Sulphuric Acid Water Research Articles

BIOGENESE VON ÖSTRATETRAENOL BEIM MENSCHEN

ABSTRACT Incubation of androsta-4,16-dien-3-one with 10 000 × g supernatant of human placenta tissue resulted in the formation of a phenolic metabolite. This was isolated and subsequently identified as oestratetraen-3-ol by its melting point, paper chromatography, and the absorption curves of the sulphuric acid water reaction and the Kober reaction. The conversion of androsta-4,16-dien-3-one to oestratetraen-3-ol was approximately 25%, whereas under similar conditions testosterone was aromatised to oestradiol-17β (and oestrone) in a 30% yield. The significance of these results is discussed with regard to the conversion of testosterone to 16,17-epioestriol.

297. Aromatic reactivity. Part IX. Sulphonation of toluene by water–sulphuric acid and by trifluoroacetic acid–water–sulphuric acid

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Fuel oxidation by sulphuric acid

AbstractA quantitative study has been made of the oxidation of various coals by sulphuric acid–water mixtures. Two coals of different particle sizes showed identical oxidation rates. A mechanism of the oxidation reaction is suggested.

797. Comparative reaction rates in solid and in liquid sulphuric acid–water mixtures

797. Comparative reaction rates in solid and in liquid sulphuric acid–water mixtures

Vapour–liquid equilibria of nitric acid–water–sulphuric acid mixtures

AbstractNew vapour–liquid equilibrium data have been obtained for the systems nitric acid–water and nitric acid–sulphuric acid–water and have been applied to the design of a column for the concentration of nitric acid by extractive distillation with sulphuric acid. The new data require an increase in the number of theoretical plates, and thus explain in part the present use of larger quantities of sulphuric acid than should be necessary in a column designed according to previously published data.

The viscosity temperature relationship of liquids

A new formula representing the viscosity temperature dependence is proposed. The formula is valid for a variety of liquids, e.g. associated and non-associated liquids, hydrocarbons and mixtures of hydrocarbons. Water, solutions of sucrose in water and of sulphuric acid in water also fit into the system. The same formula can even be applied to mercury. The method can be used for saturated and non-saturated natural mineral-oils, for fatty oils as well as for hydrocarbon mixtures obtained by polymerization and by expelling oxygen from polymerized fatty oils. The proposed formula is generally applicable and more concise and clear than many of the existing equations.

The Conquest of Scurvy

THE YEAR 1953 is a centenary year in the history of scurvy. It is the bicentenary of the publication of James Lind's monumental. A Treatise of the Scurvy (1) which was commemorated in May, 1953 in a two-day international conference of nutritionists at Lind's alma mater, the University of Edinburgh. World honors came tardily to this Scot physician to whom the sciences of nutrition and dietetics are forever indebted. It was Dr. James Lind, the first great experimental nutritionist, who laid the foundation for the concept of deficiency diseases—that man became ill by lack of an essential food element. In a brilliantly conceived and carefully controlled clinical experiment, Lind compared the various current remedies used in treating scurvy. Aboard the warship, Salisbury, cruising in the English Channel, he evaluated the relative antiscorbutic activity of various acidic principles, comparing sulphuric acid and water, vinegar, arid cider with oranges and lemons. The description of the Salisbury experiment is usually the only thing now quoted from Lind's books. As most of you will recall, he took twelve scorbutic sailors, divided them into six groups. He housed them in the same sick bay and gave them the same basic diet of soups and broths, watergruel sweetened with sugar in the morning; fresh mutton-broth oftentimes for dinner; at other times light puddings, boiled biscuit with sugar, etc., and for supper, barley and raisins, rice and currants, sago and wine or the like. This was as good a scurvy-producing diet as any biochemist today could devise. To this control diet, Lind added, as in paired feeding: 1 qt. cider a day, for his first group; 25 drops of oil of vitriol or sulphuric acid in water three times a day, for the second; two spoonsful of vinegar three times a day, on an empty stomach, for the third group. Two of the worst patients received a course of sea-water, half a pint a day,

E.m.f. studies of electrolytic dissociation. Part I.—Sulphuric acid in water

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STABILITY OF TESTIS HORMONE

TOF THE NUMEROUS artificial and natural androgens known, one of the most active is testosterone which was isolated from the testes by Laqueur (1) and his associates. With the exception of the reported isolation of androstanedione by Ogata and Hirano (2) no other hormone has been prepared from testicular tissue but there are indications that testosterone is not the only internal secretion of significance produced by the testes. The question of the duality or possibly the plurality of testes hormones has been studied in this laboratory for some time. The experiments concerning the relative stability of testosterone and testicular extracts which are re-ported in this paper throw additional light on this subject. The effect of boiling testosterone with acid. Three hundred micrograms of testosterone were dissolved in 750 cc. of ethyl alcohol which was mixed with 150 cc. of concentrated sulphuric acid and sufficient water to make the final volume 31.

On the system water‐sulphur trioxide

AbstractThe values of E and log. A in kT = A e ‐E/RT. which have been published for the oxidation of succinic acid with chromic acid in sulphuric acid of varying strength, allow one to calculate kT for any temperature. The maximum which was found in the kT‐acid concentration curve must show a shift to lower sulphuric acid concentrations with decrease of the temperature. At −40° it is found very near to the composition SO3 3 aq. This, and the fact that the speed of oxidation increases rapidly with the acid concentration as soon as the composition SO3 5 aq. has been reached, leads to the conclusion that SO3 3 aq. is one of the active components of the system. Comparison of the speed of decomposition of chromic acid, the speed of oxidation of organic substances and the speed of decomposition of organic substances by sulphuric acid, leads to the conclusion that a second hydrate, probably 2 SO3 1 aq. is active too. It is known that reactions which are dependent on the concentration of this substance have an abnormally high temperature coefficient. The superposition of the effects caused by these two hydrates explains the behaviour of solutions of sulphuric acid in water at different temperatures in a number of cases.

XIX.—The vapour pressure of water over sulphuric acid–water mixtures at 25°

XIX.—The vapour pressure of water over sulphuric acid–water mixtures at 25°

The indirect measurement of the aqueous vapour-pressure of capillary systems by the freezing-point depression of benzene

In the study of the soil-water system a knowledge of the variation of vapour- pressure with water content is of prime importance. The water content of soils in equilibrium with atmospheres of varying humidity can be readily obtained by prolonged exposure over sulphuric acid—water mixtures, preferably in vacuum desiccators. Indeed, the application to soils of the methods used by van Bemmelen (1) in his classical work on silica gel might have prevented much of the confusion that has arisen in certain soil studies. For certain purposes interpolation from other water contents is undesirable, but the direct measurement of vapour pressure on soils of defined water content is either laborious or inaccurate. Tensimetric methods are even more unreliable than with salt hydrates or gels, whilst the saturation of an air current requires large amounts of carefully-prepared soil and is extremely difficult with samples of low humidity. Several investigators have had recourse to the measurement of other properties thermodynamically connected with the vapour-pressure. The determation of the freezing-point of moist soils is practicable only at relative vapour-pressures greater than about 80 per cent. to 90 per cent., whilst the datometric method involves measurements at widely different temperatures for fairly dry soils.

XLIV.—The system ferric oxide—sulphuric acid—water

XLIV.—The system ferric oxide—sulphuric acid—water

On the exact measure of the heat of solution of sulphuric acid in water

On the exact measure of the heat of solution of sulphuric acid in water

Societies and Academies

PARISAcademy of Sciences, October 1.—M. Peligot in the chair. -The following papers were read:-On the order of appearance of the first vessels in the shoots of Lysimachia and of Ruta, by M. Trecul.—Reply to M. Angot's last note on the system of winds in the region of the Algerian chotts, by M. Roudaire.- Boric.acid; methods of investigation; origin and mode of formation, by M. Dieulafait. Inter alia, he considers (in oppo sition to some high authorities) that the boric acid and accompanying substances in the lagoni of Tuscany and in analogous beds, are (with exception of the carbonic acid) products exclusively sedimentary, their mode of formation being fully explained from a study of the mother-waters of salt-marshes. It is unnecessary to call in any volcanic action. Boric acid seems to have existed in seas from the earliest ages, and to have been deposited wherever portions of sea got separated under suitable conditions. This occurred on an immense scale at two epochs widely apart, viz., in the trias, and at a certain horizon of the tertiary formation,- It is in the last mother-waters of salt-marshes that boric acidis concentrated.-Employment of pyritous earths for treatment of phylloxerised vines, by M. Dufresnoy.—Integrals of oblique developers of any order, by Abbæ Aoust.—Discovery of oxygen in the sun, and new theory of the solar spectrum, by Prof. Draper.—Note on the magnetisation of tubes of steel, by M. Gaugain. If a neutral cylindrical bar of steel, at ordinary temperature, be introduced into a magnetised tube of steel and withdrawn after a few seconds, it will be found weakly magnetised in the same sense as the tube. But if, after insertion, the system be heated with a lamp to about 300 deg., allowed to cool, and the core then drawn from the tube, the tube will be found to have lost a large part of its original magnetism, and the core to have taken an inverse magnetism.—On the exact measurement of the heat of solution of sulphuric acid in water, by M. Croulle-bois. The hitherto divergent results are attributed to a fact observed by M. Kirchhoff, viz., that the thermal effect is intimately connected with the tension of aqueous vapours emitted by the solution, and consequently with the temperature. Taking this into account the author gives a table of calories corresponding to different temperatures from 10° to 24°.—Continuation of researches on the effects of electric currents of high tension, and their analogies to natural phenomena, by M. Plantæ. This relates to effects had on placing the positive electrode of a battery of 800 secondary couples in distilled water, and bringing the negative platinum wire near the surface, a column of water having been inserted in the circuit to obviate fusion. A small globe of fire appears, taking an ovoid form when the electrode is raised a little, while a number of blue luminous points in concentric circles are seen at the surface of the water. Rays presently start from the centre and join the points; they go into gyration in one direction or the other, and describe spirals; sometimes they disappear on one side. Lastly, with increased velocity of. gyration, all vanish, and only the blue concentric rings are left. The experiment bears on the formation of globular lightning.—Some new researches on the metal davyum, by M. Kern. New researches on the density confirm the former. From preliminary experiments the equivalent is shown to be greater than 100, and probably near 150-154.—New modes of formation of oxide of ethylene, by M. Greene.— Note on the wire-drawing of platinum, by M. Gaiffe. He has got stronger fine wire by excluding atmospheric dust more completely.—On the fecundation of echinoderms (continued), by M. Fol.—Metamorphoses of cantharides (Caniharis vesicatoria), by M. Lichtenstein.—On the mutual antagonism of atropine and muscarine, by M. Prevost. He asserts (contrary to some) that large doses of muscarine will produce toxical effects in animals previously atropinised.—Trajectory of the bolide of June 14, 1877, by M. Gruey.—Meteorological observations in a balloon, by MM. Tissandier. They found a layer of air 400 m. thick, at a height of 400 m., moving pretty rapidly between two other layers almost motionless; a rare phenomenon.—On a halo observed at Brest on August 31, 1877, by M. Salicis.—Reflections on the meteorological works of M. Brault, by M. Buys-Ballot.

IX. On thallium

1. Since the date of the last paper on Thallium which I had the honour of communicating to the Royal Society, I have been unremittingly engaged in attempting to find, a source from which this metal could be extracted in quantity. Having first discovered thallium in the deposit from the chambers of a sulphuric-acid manufactory, I naturally turned my attention towards similar deposits from English oil-of-vitriol works where pyrites was burnt. Applications were accordingly made to several large manufacturers for specimens of the pyrites which they used, and also for some of the deposit from their leaden chambers. These requests, with scarcely an exception, were readily responded to, and in a short time I was in possession of specimens from nearly thirty different establishments. In many instances thallium was detected in the pyrites, but I was disappointed to find that the deposits of sulphate of lead from the chambers contained no thallium whatever. I then applied to manufacturers who I had ascertained were constantly burning thalliferous pyrites, and obtained from them specimens of the products in different stages of their manufacture, but in no instance did I find an accumulation of thallium in any part of the operations. 2. In the operation of burning the pyrites, the thallium oxidizes with the sulphur and volatilizes into the leaden chambers; it there meets with aqueous vapour, sulphurous and sulphuric acids, and becomes converted into sulphate of the protoxide of thallium. This being readily soluble both in water and dilute sulphuric acid, and not being reduced by contact with the leaden sides, remains in solution and accompanies the sulphuric acid in its subsequent stages of concentration, &c. It is not probable therefore that any thallium can accumulate in the insoluble deposit, but it will remain dissolved in the liquid, where indeed I have found it—not however in quantities sufficient to be worth extracting, as it is present in scarcely a larger proportion than in the original pyrites. That this view of the path followed by thallium is correct, I am satisfied both from careful analyses of products from various manufactories, and also by experiments tried on a small scale in my own laboratory. M. Lamy states that he extracts thallium from similar deposits to those which I have examined; but as I have experimented on residues from English manufactories in which they burn pyrites almost, if not quite, as rich in thallium as that used in M. Kuhlmann’s works, there must be some cause or local arrangement in their manufactory, different from what is usually adopted in this country, to occasion so large an accumulation of thallium at one particular stage of the operations.