Sumatriptan Succinate Research Articles

The influence between migraine preven drugs and sumatriptan succinate on motor activity

Background and aim The motor effect of sumatriptan succinate (SS) and whether or not it is associatedwith different classes of migraine preventive drugs has yet to be studied. We aimed to analyze such drugs' influence on animal motor activity, verifying their effect when used alone or in combination. Methods Male Norvegicus rats (n=98) were treated with routinely prescribed migraine preventive drugs and divided into five groups: isotonic saline solution (ISS, control), propranolol, topiramate, flunarizine, and amitriptyline. After five days of daily treatment, the animals received acute treatment with either ISS or Sumatriptan succinate (SS). The drug's influence on motor function behavior was assessed with the rotarod and open field tests. Results Propranolol and flunarizine interfered with the motor activity (p=0.006 and 0.002, respectively). SS did not cause motor changes when administered alone. However the SS combined with amitriptyline increased the number of rearings (p=0,045) and reduced the immobility time (p=0.041). Conclusions SS exerted no motor effect, although flunarizine and propranolol could produced motor interference.

Quality by Design Approach to Nasal Mucoadhesive Microspheres: Enhanced Sumatriptan Succinate Delivery through Formulation and Characterization.

The primary therapeutic indications for sumatriptan succinate (STS) include the treatment of migraine and cluster headaches. To enhance mucoadhesion, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K15M) were used in this study to develop nasal mucoadhesive microspheres of STS. A central composite design, facilitated by Design Expert software, was employed to assess the impact of polymer concentrations on mucoadhesion, involving nine different formulations. The study’s findings indicated that the microspheres were uniformly sized and spherical and that the polymers were compatible with STS. The optimal formulation, consisting of 220.711 mg of SCMC and 150 mg of HPMC K15M, demonstrated the highest level of mucoadhesion. This combination effectively regulated the discharge of STS from the mucoadhesive microspheres and significantly improved their mucoadhesive properties. These results suggest that the strategic use of SCMC and HPMC K15M can enhance the performance of nasal mucoadhesive microspheres, ensuring a controlled release of STS and improved adhesion to mucosal surfaces. This has the potential to optimize the therapeutic efficacy of STS in treating migraine and cluster headaches.

Preparation, Characterization and Evaluation of Ramipril Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Improved Bioavailability

Purpose: Ramipril is a potential antihypertensive drug employed in the management of hypertension and its oral bioavailability 28%. The intent of the work to evolve solid lipid nanoparticles of ramipril for enhancement of bioavailability. Methods: The SLNs of ramipril were developed by hot homogenization followed by ultrasonication technique. Lipids are dynasan 114, dynasan 116, dynasan 114, imwitor 900 P. Non inonic surfactants are poloxamer 188, polysorbate 80 and lipoid E 80 act as an amphoteric stabilizing agent is used to synthesize solid lipid nanoparticles of sumatriptan succinate. Results: Developed ramipril SLNs have shown the mean size of particles are 234-412 nm, Zeta potential values varied from -18.4 ± 0.782 to -42.2 ± 1.571 mV which indicated stability of developed ramipril solid lipid nanoprticles. Entrapment efficiency of formulations found between 94% and 99%. SLNs of ramipril were established likely spherical with a lustrous exterior, as examine making do with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The compatibility of drug with excipients was ascertained through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The bioavailability research considerations were carried out on male wistar rats, the innovative preparation of ramipril SLNs and coarse suspension administered by oral route. Conclusion: Relative bioavailability of developed formulation of SLNs of dynasan 114 and combination of poloxamer 188 and polysorbate 80 ramipril (F9) was increased by 1.35 times differentiated with the reference standard coarse suspension.

Effect of White Rice Flour in the Formulation Development and Evaluation of Sumatriptan Succinate Floating Microspheres by Modified Emulsion Solvent Diffusion Method

A sustained release system for Sumatriptan designed to increase its residence time in the stomach without contact with the Microspheres was achieved through the preparation of floating Microspheres by the Modified Emulsion solvent Diffusion method. In the present study attempt has been made to develop sustained released drug delivery system by formulating the floating Microspheres of Sumatriptan using White Rice Flour powder as a natural polymer which is biodegradable, biocompatible, nontoxic, economically cheap cost, devoid of adverse and side effects and easily availability. Sumatriptan Succinate is the succinate salt form of sumatriptan, a member of the triptan class of compounds with anti-migraine property. Sumatriptan succinate selectively binds to and activates serotonin 5-HT1 receptors. The 12 batches of floating Microspheres (MF1 to MF12) were formulated by Modified Emulsion solvent Diffusion method using different ratio of polymers like White Rice Flour power, HPMC K4M and Carbopol. The formulated Microspheres were evaluated by means of different parameters like shape and density of Microsphere, drug content uniformity, In-vitro buoyancy, swelling Index, In-vitro dissolution studies. The formulation MF6 has better sustained release when compared other formulations, hence we conclude that the combination of White Rice Flour powder, HPMC K4M shows better Gastric retention time which sustains the release of the dosage form.

Design Formulation and Evaluation of Anti Migraine Mouth Dissolving Tablets Using Different Super Disintegrants

The main objective of this research was to create and evaluate the efficacy of orally disintegrating tablets containing sumatriptan succinate at a dosage of 25 milligrammes, a medicine commonly prescribed for the treatment of migraines. The tablets are made using the direct compression method. In order to achieve best results, the formulations were enriched with microcrystalline cellulose of varying composition (Avicel PH 102), mannitol as a diluent, crospovidone, croscaramellose, and sodium starch glycollate as superdisintegrants. Carbomer (carbopol 940), Sodium CMC, and Sodium Alginate were among the other excipients that were used. When used at varying doses, these excipients act as disintegrants. In addition, magnesium stearate was used as a substance to reduce friction, while talc was used as a substance to improve flow. We assessed each of the excipients to ascertain their compatibility with the model drug. The findings revealed no occurrence of any physical or chemical interaction. Before compression, the preformulation features of the tablet blend were examined. The criteria considered were bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, and hausner ratio. An assessment was carried out on central tablets to ascertain their dimensions, firmness, tendency to crumble, variability in weight, rate of disintegration, and uniformity of drug content properties. Furthermore, an investigation was conducted to examine the impact of these variables on the release of the drug. The drug release studies were performed in vitro using the USP dissolving apparatus-II (paddle type) with a phosphate buffer solution at a pH of 6.8. The experiments were conducted at a speed of 50 revolutions per minute at a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius, with a standard deviation of 5 degrees Celsius. The sampling was conducted at consistent intervals of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 minutes. After each withdrawal, an equivalent volume of dissolving medium was replaced with the sample. The ultraviolet (UV) method is employed to evaluate the cumulative quantity of medications that have been discharged at different time intervals. Based on the evaluation results, the F-3 trial formulation, which included 6% crospovidone, was selected as the superior formulation among the superdisintegrants. Conversely, the F-10 trial formulation, which included 2% carbopol 940p, was selected as the superior formulation compared to other basic disintegrants.

SYNERGISTIC DRUG COMPATIBILITY OF SUMATRIPTAN SUCCINATE AND METOCLOPRAMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE (IN SITU GEL FORMULATIONS) FOR NASAL DRUG RELEASE OPTIMIZATION

Objective: Migraine is a prevalent neurological condition that causes lifelong tenacious headaches and significantly impacts the daily lives of individuals. Despite being frequently underestimated or neglected, it affects the individual’s routine activities, performance, self-confidence, and identity. Treatment often involves the administration of painkillers, which can lead to various complications. This study aimed to develop and characterize an in situ nasal formulation of sumatriptan succinate and metoclopramide hydrochloride to enhance drug residence time in the nasal cavity and improve drug bioavailability. Methods: Eight formulations of intranasal in situ gels were prepared using the “Cold Method” and evaluated for various parameters, including appearance, texture, viscosity, pH, gel strength, gelation temperature, drug content, and in vitro/ex vivo drug diffusion. FT-IR studies confirmed no interactions between sumatriptan succinate, metoclopramide hydrochloride, and the excipients. Simultaneous estimation method was used to evaluate drug content, in vitro and ex vivo drug diffusion. Results: Among the formulations, “Sumatriptan Succinate Metoclopramide Hydrochloride Polymer (SMP8)” exhibited the most favorable characteristics. The percent cumulative drug release was determined to be 96.803±0.0015 for sumatriptan succinate and 92.569±0.0028 for metoclopramide hydrochloride, aligning with the Higuchi model kinetics. In vitro and ex vivo diffusion studies demonstrated that SMP8 provided sustained drug release for up to 9 h, making it the optimal dosage formulation for nasal drug delivery in the treatment of migraine. Conclusion: This study’s findings suggest that the developed intranasal in situ gel formulation, SMP8, effectively releases sumatriptan succinate and metoclopramide hydrochloride over an extended period. By improving drug residence time and bioavailability, this formulation has the potential to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance in the management of migraine.

Sumatriptan Succinate Hemi(Ethanol Solvate)

1-(3-(2-(Dimethylammonio)ethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)-N-methylmethanesulfonamide succinate (sumatriptan succinate, HSum+·HSucc−) is a serotonin receptor agonist used to treat migraines. By the recrystallization of this substance from ethanol, its hemi(ethanol solvate), HSum+·HSucc−·0.5EtOH, was obtained. The solid was characterized by X-ray diffraction and FT-IR spectroscopy. In HSum+·HSucc−·0.5EtOH, solvent molecules link succinate anions into infinite O–H…O bonded chains, which are further connected by N–H…O interactions with cations into H-bonded layers.

Simultaneous Estimation of Zolmitriptan and Sumatriptan Succinate in Pure and Synthetic Mixture Using UV Spectrophotometer

Simultaneous Estimation of Zolmitriptan and Sumatriptan Succinate in Pure and Synthetic Mixture Using UV Spectrophotometer

Ethyl cellulose-chitosan microspheres of sumatriptan succinate for nasal drug delivery

The research investigated the preparation of mucoadhesive microspheres using ethyl cellulose and chitosan as polymers. Two methods were employed, with the first method utilizing an emulsion solvent evaporation technique and the second method incorporating additional homogenization and sonication steps. The results showed that the first method yielded nearly perfect spherical microspheres with a particle size range of 50 µm, while the second method produced irregularly shaped microspheres with larger particle sizes within the range of 200 µm. The drug entrapment efficiency was significantly higher in the first method compared to the second method, and within the first method, drug entrapment efficiency decreased with increasing chitosan concentration. These findings underscore the importance of method selection and chitosan concentration in microsphere synthesis, providing insights for optimizing drug delivery systems for targeted applications.

The Effect of the Mixture of Natural and Cellulose-Based Polymers on the Physicochemical Properties of Sumatriptan Succinate Mucoadhesive Buccal Patches

The Effect of the Mixture of Natural and Cellulose-Based Polymers on the Physicochemical Properties of Sumatriptan Succinate Mucoadhesive Buccal Patches

New characterization of dihydroergotamine receptor pharmacology in the context of migraine: utilization of a β-arrestin recruitment assay

IntroductionDihydroergotamine mesylate (DHE) is an established effective acute therapy for migraine and is often characterized by its broad receptor pharmacology. Knowledge of DHE pharmacology largely comes from studies employing older methodologies.ObjectiveTo assess DHE receptor activity using high-throughput methods to screen for functional ß-arrestin activity at G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs).MethodsFunctional receptor activities of DHE and sumatriptan succinate (both 10 μM) were screened against 168 GPCRs using the gpcrMAX assay. Agonist and antagonist effects were considered significant if receptor activity was >30% or inhibited by >50%, respectively. Radiolabeled ligand binding assays were performed for DHE (0.01–300 nM for 5-HT3 and 4E; 0.3–10,000 nM for 5-HT1B, α-adrenergic2B [i.e., α2B-adrenoceptor], D2, and D5) to assess specific binding to select receptors.ResultsDHE (10 μM) exhibited agonist activity at α-adrenergic2B, CXC chemokine receptor 7 (CXCR7), dopamine (D)2/5, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)1A/1B/2A/2C/5A receptors and antagonist activity at α-adrenergic1B/2A/2C (i.e., α1B/2A/2C-adrenoceptors), calcitonin receptor–receptor activity modifying protein 2 (CTR-RAMP2) or amylin 2 (AMY2), D1/3/4/5, and 5-HT1F receptors. Sumatriptan succinate (10 μM) exhibited agonist activity at the 5-HT1B/1E/1F/5A receptors. DHE demonstrated a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 149 nM at the 5-HT1F receptor and a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 6 μM at the CXCR7 receptor. DHE did not bind to the 5-HT3 receptor at concentrations up to 300 nM and bound poorly to 5-HT4E and D5 receptors (IC50 of 230 and 370 nM, respectively). DHE bound strongly to the D2, 5-HT1B, and α-adrenergic2B receptors (IC50 of 0.47, 0.58, and 2.8 nM, respectively).ConclusionBy using a high-throughput β-arrestin recruitment assay, this study confirmed the broad receptor profile of DHE and provided an update on DHE receptor pharmacology as it relates to migraine.

Formulation and Evaluation of Sumatriptan Succinate Microspheres by Using Different Polymers

In the present work, Microspheres of Sumatriptan Succinate using PLGA, Ethyl cellulose and HPMC K4M as polymers were formulated to deliver Sumatriptan Succinate via oral route. The results of this investigation indicate that solvent evaporation method can be successfully employed to fabricate Sumatriptan Succinate microspheres. In this work an effort was made to formulate microsphere of Sumatriptan Succinate by using different polymers. Prepared formulations are evaluated for bulk density, tapped density, precent mucoadhesion, Percent compressibility, hausners ration, percentage yield, size and interaction study by Differential scanning calorimeter and in vitro drug release. Formulation which passed all the evaluation parameters was considered as best formulation of Sumatriptan Succinate. The present study conclusively that Sumatriptan Succinate microsphere could be prepared successfully and formulation F5 was shows satisfactory result.

Preparation and Optimization of Liposome Containing Thermosensitive In Situ Nasal Hydrogel System for Brain Delivery of Sumatriptan Succinate

Drug absorption is improved by the intranasal route's wide surface area and avoidance of first-pass metabolism. For the treatment of central nervous system diseases such as migraine, intranasal administration delivers the medication to the brain. The study's purpose was to develop an in situ nasal hydrogel that contained liposomes that were loaded with sumatriptan succinate (SS). A thin-film hydration approach was used to create liposomes, and a 32 factorial design was used to optimize them. The optimized liposomes had a spherical shape, a 171.31 nm particle size, a high drug encapsulation efficiency of 83.54%, and an 8-h drug release of 86.11%. To achieve in situ gel formation, SS-loaded liposomes were added to the liquid gelling system of poloxamer-407, poloxamer-188, and sodium alginate. The final product was tested for mucoadhesive strength, viscosity, drug content, gelation temperature, and gelation time. Following intranasal delivery, in vivo pharmacokinetic investigations showed a significant therapeutic concentration of the medication in the brain with a Cmax value of 167 ± 78 ng/mL and an area under the curve value of 502 ± 63 ng/min·mL. For SS-loaded liposomal thermosensitive nasal hydrogel, significantly higher values of the nose-to-brain targeting parameters, that is, drug targeting index (2.61) and nose-to-brain drug direct transport (57.01%), confirmed drug targeting to the brain through the nasal route. Liposomes containing thermosensitive in situ hydrogel demonstrated potential for intranasal administration of SS.

Development and characterization of sumatriptan-loaded soy bean polysaccharide nanofiber using electrospinning technique

The use of electrospinning fibers in rapid-dissolving drug delivery systems accelerates the release of the active substance due to their extensive contact surface and porosity. Sumatriptan succinate (SS), an antimigraine drug has beneficial and proven effects on human health, but it has some shortcomings such as bitter-taste, low oral absorption and low half-life that limit its application in pharmaceutical systems. In this work, the new nanofiber mats were developed to increase oral absorption and improve the efficacy of drug. The mean fiber diameters were 313.29 ± 31 nm, 373.37 ± 29 nm and 453 ± 42 nm for those loaded by 0.15% SS, 0.5% SS and 1% SS, respectively. By adding sumatriptan succinate to the electrospinning solution, viscosity, electrical conductivity and tensile strength in fibers increased, but pH decreased. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed the absence of interactions between drug and polymer membrane. A fast release rate was obtained for sumatriptan-loaded soluble soy bean polysaccharide (SSPS) nanofiber mats, where 95% of the sumatriptan released within 20 s. Cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that none of the nanofibers had toxic properties on the fibroblasts cells. Overall, sumatriptan can be loaded well in SSPS nanofibers and released more quickly in oral space, which will be effective in improving the onset of therapeutic effects and reducing migraine headaches.

Design and evaluation of sustained release mucoadhesive film of sumatriptan succinate containing grafted co-polymer as the platform

PurposeThe primary goal of this research is to improve the bioavailability and efficacy of Sumatriptan succinate by incorporating it in the mucoadhesive film for the treatment of migraine. Mucoadhesive film offers an excellent substitute to deliver the drug in the systemic circulation and eliminate the chance of first-pass metabolism. MethodUsing central composite design (CCD), various formulations were created by incorporating polymer, plasticizer, and water, and an optimized preparation was created using statistical screening. The optimization has been performed by applying a 34 factorial method based on dependent variables such as Drug content (%), Swelling index (%), Folding endurance (Number of times), and Mucoadhesive strength (g). ResultsThe actual experimental values obtained were compared with those predicted by the mathematical models. Formulation S9 was selected as an optimized formulation because it showed the lowest standard deviation between predicted and actual values compared to other formulations. In the case of the S9 formulation, approximately 77.12% of the drug was released within 24 h, but initially, it showed burst release. In addition, the in-vitro release of pure drug suspension showed 99.32% drug release within 2 h. That signified that the developed formulation provides sustained release due to presence of grafted co-polymer. ConclusionFormulation holding drug-loaded grafted film showed decent sustained and controlled drug release characteristics compared to a pure drug suspension. S9 formulation showed better results than other formulations in drug content, swelling index, folding endurance, and mucoadhesive strength, which is further used to treat migraine.

Two spectroscopic methods for estimation of anti-migraine medications: Sumatriptan and Zolmitriptan based on nucleophilic substitution reaction.

Sensitive and selective spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods have been developed for the estimation of two anti-migraine drugs, namely sumatriptan succinate (SUM) and zolmitriptan (ZOL). These methods depend on producing a yellow-coloured product after the reaction of the two drugs with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl). The reaction products exhibited maximum absorbance at 481 nm in borate buffer of pH 9 and fluorescence emission peak at 540 nm after excitation at 470 nm for the two drugs. The linear ranges were 5-60 μg/ml for SUM and 5-50 μg/ml for ZOL in the spectrophotometric method (Method I), whereas this was 0.4-4 μg/ml for SUM and 0.5-5 μg/ml for ZOL in the spectrofluorimetric method (Method II). The method validity was assessed according to International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. Statistical analysis of the results obtained from the proposed and comparison methods confirmed that the proposed methods were highly accurate and precise. The suggested methods could be used for the determination of the mentioned drugs in both pure form and in tablets.

New Smartphone based Colorimetric Method Development and validation for the Drugs containing Nitrogen, Sulphur and Phosphorus in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Form

A method for determining the concentration of coloured compounds in a solution is colorimetry. The intensity of the colour is related to the chemical concentration being measured. Because of their low cost and ability to collect, store, and interpret data all in one device, smartphone-based colorimetry has increased in popularity as an analytical tool. The camera on the phone is used as a detector in smartphone colorimetry. Both the smartphone colorimetric method and the UV method relied on the detection of colour intensity as concentration rose. Distinct oxidation states of ammonium metavanadate generate different colours depending on the oxidation state. The +5-oxidation state appears yellow, the +4-oxidation state appears blue, the +3-oxidation state appears green, and the +2-oxidation state appears purple. The ammonium metavanadate reagent is orange red in colour, but when it combines with pharmaceuticals that contain nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulphur in their structure, it turns green. The developed approach for all of the drugs in this article is linear. The colour intensity increases as the concentration of API increases. All of the photos were captured on a smartphone and analysed with photometrix PRO software. The photometrix PRO application turns an image to an RGB histogram, and it also includes regression models. The percent RSD for all three drugs was less than 2 employing Photometrix PRO and UV method. Using a statistical method called a two-paired test, the results reveal that both procedures are equally significant for all three drugs.
 Keywords: Uv spectrophotometry, Photometrix PRO, RGB Histogram, Sumatriptan Succinate, Gemifloxacin, Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

Development of Optimized Sumatriptan-Prochlorperazine Combined Orodispersible Films Without Disintegrant: in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo Characterization.

Sumatriptan succinate and prochlorperazine maleate are a clinically proven combination for treating migraine and associated nausea and vomiting. Classical oral dosage forms are not frequently workable in migraine because of the associated nausea/vomiting, and no effectivefixed dose combination is available. Thus, the aim of the study was to optimize a combined sumatriptan-prochlorperazine orodispersible film for rapid release of drugs. Orodispersible films were prepared by solvent casting method using varied amounts of polyvinyl alcohol and glycerol as film former and plasticizer, respectively, along with fixed levels of other ingredients employing central composite design. The optimum film (VF) demonstrated disintegration and total dispersion times as 21 s and 2.3 min, respectively. Tensile strength and Young's modulus were 8.86 ± 0.37 MPa and 24.15 ± 0.07 MPa, respectively. The in vitro T80% of both drugs from the ODF was achieved within 4 min. The film was palatable and disintegrated in 2 min in buccal cavity of human volunteers. Permeation study through goat mucosa demonstrated 100% permeation of both drugs within 15 min. X-Ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry supported drugs being amorphous and Fourier transform infrared demonstrated drug-excipient compatibility in optimized film. A judicious combination of sumatriptan succinate and prochlorperazine maleate could be prepared in orodispersible films for the possible relief of migraine.

Intranasal drug delivery of sumatriptan succinate-loaded polymeric solid lipid nanoparticles for brain targeting

Migraine is a frequent neurological condition characterized by throbbing headaches, nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia, among other symptoms. Sumatriptan belongs to a BCS class III, which exhibits poor oral bioavailability and several side-effects. The objective of the present study was to develop solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs) of sumatriptan succinate for brain targeting by nasal route. Solvent injection method was used to increase the entrapment efficiency of hydrophilic drug. Thus, formulation was optimized by central composite design with minimum particle size, optimized zeta potential, and maximum entrapment efficiency, which was found to be 133.4 nm, −17.7 mV, and 75.5%, respectively. Optimized batch was further evaluated for surface morphology, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, in vitro release, permeation across nasal mucosa, and histopathology. It was seen that most of the particles were spherical in shape as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The release of drug through the lipid showed initial burst release followed by sustained release up to 12 h. The ex vivo diffusion study using goat nasal mucosa at pH 6.8 revealed that SLNPs permeation across nasal mucosa was quick, which was sufficient for brain targeting. Histopathology studies further revealed integrity of nasal mucosa after treatment with SLNPs. The investigation indicated that hydrophilic drug, sumatriptan succinate can be successfully entrapped in SLNPs to target brain via nasal delivery, and thus it could be an effective approach for nose-to-brain delivery.

Pharmacokinetics study of chitosan-coated liposomes containing sumatriptan in the treatment of migraine.

Background:Sumatriptan is a routine medication in the treatment of migraine and cluster headache that is generally given by oral or parental routes. However, a substantial proportion of patients suffer severe side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical characterization and pharmacokinetic parameters of a novel delivery system for sumatriptan succinate (SS) using nanoliposomes (NLs) coated by chitosan (CCLs) to optimize the formulations to enhance its bioavailability.Methods:The new formulation was used to minimize drug particle size and extend its release and bioavailability. The mean particle size and entrapment efficiency for NLs and CCls were optimized and the formulations with better characteristics were chosen for in vivo studies. The concentration-time profile of intravenous SS, intranasal SS, SS-NLs, and CCLs were examined in a rabbit model.Results:The results demonstrated that CCLs were absorbed more rapidly from nasal drops containing chitosan compared to those of SS and SS-NLs as indicated by a shorter tmax, and a higher Cmax in both states. A comparison of the AUC (0-240 min) values revealed that chitosan improved the extent of SS absorption for CCLs formulation. The results of the present study indicated that loading SS into the liposome and coating with chitosan improves drug absorption and a large amount of the drug can be efficiently delivered into the systemic circulation.Conclusion:The liposomal and chitosan formulations of SS had better kinetic behavior than the soluble form in the animal model.