Summation Model Research Articles

A General Approach for Meeting Summarization: From Speech to Extractive Summarization

Developing technologies and techniques have increased the amount of information and enabled easier access to information resources. However, due to the ever-growing amount of information sources, it has become difficult to access the information needed in a limited time. Consequently, the need for summary information has become important. This research is focused on the extraction of inferential written summaries of communications that occur in oral environments such as meetings, lectures and conferences. However, since this type of problem requires conversion from audio to text, it also includes issues such as the human factor, sound recording environments, and language-specific problems. This study aimed to take the audio recordings of the meetings, especially the IT sector, to process and summarize. Spontaneous conversations were converted into audio recordings and the obtained texts were summarized using extractive summarization techniques. The motivation of the study is to catch the important points that may escape the attention of the individuals at the meeting and to summarize the main agenda items for the personnel who could not attend the meeting. The experimentally generated dataset (converted from audio recordings to text) was summarized by three different human summarizers and compared with the summaries obtained from the developed inferential summative model. The results obtained are remarkable and it is seen that approximately 71% success was achieved.

Temperature models of development for Necrodes littoralis L. (Coleoptera: Silphidae), a carrion beetle of forensic importance in the Palearctic region

Analysis of insects can provide evidence in death cases, for example, by answering the question about the time of death. Apart from flies, beetles are the second most useful insect group in forensic entomology. To elucidate the time of death based on insect evidence, developmental models of a given species are necessary. In this study, we developed such models for Necrodes littoralis, a necrophagous beetle, which is common in the Palearctic region and has great potential in forensic entomology. We monitored the development at 10 constant temperatures (14–30 °C). Larvae were reared in aggregations. Thermal summation models, isomorphen and isomegalen diagrams and growth curves were derived using the data. Depending on the temperature, development lasted between about 23 and 89 days. Mortality was high at the extremes of the temperature range. The thermal summation constant for the total development was 434.7 ± 28.86 accumulated degree-days above a developmental threshold of 9.04 ± 0.55 °C. This is the first comprehensive dataset on the development of N. littoralis. Implications for its use in forensic casework are discussed.

Fraud likelihood determinants in the road toll collection system in Cameroon

The study set out to investigate fraud likelihood determinants in the road toll collection system in Cameroon. The specific objectives were to examine fraud likelihood determinants in the management of road toll ticket production, inventory of vehicles accessing tollgates, sale of road toll tickets, physical security of money collected at the tollgate, and physical security of money conveyed to the public treasury. The poor physical state of toll roads in Cameroon points to the degree to which toll collections are used in road maintenance. The roads are usually plagued with potholes and poor or no road signs leading to deadly road accidents. The researcher collected data through a questionnaire, and regressed using a summation model. The findings revealed that toll ticket production, ticket sales, and physical security of money at tollgates have crucial internal control weaknesses that create fraud opportunities. It was therefore recommended that manual tollgate systems be converted to electronic systems so as to cut down on tollgate traffic congestions and secure more road toll cash inflow for road maintenance. The second recommendation was that toll fee collections be visibly seen by tollgate actors to be used for road maintenance when they use good roads. In this way, their road ethics increases while road toll evasion reduces. The third recommendation was that government fight against corruption and fraud should moves from rhetoric to action. Lastly, monitoring and impromptu audits at tollgates be instituted and activated.

Prediction and Planning of Sports Competition Based on Deep Neural Network.

Physical education curriculum has been paid more and more attention by teachers and parents, and having a healthy body is the foundation. School sports competition is also more and more concerned by major researchers, and scholars have produced in-depth research and analysis of sports competition results prediction because prediction results can better let teachers carry out appropriate sports training for students, so as to achieve the best learning effect. The construction of the prediction model and whether the performance and universality of the model after construction are suitable for predicting sports competitions have also become a major research point. Deep neural network is a complex network method to analyze the structure of the human brain, which plays a core role in the field of sports planning and performance prediction and can know the future performance of athletes or students in advance in sports competitions. This paper establishes the autoregressive summation model prediction model, the complex neural network prediction model, and the improved complex neural network prediction model. It is concluded that only the improved BP neural network model has a remarkable effect on performance prediction, and the prediction value obtained by this prediction model can reduce the systematic error of prediction, so that it can better infer the performance prediction of sports competitions in China and plan which sports events are suitable for which prediction model.

Bio-inspired navigation and exploration system for a hexapod robotic platform

This paper presents a biologically inspired system for guiding and controlling a virtual hexapod robot. Our navigation and exploration system is composed of subsystems that execute processes of path integration, action selection, actuator control and correction of the robot’s orientation. For the subsystem that serves the path integration function we modified an existing model of bio-inspired vector summation by adding the capability of performing online calculation. For the action selection subsystem that allows to switch between the behaviors of exploration, approaching a target and homing we modified an existing model of decision making for mediating social behaviors in mice. We added an additional circuit that projects a signal to the units representing each of the behaviors. In the case of the actuator control subsystem, the structure of a central pattern generator model that incorporates feedback and adaptation was used as the base for generating and transforming signals for the actuators. Finally, the orientation correction subsystem is a novel model that determines an error value from a desired and the current orientations. The proposed models were simulated as independent scripts and then implemented as ROS (Robot Operating System) nodes for controlling a robot simulation in Gazebo.

Evidence for validity of the Swedish self-rated 36-item version of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) in patients with mental disorders: a multi-centre cross-sectional study using Rasch analysis

BackgroundThe World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) is a generic instrument for the assessment of functioning in six domains, resulting in a total health-related disability score. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Swedish-language version of the self-rated 36-item version in psychiatric outpatients with various common psychiatric diagnoses using Rasch analysis. A secondary aim was to explore the correlation between two methods of calculating overall scores to guide clinical practice: the WHODAS simple (summative) model and the WHODAS complex (weighted) model.MethodsCross-sectional data from 780 Swedish patients with various mental disorders were evaluated by Rasch analysis according to the partial credit model. Bivariate Pearson correlations between the two methods of calculating overall scores were explored.ResultsOf the 36 items, 97% (35 items) were within the recommended range of infit mean square; only item D4.5 (Sexual activities) indicated misfit (infit mean square 1.54 logits). Rating scale analysis showed a short distance between severity levels and disordered thresholds. The two methods of calculating overall scores were highly correlated (0.89–0.99).ConclusionsThe self-administered WHODAS 2.0 fulfilled several aspects of validity according to Rasch analysis and has the potential to be a useful tool for the assessment of functioning in psychiatric outpatients. The internal structure of the instrument was satisfactorily valid and reliable at the level of the total score but demonstrated problems at the domain level. We suggest rephrasing the item Sexual activities and revising the rating scale categories. The WHODAS simple model is easier to use in clinical practice and our results indicate that it can differentiate function among patients with moderate psychiatric disability, whereas Rasch scaled scores are psychometrically more precise even at low disability levels. Further investigations of different scoring models are warranted.

A spiking neural network model of the Superior Colliculus that is robust to changes in the spatial\u2013temporal input

Previous studies have indicated that the location of a large neural population in the Superior Colliculus (SC) motor map specifies the amplitude and direction of the saccadic eye-movement vector, while the saccade trajectory and velocity profile are encoded by the population firing rates. We recently proposed a simple spiking neural network model of the SC motor map, based on linear summation of individual spike effects of each recruited neuron, which accounts for many of the observed properties of SC cells in relation to the ensuing eye movement. However, in the model, the cortical input was kept invariant across different saccades. Electrical microstimulation and reversible lesion studies have demonstrated that the saccade properties are quite robust against large changes in supra-threshold SC activation, but that saccade amplitude and peak eye-velocity systematically decrease at low input strengths. These features were not accounted for by the linear spike-vector summation model. Here we show that the model’s input projection strengths and intra-collicular lateral connections can be tuned to generate saccades and neural spiking patterns that closely follow the experimental results.

Interocular Phase Disparity Tuning of Binocular Contrast Summation Depends on Carrier Spatial Frequency and Orientation.

Binocular summation is a sensitive metric of binocular integration. As such, characterization of the mechanisms underlying binocular summation is a key step in translating and applying this knowledge to abnormal binocular systems afflicted with strabismus and amblyopia. Computational models of binocular summation have advocated the operation of mechanisms sensitive to the interocular phase disparity of first-order carrier gratings. This study investigated if such generalization depended on carrier spatial frequency and orientation. Monocular and binocular contrast detection thresholds were measured in nine observers with normal binocular vision. Stimuli comprised Gabor targets presented with one of three spatial frequencies (1, 3, and 9 cycles per degree [cpd]), two orientations (horizontal and vertical), and five interocular phase disparities (0, ± π /2, ± π radians). Horizontal and vertical fixation disparities were measured for each binocular threshold condition. Binocular summation ratios were computed by dividing the mean monocular detection threshold by the respective binocular detection threshold. Binocular summation ratio varied significantly with interocular phase disparity for the 1- and 3-cpd horizontal and vertical gratings. Phase dependency was reduced with the 9-cpd horizontal grating and absent for the 9-cpd vertical grating, even though binocular summation ratio exceeded predictions of probability summation. Computational modeling that incorporated the variability of fixation disparity into a vector summation model predicted a reduction in peak binocular summation ratio with increasing carrier spatial frequency but did not account for the reduction of phase sensitivity noted with the 9-cpd stimulus. Binocular summation magnitude is less dependent on interocular phase disparities for carrier spatial frequencies that exceed 3 cpd, especially with vertical gratings. Although vergence variability due to fixation disparities contributes to the overall reduction in binocular summation magnitude with increasing carrier spatial frequency, it does not provide a complete account for the lack of interocular phase disparity tuning noted with high grating spatial frequencies.

Reactor antineutrino anomaly in light of recent flux model refinements

We study the status of the reactor antineutrino anomaly in light of recent reactor flux models obtained with the conversion and summation methods. We present a new improved calculation of the IBD yields of the standard Huber-Mueller (HM) model and those of the new models. We show that the reactor rates and the fuel evolution data are consistent with the predictions of the Kurchatov Institute (KI) conversion model and with those of the Estienne-Fallot (EF) summation model, leading to a plausible robust demise of the reactor antineutrino anomaly. We show that the results of several goodness of fit tests favor the KI and EF models over other models that we considered. We also discuss the implications of the new reactor flux models for short-baseline neutrino oscillations due to active-sterile mixing. We show that reactor data give upper bounds on active-sterile neutrino mixing that are not very different for the reactor flux models under consideration and are in tension with the large mixing required by the Gallium anomaly that has been refreshed by the recent results of the BEST experiment.

How We Do It: Remediation Pathways in a Surgical Simulation Curriculum for Competency Improvement.

Validated assessment of procedural knowledge and skills with formative remediation is a foundational part of achieving surgical competency. High-fidelity simulation programs provide a unique area to assess resident proficiency and independence, as well as to assist in identifying residents in need of further practice. While several studies have validated the use of simulation to attain proficiency of specific technical skills, few have validated remediation pathways for their trainees objectively. In this descriptive analysis, we review 2 remediation pathways within our simulation training curricula and how these are used in assessments of resident proficiency. Two methods of remediation were formulated for use in high-fidelity simulation labs. One remediation pathway was a summative process, where ultimate judgment of resident competency was assessed through intra-operative assessments of a holistic skill set. The second remediation pathway was a formative "coaching" process, where feedback is given at several intervals along the pathway towards a specific technical skills competence. All general surgery residents are enrolled in the longitudinal, simulation curricula. Approximately one-third of surgical residents entered into a remediation pathway for either of the high-fidelity simulation curricula. Both residents and faculty expressed support for the summative and formative remediation pathways as constructed. Residents who entered remediation pathways believed it was a beneficial exercise, and the most common feedback was that remediation principles should be expanded to all residents. Interestingly, faculty demonstrated stronger support for the formative coaching feedback model than the summative assessment model. Through the complementary use of both formative and summative remediation pathways, resident competence can be enriched in a constructive, nonpunitive method for self-directed performance improvement. Both trainees and faculty express high satisfaction with programs explicitly organized to ensure that skills are rated through a standardized process.

Development of Necrobia ruficollis (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) under Different Constant Temperatures.

Simple SummarySarcosaprophagous beetles are significant pests, but they are also key indicator insects for postmortem interval estimation. In this paper, the development of Necrobia ruficollis (Fabricius, 1775) at five constant temperatures between 22 °C and 34 °C was investigated. The developmental threshold temperature and thermal summation constant were estimated, the relationship between the larval body length with development time, and the widths of the head capsules and the distance between the urogomphi at different instars were studied. The results provide important basic developmental data for using N. ruficollis to estimate the minimum postmortem interval.Necrobia ruficollis (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) is an important cosmopolitan storage pest, and also frequently appears on highly decomposed and skeletonized corpses. It is a forensically important species expected to indicate a longer postmortem interval (PMI). Therefore, we investigated the development of N. ruficollis at five constant temperatures between 22 °C and 34 °C. Under temperatures of 22, 25, 28, 31, and 34 °C, the mean (±SD) developmental durations from eggs to adults were 93.00 ± 1.63, 70.67 ± 0.94, 65.33 ± 3.40, 47.33 ± 0.94, and 56.66 ± 8.73 days, respectively. According to the developmental time and accumulated degree hours results, an isomorphen diagram and thermal summation model were generated. The calculated values of developmental threshold temperature and accumulated temperature constant were estimated by a linear model to be 14.51 ± 0.52 °C and 684.12 ± 33.85 degree days, respectively. Lower developmental thresholds, intrinsic optimum temperature, and upper lethal developmental threshold temperature were estimated by a nonlinear model to be 14.61, 25.90, and 34.94 °C. Morphological indexes of larvae were obtained by in vivo measurements. A growth curve and an equation of the relationship between development time and body length were simulated. In addition, the widths of the head capsules and the distance between the urogomphi of larvae at different instars were determined by cluster analysis. Classifiers were created and validated by linear discriminant analysis. These results provide important basic developmental data for using N. ruficollis to estimate the minimum postmortem interval (minimum PMI). However, this study was only conducted under constant temperature, and the applicability of these data to variable temperature conditions needs to be further confirmed.

Anticipatory foresight and adaptive decision-making as a crucial characteristic for business continuity, crisis and emergency leadership

This paper reviews some of the common challenges to high-quality decision-making at the leadership level, such as limiting decision shortcuts, analytical blind spots, failure to consider multiple perspectives or options, and reluctance to adjust decisions that are not working well. The paper also reviews some of the pertinent literature and scholarship on decision-making approaches to build a summative decision-making model of anticipatory foresight and adaptation to overcome dysfunctional decision-making mistakes. The paper proposes a new framework that focuses on the internal decision-making processes that leaders should adopt — an approach to decision-making that combines the concepts of anticipatory foresight, predictive vision, creative imagination, adaptive skill sets and adaptive flexibility. It is essential to incorporate these dimensions in how we prepare leaders, equip and train them, create processes and protocols, and ultimately how we evaluate and assess leadership performance.

Ripple Patterns Spontaneously Emerge through Sequential Wrinkling Interference in Polymer Bilayers.

We report the formation of "ripple" patterns by the sequential superposition of nonorthogonal surface waves excited by the spontaneous buckling of polymeric bilayers. Albeit of a different nature and micron scale compared to the familiar sedimentary ripples caused by gentle wave oscillations, we find commonalities in their topography, defects, and bifurcations. The patterns are rationalized in terms of a defect density that depends on the relative angle between generations, and a constant in-plane bending angle that depends on skin thickness. A minimal wave summation model enables the design of ripple and checkerboard surfaces by tuning material properties and fabrication process.

Relationship Between Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio and Brain Metastasis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients.

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and their risk of developing brain metastases after adjusting for confounding factors.MethodsA retrospective observational study of the general data of patients with NSCLC diagnosed from January 2016 to December 2020. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate the dominance ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for NLR and NSCLC brain metastases with subgroup analysis. Generalized summation models and smoothed curve fitting were used to identify whether there was a nonlinear relationship between them.ResultsIn all 3 models, NLR levels were positively correlated with NSCLC brain metastasis (model 1: OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01-1.23, P = .025; model 2: OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.04-1.29, P = .007; model 3: OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.05-1.37, P = .006). Stratified analysis showed that this positive correlation was present in patients with adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and female patients (LUAD: OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.10-1.54, P = .002; female: OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.05-2.20, P = .026), while there was no significant correlation in patients with squamous carcinoma (LUSC) and male patients (LUSC: OR:0.76,95% CI:0.38- 1.53, P = .443; male: OR:1.13, 95% CI:0.95-1.33, P = .159).ConclusionThis study showed that elevated levels of NLR were independently associated with an increased risk of developing brain metastases in patients with NSCLC, and that this correlation varied by TYPE and SEX, with a significant correlation in female patients and patients with LUAD.

Binocular Summation Is Intact in Intermittent Exotropia After Surgery.

Purpose: To determine binocular summation of surgically treated intermittent exotropia (IXT) patients by measuring the contrast threshold.Methods: We recruited 38 surgically treated IXT patients aged 8–24 years and 20 age-matched healthy controls. All participants had normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity (Snellen ≥ 20/20) in both eyes. The IXT patients had undergone the surgery at least a year prior to the study. Twenty-one of them obtained good alignment and 17 experienced a recurrence of exotropia. We measured the observers' monocular and binocular contrast sensitivities (CS) at six spatial frequencies (1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 cycles/degree) as an index of visual information processing at the threshold level. Binocular summation was evaluated against a baseline model of simple probability summation based on the CS at each spatial frequency and the area under the log contrast sensitivity function (AULCSF).Results: The exo-deviation of IXTs with good alignment was −6.38 ± 3.61 prism diopters (pd) at 33 cm and −5.14 ± 4.07 pd at 5 m. For the patients with recurrence, it was −23.47 ± 5.53 pd and −21.12 ± 4.28 pd, respectively. There was no significant difference in the binocular summation ratio (BSR) between the surgically treated IXT patients, including those with good alignment and recurrence, and normal controls at each spatial frequency [F(2,55) = 0.416, P = 0.662] and AULCSF [F(2,55) = 0.469, P = 0.628]. In addition, the BSR was not associated with stereopsis (r = −0.151, P = 0.365).Conclusion: Our findings of normal contrast sensitivity binocular summation ratio in IXT after surgical treatment suggest that the ability of the visual cortex in processing binocular information is intact at the contrast threshold level.

EVALUATION OF TEACHING SKILL PRACTICE PROGRAMS, IN THE STATE UNIVERSITY EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTION JAKARTA

The purpose of this study is to describe the Program Practice Skills Teaching (PKM/ Praktik Keterampilan Mengajar) in semester 106, at the Educational Development Institute State University of Jakarta. The evaluation model used in this study is a formative and summative evaluation model developed by Michele Shriven. Formative evaluation is carried out during the program to provide information to the program leader as program improvement materials. While the summative evaluation is done at the end of the program. This research use evaluation analysis with qualitative and quantitative approach. How to collect data on this evaluation research is using techniques observation, questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that in the formative evaluation, it can be seen that in general the process of Program PKM was by existing guidelines. So can be maintained the existence of the PKM Program. While the results of the summative evaluation showed that the PKM Program, in the high category, is based on the value of the minimum PKM Program participants B provided by the teacher mentor and lecturer mentor of the final exam.

Reactor antineutrino anomaly revisited circa 2021

In our recent work [1], we study the status of the reactor antineutrino anomaly in light of new reactor flux conversion and summation models. We present a new improved calculation of the IBD yields of the standard Huber-Mueller (HM) model and those of the new models. We show that the reactor rates and the fuel evolution data are consistent with the predictions of the Kurchatov Institute (KI) conversion model and with those of the Estienne-Fallot (EF) summation model, leading to a plausible robust demise of the reactor antineutrino anomaly. We also show that the results of several goodness of fit tests favor the KI and EF models over other models under consideration.

A Unified Rule for Binocular Contrast Summation Applies to Normal Vision and Common Eye Diseases.

PurposeBinocular summation refers to better visual performance with two eyes than with one eye. Little is known about the mechanism underlying binocular contrast summation in patients with common eye diseases who often exhibit binocularly asymmetric vision loss and structural changes along the visual pathway. Here we asked whether the mechanism of binocular contrast summation remains preserved in eye disease.MethodsThis study included 1035 subjects with normal ocular health, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and retinitis pigmentosa. Monocular and binocular contrast sensitivity were measured by the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart. Interocular ratio (IOR) was quantified as the ratio between the poorer and better eye contrast sensitivity. Binocular summation ratio (BSR) was quantified as the ratio between binocular and better eye contrast sensitivity.ResultsAll groups showed statistically significant binocular summation, with the BSR ranging from 1.25 [1.20, 1.30] in the glaucoma group to 1.31 [1.27, 1.36] in the normal vision group. There was no significant group difference in the BSR, after accounting for IOR. By fitting a binocular summation model Binocular = (Leftm + Rightm)1/m to the contrast sensitivity data, we found that the same binocular summation rule, reflected by the parameter m, applies across the five groups.ConclusionsCortical binocular contrast summation appears to be preserved in spite of eye diseases that can affect the two eyes differently. This finding supports the importance of assessing both monocular and binocular functions, rather than relying on a monocular assessment in the better eye as a potentially inaccurate surrogate measure.

Conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy: Risk factor analysis based on clinical, laboratory, and ultrasound parameters.

The standard of care for gallbladder disease is laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Difficult dissection of the hepatocytic triangle and bleeding can result in conversion to open cholecystectomy, which is associated with increased morbidity. Identifying risk factors for conversion in the context of acute cholecystitis will allow patient care to be individualized and improve outcomes. A retrospective case-control study included all patients diagnosed with acute cholecystitis, according to the 2018 Tokyo Guidelines, admitted to a tertiary care academic center, from January 1991 to January 2012. Using logistic regression, we analyzed variables to identify risk factors for conversion. Variables that were found to be significant predictors of conversion in the univariate analysis were included in a multivariate model. We then performed an exploratory analysis to identify the risk factor summation pathway with the highest sensitivity for conversion. The study included 321 patients with acute cholecystitis. Their mean age was 49 years (±16.8 SD), 65% were females, and 35% were males. Thirty-nine cases (12.14%) were converted to open surgery. In the univariate analysis, older age, male sex, gallbladder wall thickness, and pericholecystic fluid were associated with a higher risk for conversion. In the multivariate analysis all of the variables, except pericholecystic fluid, were associated with conversion. Our risk factor summation model had a sensitivity of 84%. Preoperative clinical data can be utilized to identify patients with a higher risk of conversion to open cholecystectomy. Being aware of such risk factors can help improve perioperative planning and preparedness in challenging cases.

Developmental models of the carrion beetle Thanatophilus rugosus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Silphidae)

Coleoptera are currently considered a fundamental tool to help solve criminal investigations, allowing forensic entomologists to estimate post-mortem intervals and obtain other ecology-related information. Thanatophilus rugosus (Linnaeus, 1758) is an important necrophagous beetle distributed through most of the Palaearctic region, where it is readily found on human bodies and animal carcasses. In this study, the new thermal summation models for all the developmental stages of Thanatophilus rugosus are provided. Beetles were reared at six different constant and ecologically relevant temperatures (12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22 °C), and their developmental times were measured. Thermal summation constants were calculated for each developmental stage (egg, three larval instars, post-feeding stage, and pupa).