hypotheses and assess possible sources of error. This course was designed to be easily adaptable to multiple test species, chemical exposures, and genes of interest. To explore both terrestrial and aquatic toxicology, the students use honey bees (Apis mellifera) and mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) as test organisms, as well as ABC-type efflux transporters, antioxidant enzymes, and cytochrome P450 enzymes as endpoints for assessing gene expression. We share this course setup and applied protocols to encourage others to design and offer similar courses that give high school students a hands-on introduction to a broad swath of environmental toxicology research and an opportunity to develop scientific skills necessary for university-level research.

Revealing the urban heat Island: Investigating spatiotemporal surface temperature dynamics, modeling, and interactions with controllable and non-controllable factors

The unchecked growth of urban populations has spurred rapid and unsustainable urban expansion, exacerbating environmental degradation both locally and globally. This research offers a comprehensive analysis of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon in Bangalore and Hyderabad, India, focusing on its spatial and temporal distribution and its correlation with air pollutants. Conducted over the course of summer and winter seasons from 2001 to 2021, this study advances our understanding of UHI dynamics in rapidly urbanizing regions, shedding light on the complex interplay between urbanization, climate, and air quality. The primary objective of this study is to assess and compare the predictive performance of baseline Random Forest (RF) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models for forecasting Land Surface Temperature (LST) in Hyderabad, India, while examining the impact of integrating spatial information into these models. Incorporating an extensive array of input variables, ranging from spectral indices to terrain features, land use/land cover (LULC) data, atmospheric parameters, and spatial data, the analysis reveals significant relationships between LST and various factors. Notably, Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) exhibit strong positive correlations with LST, while Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) demonstrates a pronounced negative correlation. Similarly, Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) displays the strongest positive correlation with LST (r = 0.49), whereas EVI exhibits the most notable negative correlation (r = −0.67). Additionally, Modified Bare Soil Index (MBI) demonstrates a noteworthy negative correlation (r = −0.48) with LST for Bangalore. Atmospheric components such as CO, NO2, and O3 also show significant positive correlations with LST, with NO2 displaying the highest correlation during winter in urban areas. XGBoost emerges as the superior model, achieving high R2 values of 0.84 for Bangalore and 0.88 for Hyderabad. Integration of spatial information consistently enhances the performance of both RF and XGBoost models, resulting in reduced Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) values. However, predictions over water bodies tend to be underestimated. The study underscores the importance of incorporating spatial data for accurate LST prediction, with implications for environmental monitoring and management. Despite the advancements made, further research is needed to elucidate the specific mechanisms through which spatial information improves model performance, suggesting avenues for future investigation and refinement of modeling methodologies. At the intersection of rapid urban growth and environmental conservation, these findings are poised to inform policymakers, urban planners, and researchers, guiding them towards innovative and sustainable urban development strategies aimed at mitigating the adverse impacts of rapid urban expansion while promoting ecosystem well-being. The study contributes to spatial modeling strategies and refines LST prediction methodologies, offering valuable insights for addressing the challenges posed by urbanization and climate change in rapidly urbanizing regions.

Grit and Graduation: Exploring Persistence Among Urban University Students

This study examines predictors of college success in 968 students, focusing on the influence of grit, demographic, and academic factors, using logistic and Cox regression analyses. It finds that higher grit scores significantly predict increased graduation rates and decreased dropout rates, with gender, ACT scores, entry-level, and summer course enrollment as key factors. The research highlights the importance of considering broader socioeconomic and systemic contexts that affect the development of resilience and grit. It emphasizes that resilience and grit are not only personal attributes but also outcomes shaped by socioeconomic status and systemic barriers, such as income disparities and institutional biases. The study advocates for educational environments that support individual resilience and grit while addressing socio-economic and systemic inequalities to promote equitable student success. This approach calls for integrated supportive structures and policies within educational institutions to alleviate the compounded challenges faced by students, ensuring resilience and grit are nurtured within a context that recognizes and confronts systemic inequity.

Six Years Later: Examining the Academic and Employment Outcomes of the Original and Reinstated Summer Pell Grant

Abstract The Pell Grant, while offering substantial financial support for low-income students pursuing higher education, historically covered only the costs of two full-time semesters per year and did not include assistance for summer courses. Research has consistently demonstrated that continuous enrollment throughout the academic year enhances college persistence and degree completion. In response to this understanding, the Summer Pell (SP) program was introduced in the summer of 2009, providing eligible low-income students with an additional grant to cover summer tuition and related expenses. However, after a brief period of operation, the SP program was discontinued in 2011, only to be reinstated in 2017. We utilize administrative data obtained from New York City in the context of differences-in-differences analyses spanning both program periods, and find that SP-eligible students exhibited a higher retention rate in the fall of their second year, achieved higher rates of associate's and bachelor's degree attainment, and experienced greater earnings gains up to nine years after college entry compared with SP-ineligible students. Our analysis of heterogeneity further underscores that the benefits of the SP program were pronounced among Black students and older students.

“Das Floß der Medusa”: About Problem of Henze’s Political Engagement

The article is devoted to one of the most famous works of H. W. Henze “Das Floß der Medusa” (“The Raft of Medusa”), often seen as an example of Henze’s political engagement. The author of the article concludes that the oratorio was recognized as a political composition in large part due to the accompanying circumstances of its creation and premiere, but not based on the original idea and its realisation. The author demonstrate “Das Floß der Medusa” like a example of the protest music as a direction that exposes not only fascism, but also any form of social inequality, violence against the person. The study of the features of choral style of “Das Floß der Medusa” reveals parallels in the textural structure between Henze’s oratorio and Nono’s works of the 1950s (“La victoire de Guernica”, “Il canto sospeso”, “Intolleranza 1960”). The use of political text resources, the operation of individual syllables and phonemes of a literary text, work with multilingual verbal rows, the active use of diagonal texture — all this brings together the choral works of two contemporaries. At the same time, Henze’s composition also reflected the searches in the field of vocal timbre, characteristic of other composers of Darmstadt Summer Course — the use of various modifications of speech singing (Sprechgesang), the latest techniques of vocal articulation (vocal tremolo, prolongation of the anterolingual vibrant). All this together allows us to talk about Henz’s oratorio as one of the most peculiar choral compositions of the late 1960s.

Preface to the Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Modern Optics and Its Applications (ISMOA)

We are pleased to present the proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Modern Optics and Its Applications (ISMOA), held from August 1 to August 4, 2023, at Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) in Bandung, Indonesia. The event was organized by the Indonesian Optical Society (InOS) in collaboration with Institut Teknologi Bandung, Universitas Padjadjaran and the National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia.This 14th instalment of a bi-annual meeting gathered scientists and researchers to discuss the latest developments in optics. ISMOA covered a range of topics, from nonlinear optics to quantum entanglement, with a focus on practical applications. An interesting aspect of ISMOA is the involvement of OPTICA Fellows, promoting interactions between speakers, students, and contributors. This inclusive approach aims to encourage collaboration among regional scientists and international speakers. The May-On Tjia Lecture, initiated in 2021 to honor the late Prof. May-On Tjia, continued to be a key feature in 2023. The lecture by Dr. K. Hendrik Kurniawan and Dr. Indra Karnadi focused on H-D Isotopic Analysis Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, reflecting Prof. Tjia’s commitment to excellence and collaboration in optics and photonics.To broaden the reach of optics and photonics education, the Indonesian Optical Society organized the Summer Course on Modern Optics and Its Applications (SCoMOA), a free program that attracted over 250 participants both in-person and online. This initiative, in collaboration with local and international universities, set the stage for ISMOA, incorporating joint activities with Tutorial Lecture Sessions on the first day. The SCoMOA course materials are now open for public through UNESCO learning platform.ISMOA 2023 featured 84 presented papers, including contributions from 12 invited speakers. More than half of the 117 participants were students, emphasizing the symposium’s commitment to nurturing the next generation of optical scientists. This symposium marked a significant point in the ISMOA series, characterized by a record number of papers and active participation from students and researchers. Twenty-three of the presented papers have been selected and reviewed by international Board of Reviewers are presented in this proceeding. It is our hope that the findings presented in these papers may contribute to the advancement of knowledge and applications of optics and photonics.We express our gratitude to all participants, contributors, sponsors, and organizers for their contributions to the success of ISMOA 2023. The following proceedings capture the knowledge and collaborative spirit of this international gathering on modern optics and its applications.Editors, Alexander A.P. Iskandar Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Henri P. Uranus Universitas Pelita Harapan, IndonesiaChairs of the Organizing Committee Rachmat Hidayat Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia F. Fitrilawati Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia Isnaeni National Research and Innovation Agency, IndonesiaList of International Scientific Program Committee, Organizing Committee, Board of Reviewers are available in this pdf.

Culture Shock And How To Overcome It So You Can Adapt: Case Studies On Summer Courses Program Participants At Rajamangala University Of Technology Krungthep

The main problem faced by summer courses students is the problem of communication with Thai people, the majority of whom use the Thai language due to cultural differences. Therefore it is necessary to make adjustments in order to communicate effectively. This research was conducted to find out the form of culture shock experienced by the summer courses participants and how they tried to adjust themselves in dealing with this phenomenon.&#x0D; This research is a qualitative research using ethnographic methods, namely research conducted to find out the meaning and form of socio-cultural in a society that has diversity. The results of this study are that the first-time summer courses students experience two aspects of culture shock, namely environmental aspects and social aspects which include language, food, weather and communication with the community around the environment where they live. The effort they make is to keep trying

Digitalization of Mengkarang geopark miniature Universitas Jambi as an effort to support the summer course program

[Bahasa]: Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan di era Revolusi Industri 4.0 dan Society 5.0 merupakan fenomena yang serba digital, termasuk ilmu kebumian. Konsep ini menggunakan ilmu pengetahuan berbasis kecerdasan buatan untuk kebutuhan pendidikan yang serba cepat dan nyaman. Kaitannya dengan bidang pendidikan ilmu kebumian adalah studi tentang fenomena bentang alam dan singkapan batuan sebagai hasil dari proses alamiah. Situasi Universitas Jambi yang jauh dari keberadaan singkapan batuan sebagai objek pembelajaran memberikan tantangan besar untuk dapat mengidentifikasi batuan yang ada dengan cepat. Keberadaan miniatur Geopark Mengkarang di Universitas Jambi dapat menjadi solusi yang efektif dalam pembelajaran di bidang kebumian. Sehingga, melalui digitalisasi dapat menjadi alternatif yang diminati dalam media pembelajaran, khususnya untuk kegiatan short summer course yang berkaitan dengan geopark. Upaya digitalisasi ini merupakan bagian dari kegiatan pengabdian dan peran serta civitas akademika Universitas Jambi dalam melakukan inovasi pembelajaran. Dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian ini pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan mendeskripsikan 28 sampel batuan dari Kawasan UNESCO Global Geopark Merangin Jambi. Digitalisasi meliputi pembuatan label informasi untuk setiap tampilan batuan yang dilengkapi dengan barcode untuk memudahkan akses. Akses ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi yang lebih detail mengenai proses pembentukan setiap batuan. Kegiatan pengabdian ini secara signifikan berkontribusi dalam mendukung kegiatan summer course di Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi, Universitas Jambi. Selain membantu kegiatan summer course, diharapkan melalui digitalisasi ini, Universitas Jambi dapat memainkan peran penting dalam mendukung situs yang telah diakui sebagai situs warisan dunia oleh UNESCO ini. Kata Kunci: digitalisasi, geopark, summer course, Universitas Jambi [English]: The development of science in the era of Industrial Revolution 4.0 and Society 5.0 is an all-digital phenomenon, including earth science. This concept uses science-based artificial intelligence for fast-paced and comfortable educational needs. Its connection to the field of earth science education is the study of landscape phenomena and rock outcrops as a result of natural processes. The situation of Jambi University, which is far from the existence of rock outcrops as learning objects, presents a big challenge in identifying existing rocks quickly. The existence of the miniature Mengkarang Geopark at Jambi University can be an effective solution in learning in the field of the earth. Thus, digitization can be a desirable alternative in learning media, especially for short summer course activities related to geoparks. This digitalization effort is part of the service activities and the role of the Jambi University academic community in carrying out learning innovations. In implementing these service activities, data collection involved describing 28 rock samples from the UNESCO Global Geopark Merangin Jambi Territory. Digitization included creating information labels for each rock display, completed by a barcode for easy access. This access aims to provide detailed insights into the formation process of each rock. Such service activities significantly contribute to supporting summer course at the Faculty of Science and Technology, Jambi University. Beyond aiding summer course activities, the aspiration is that through this digitalization, Jambi University can play a pivotal role, acknowledged as a world heritage site by UNESCO Keywords: digitalization, geopark, summer course, Jambi University

From Missionary Zeal to Holiday Appeal: Summer School, Professionalization, and Teachers in Canada, 1915-1959

Abstract For over forty years, presidents of the Summer School Association of Queen’s University wrote annually to teachers across Canada, encouraging them to attend summer courses for credit toward a bachelor of arts. In the 1920s, presidents’ messages associated attendance with societal progress and the professionalization of teaching. In the 1930s, such messages linked attendance with personal growth and career development. In the 1940s and 1950s, they linked attendance with having an enjoyable summer vacation. This article analyzes how and why these messages evolved and argues that the underlying structure of the messages remained consistent: they were means through which Queen’s Summer School Association presidents marked symbolic boundaries between more and less professional teachers. This article contributes to our understanding of the social history of teacher education by interpreting a unique primary data source to explore the participation of teachers themselves in the construction of symbolic boundaries marking professional status.

A mathematical model predicting the abundance and spatio-temporal dispersal of adfluvial salmonid (Salvelinus malma) fry in a stream

Models describing the spatial and temporal distributions of fishes are necessary for conservation and management of populations and their habitats. The early life stages of fishes are a particularly important period that can influence population dynamics and fisheries productivity. The fry of riverine migratory fish species are particularly influenced by downstream transport although relatively few models have been used to predict spatio-temporal abundance and dispersion of fry in combination with life history parameters in unperturbed habitats. We present a novel model predicting the downstream dispersal of age-0 adfluvial Dolly Varden in a spawning stream draining into Kronotskoye Lake basin, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. The model accounted for the number of and distance between known spawning grounds, diel activity, daily fish growth, and intra-specific diversity (i.e., morphotype) to describe how fry abundance changed at a specific stream location over the course of spring and summer. Data were collected using a trapnet monitored periodically during spring and summer to record changes in abundance, size (growth), and life history composition (‘nosed’ or ‘white’ morphotype) of fish between age-0 and -2. The experimental data were fitted to the model using a gradient descent optimization algorithm and a mean squared error loss function was used to verify how well experimental data fit to the theoretical model. The predicted abundance of age-0 fish was 18,831 with a mean dispersion rate of ∼36 m/day and a transit time between spawning area and stream mouth ranging 32–76 days. The catch was mainly comprised (81%) of the slower growing ‘nosed’ morphotype and exhibited variation in abundance over time and decreased considerably by the end of summer. Our comprehensive model will be useful to simulate the downstream dispersal of salmonid fishes whose early life stages inhabit riverine systems.

Empathy in Phenomenological Psychology and Psychotherapy

This study aims to focuses on the problem of access to other minds within phenomenological psychotherapy. The problem is that the Other is at the same time a phenomenon that is constituted by my consciousness and a transcendental subject located in objective reality. The author begins with the materials of the 1925 summer course of lectures given by Husserl in Freiburg, which set out the essence of the “new psychology” project. The new psychology should become an alternative to the natural-scientific approach, and should refer to direct individual experience. Therefore, it has intentional life as an object, refusing excessive theorizing about the psychological phenomena. The psychologist reveals the universal pre-experimental structures of consciousness through intuition, working with a priori forms. Empathy (German: Einfüllung) plays an important role in the work of a psychologist and psychotherapist. Husserl developed his concept of empathy through a rethinking of the theory of empathy by T. Lipps and understood it not as a mirror process, but as a projecting assimilation. Functional commonality allows you to create a bridge between the perceiving subject and the one who is perceived. Husserl’s concept of empathy became the basis for developing a number of productive therapeutic approaches. At the end of the article, two examples of such approaches are given: the phenomenological psychiatry of K. Jaspers and the method of subverbal communication of E. Gendelin.

What is a museum? Drawing as online learning strategy for international students

This article recounts the experience of devising and remotely delivering a multi-disciplinary drawing-based online summer course for Chinese students. This pivoted around the question: ‘what is a museum?’ Students were invited to give an initial drawn response prior to the first session. The resulting images provided the basis for whole-group discussion followed by further creative tasks. Activities included designing a museum logo, drawing a representation of an object of special personal significance and writing an interpretative text label. The chosen artefacts were then accessioned into a virtual museum in order to realize the promise of the online course, entitled ‘Museum Makers: Objects, Collections and Display’. This pedagogical endeavour was intended to use drawing to actively engage learners such that they were able to define museums, recognize the value of objects, understand what makes a collection and appreciate the principles of interpretation. Illustrative examples of student work are reproduced alongside an account of the production process and the participants’ views on the effectiveness of drawing as a learning strategy. The paper reflects on the challenges and opportunities of implementing drawing in a non-art context before going on to outline the operationalization and outcomes of the initiative, leading to a series of transferable findings and conclusions.