Sulfur Deficiency Research Articles

Quantum-Mechanical Driven 1H Iterative Full Spin Analysis Addresses Complex Peak Patterns of Choline Sulfate.

Choline and choline esters are essential nutrients in biological systems for carrying out normal functions, such as the modulation of neurotransmission and the formation and maintenance of cell membranes. Choline sulfate is reportedly involved in the defense mechanism of accumulating sulfur resources against sulfur deficiency. Contrary to expectations, a full assignment of the 1H NMR spectrum of choline sulfate has not been reported. The present study pioneered a full assignment by quantum-mechanical driven 1H iterative full spin analysis. The complex peak patterns were analyzed in terms of heteronuclear and non-first-order coupling. The 1H-14N coupling constants, including two-bond coupling, which can be neglected, were accurately determined by iterative optimization. Non-first-order splitting has been described to be due to the presence of magnetically non-equivalent geminal protons. Moreover, in the comparison of the methylene proton resonance patterns of choline sulfate with choline and choline phosphate, the differences in the geminal and vicinal coupling constants were further examined through spectral simulation excluding the heteronuclear coupling. The precise spectral interpretation provided in this study is expected to contribute to future 1H NMR-based qualitative or quantitative studies of choline sulfate-containing sources.

Polyhydroxybutyrate production in one-stage by purple phototrophic bacteria: Influence of alkaline pH, ethanol, and C/N ratios

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of alkaline pH, nutrient limitation, nitrogen source, C/N ratio, and ethanol addition on polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production by a photoheterotrophic mixed culture enriched in Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The results demonstrated the natural alkalinization of the culture medium was enough to induce PHB accumulation in the mixed culture. The combination of alkaline pH, nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphate deficiency negatively affected polymer production. The incorporation of glutamate for biomass synthesis was better than that of ammonium, which had a positive effect on PHB production. Interestingly, ethanol addition improved the PHB accumulation by 25 %, but without consumption. PHB production improved at low C/N ratios, where 27 ± 0.9% of the carbon source was transformed into biopolymers. The evaluated factors allowed the biomass PHB content to increase by 60%, reaching PHB production of 219 ± 5 mg/L. The PHB production by the photoheterotrophic mixed culture is associated with growth, allowing the PHB production in one stage. That has significant advantages in technical-practical terms, such as reducing the time of the process, dispensing with the separation of biomass from the feast phase to the famine phase, and requiring a single reactor.

The C-Terminal Region of SLIM1 Transcription Factor Is Required for Sulfur Deficiency Response.

Sulfur LIMitation1 (SLIM1) transcription factor coordinates gene expression in plants in response to sulfur deficiency (−S). SLIM1 belongs to the family of plant-specific EIL transcription factors with EIN3 and EIL1, which regulate the ethylene-responsive gene expression. The EIL domains consist of DNA binding and dimerization domains highly conserved among EIL family members, while the N- and C-terminal regions are structurally variable and postulated to have regulatory roles in this protein family, such that the EIN3 C-terminal region is essential for its ethylene-responsive activation. In this study, we focused on the roles of the SLIM1 C-terminal region. We examined the transactivation activity of the full-length and the truncated SLIM1 in yeast and Arabidopsis. The full-length SLIM1 and the truncated form of SLIM1 with a deletion of C-terminal 106 amino acids (ΔC105) transactivated the reporter gene expression in yeast when they were fused to the GAL4 DNA binding domain, whereas the deletion of additional 15 amino acids to remove the C-terminal 120 amino acids (ΔC120) eliminated such an activity, identifying the necessity of that 15-amino-acid segment for transactivation. In the Arabidopsis slim1-2 mutant, the transcript levels of SULTR1;2 sulfate transporter and the GFP expression derived from the SULTR1;2 promoter-GFP (PSULTR1;2-GFP) transgene construct were restored under −S by introducing the full-length SLIM1, but not with the C-terminal truncated forms ΔC105 and ΔC57. Furthermore, the transcript levels of −S-responsive genes were restored concomitantly with an increase in glutathione accumulation in the complementing lines with the full-length SLIM1 but not with ΔC57. The C-terminal 57 amino acids of SLIM1 were also shown to be necessary for transactivation of a −S-inducible gene, SHM7/MSA1, in a transient expression system using the SHM7/MSA1 promoter-GUS as a reporter. These findings suggest that the C-terminal region is essential for the SLIM1 activity.

Long-term nutrient management in an intensive rice-wheat cropping system improves the quantities, qualities, and availability of soil sulfur

In the last few decades, the deficiency of sulfur (S) has been noticed in the agricultural soils of India. Meanwhile, researchers reported that S plays a significant role in the productivity of the rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS). For the quantification of S response, a long-term field experiment was started at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research (ICAR-IIFSR), Modipuram, India. In total, 7 nutrient supply options were applied, i.e., organic, mineral fertilizer in the combination of integrated plant nutrition system (IPNS), and IPNS + berseem (B)/IPNS + cowpea (C) in the S availability of the soil in the RWCS. The results showed that the highest contribution in S availability by the total S (39%) is followed by the organic S (35%), sodium bicarbonate extractable sulfur (NaHCO3-ES; 7%), heat-soluble sulfur (SS; 7%), water-soluble sulfur (WSS; 4%), available S (4%), and inorganic S (4%) under different long-term nutrient supply options of RWCS. The continuous application of organic fertilizer and various IPNS options, such as the inclusion of pulses, significantly improved all S fractions in the soil and also offers an additional benefit in terms of sustainability of production and soil health as compared to the inorganic fertilizer fields. Overall, the results showed that IPNS showed its superiority over the rest of the treatment. The results also supported that the inclusion of pulses gives a further gain in terms of sulfur availability in soil systems under RWCS.

The SLIM1 transcription factor affects sugar signaling during sulfur deficiency in Arabidopsis.

The homeostasis of major macronutrient metabolism needs to be tightly regulated, especially when the availability of one or more nutrients fluctuates in the environment. Both sulfur metabolism and glucose signaling are important processes throughout plant growth and development, as well as during stress responses. Still, very little is known about how these processes affect each other, although they are positively connected. Here, we showed in Arabidopsis that the crucial transcription factor of sulfur metabolism, SLIM1, is involved in glucose signaling during shortage of sulfur. The germination rate of the slim1_KO mutant was severely affected by high glucose and osmotic stress. The expression of SLIM1-dependent genes in sulfur deficiency appeared to be additionally induced by a high concentration of either mannitol or glucose, but also by sucrose, which is not only the source of glucose but another signaling molecule. Additionally, SLIM1 affects PAP1 expression during sulfur deficiency by directly binding to its promoter. The lack of PAP1 induction in such conditions leads to much lower anthocyanin production. Taken together, our results indicate that SLIM1 is involved in the glucose response by modulating sulfur metabolism and directly controlling PAP1 expression in Arabidopsis during sulfur deficiency stress.

Tris(methylthio)methane produced by Mortierella hyalina affects sulfur homeostasis in Arabidopsis

Microbial volatiles are important factors in symbiotic interactions with plants. Mortierella hyalina is a beneficial root-colonizing fungus with a garlic-like smell, and promotes growth of Arabidopsis seedlings. GC–MS analysis of the M. hyalina headspace and NMR analysis of the extracted essential oil identified the sulfur-containing volatile tris(methylthio)methane (TMTM) as the major compound. Incorporation of the sulfur from the fungal volatile into plant metabolism was shown by 34S labeling experiments. Under sulfur deficiency, TMTM down-regulated sulfur deficiency-responsive genes, prevented glucosinolate (GSL) and glutathione (GSH) diminishment, and sustained plant growth. However, excess TMTM led to accumulation of GSH and GSL and reduced plant growth. Since TMTM is not directly incorporated into cysteine, we propose that the volatile from M. hyalina influences the plant sulfur metabolism by interfering with the GSH metabolism, and alleviates sulfur imbalances under sulfur stress.

A novel flexible dual-functional energy storage device with switchability based on NiCo2S4-x

The demands for new energy storage systems capable of providing power for various wearable electronic devices are generating more research interest. Herein, we develop a universal and effective strategy to integrate Zn ion battery (ZIB) and asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) into one flexible energy storage device, which can switch between high energy density and high-power density without interfering with each other. The NiCo2S4-x nanosheet arrays with sulfur deficiency grown on carbon cloth substrate are used as efficient cathode for ZIB and ASC. The designed flexible ZIB delivers an energy density of up to 464.2 Wh kg−1, while the assemble flexible ASC provides a maximum power density of 8001.2 W kg−1. Subsequently, a flexible dual-functional three-electrode energy storage device (TEESD) is fabricated by a general stacking strategy. As proof-of-concept demonstrations, two flexible dual-functional TEESDs can switch between ZIB and ASC to power a digital watch and light LED thanks to the common cathode. In addition, the integrated TEESDs exhibits superior electrochemical stability and performance durability, which is beneficial for the practical applications in flexible and wearable devices. The general strategy disclosed herein is expected to shine new light into the development of advanced flexible electronics and wearable energy textiles.

Crosstalk Between Iron and Sulfur Homeostasis Networks in Arabidopsis.

The widespread deficiency of iron (Fe) and sulfur (S) is becoming a global concern. The underlying mechanisms regulating Fe and S sensing and signaling have not been well understood. We investigated the crosstalk between Fe and S using mutants impaired in Fe homeostasis, sulfate assimilation, and glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis. We showed that chlorosis symptoms induced by Fe deficiency were not directly related to the endogenous GSH levels. We found dynamic crosstalk between Fe and S networks and more interestingly observed that the upregulated expression of IRT1 and FRO2 under S deficiency in Col-0 was missing in the cad2-1 mutant background, which suggests that under S deficiency, the expression of IRT1 and FRO2 was directly or indirectly dependent on GSH. Interestingly, the bottleneck in sulfite reduction led to a constitutively higher IRT1 expression in the sir1-1 mutant. While the high-affinity sulfate transporter (Sultr1;2) was upregulated under Fe deficiency in the roots, the low-affinity sulfate transporters (Sultr2;1, and Sultr2;2) were down-regulated in the shoots of Col-0 seedlings. Moreover, the expression analysis of some of the key players in the Fe–S cluster assembly revealed that the expression of the so-called Fe donor in mitochondria (AtFH) and S mobilizer of group II cysteine desulfurase in plastids (AtNFS2) were upregulated under Fe deficiency in Col-0. Our qPCR data and ChIP-qPCR experiments suggested that the expression of AtFH is likely under the transcriptional regulation of the central transcription factor FIT.

Local and Systemic Response to Heterogeneous Sulfate Resupply after Sulfur Deficiency in Rice

Sulfur (S) is an essential mineral nutrient required for plant growth and development. Plants usually face temporal and spatial variation in sulfur availability, including the heterogeneous sulfate content in soils. As sessile organisms, plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to modify their gene expression and physiological processes in order to optimize S acquisition and usage. Such plasticity relies on a complicated network to locally sense S availability and systemically respond to S status, which remains poorly understood. Here, we took advantage of a split-root system and performed transcriptome-wide gene expression analysis on rice plants in S deficiency followed by sulfate resupply. S deficiency altered the expressions of 6749 and 1589 genes in roots and shoots, respectively, accounting for 18.07% and 4.28% of total transcripts detected. Homogeneous sulfate resupply in both split-root halves recovered the expression of 27.06% of S-deficiency-responsive genes in shoots, while 20.76% of S-deficiency-responsive genes were recovered by heterogeneous sulfate resupply with only one split-root half being resupplied with sulfate. The local sulfate resupply response genes with expressions only recovered in the split-root half resupplied with sulfate but not in the other half remained in S deficiency were identified in roots, which were mainly enriched in cellular amino acid metabolic process and root growth and development. Several systemic response genes were also identified in roots, whose expressions remained unchanged in the split-root half resupplied with sulfate but were recovered in the other split-root half without sulfate resupply. The systemic response genes were mainly related to calcium signaling and auxin and ABA signaling. In addition, a large number of S-deficiency-responsive genes exhibited simultaneous local and systemic responses to sulfate resupply, such as the sulfate transporter gene OsSULTR1;1 and the O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase gene, highlighting the existence of a systemic regulation of sulfate uptake and assimilation in S deficiency plants followed by sulfate resupply. Our studies provided a comprehensive transcriptome-wide picture of a local and systemic response to heterogeneous sulfate resupply, which will facilitate an understanding of the systemic regulation of S homeostasis in rice.

Sulphur and its significance in higher pulse production

Sulphur is one of the emerging plant nutrients, required for pulse crops. After nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium, it is forth key nutrient for plant nutrition. It is taken up by the plants in the form of sulphates form from the soil. The factors that are responsible for the wide spread deficiency of sulphur are excess use of high analysis fertilizers, inadequate use of crop residue, high yielding varieties of crops and its removal of sulphur by the crops. Sulphur plays a pivotal role in overall pulse production, by synthesis of sulphur containing amino acids, enhancing protein content, nodule formation and plant biomass. However, the requirement of sulphur for effective crop production is not showing promising trend. Comparing the sources of sulphur fertilizers, gypsum showed its superiority by producing high grain and straw yield in pulses. In some of the field experiments on pulses, addition of sulphur @30kg and 40kgof S/ha along with the recommended dose, increased the growth (plant height and number of branches) and yield and quality parameters (grain yield and protein content). This review highlights the different response of crops to Sulphur application, sources, uptake and its interactions with other nutrients for profitable crop production. Moreover, it provides new insights to revisit the significance of sulphur in higher pulse production.

Photoluminescence Induced by Substitutional Nitrogen in Single-Layer Tungsten Disulfide.

The electronic and optical properties of two-dimensional materials can be strongly influenced by defects, some of which can find significant implementations, such as controllable doping, prolonged valley lifetime, and single-photon emissions. In this work, we demonstrate that defects created by remote N2 plasma exposure in single-layer WS2 can induce a distinct low-energy photoluminescence (PL) peak at 1.59 eV, which is in sharp contrast to that caused by remote Ar plasma. This PL peak has a critical requirement on the N2 plasma exposure dose, which is strongest for WS2 with about 2.0% sulfur deficiencies (including substitutions and vacancies) and vanishes at 5.6% or higher sulfur deficiencies. Both experiments and first-principles calculations suggest that this 1.59 eV PL peak is caused by defects related to the sulfur substitutions by nitrogen, even though low-temperature PL measurements also reveal that not all the sulfur vacancies are remedied by the substitutional nitrogen. The distinct low-energy PL peak suggests that the substitutional nitrogen defect in single-layer WS2 can potentially serve as an isolated artificial atom for creating single-photon emitters, and its intensity can also be used to monitor the doping concentrations of substitutional nitrogen.

Sulfate Fertilization Preserves Tomato Fruit Nutritional Quality

Sulfur is an essential mineral in human nutrition, involved in vital biochemical processes. Sulfur deficient soil is becoming a severe issue, resulting from increased agricultural production and decreased sulfur emissions. Tomato cultivation using sulfur-poor soils and desalinated water is becoming widespread, and might result in plant and fruit sulfur deficiency. In the current work, we aimed at evaluating the effect of sulfur fertilization (0.1–4 mM) on fruit sulfur concentrations, under both low (4 mM) and high (11 mM) nitrogen fertilization, to assess fruit sulfur biofortification, alongside the effect on fruit mineral composition, and on tomato plants. The experiment was performed on a semi-commercial scale, during two seasons, with a real-life fertilization range. We evaluated fruit elemental composition, in addition to young (diagnostic) leaves, as an indication to nutritional status. Our results show no harmful effect of low sulfur treatment on plant growth and high yield. Increased fertilization-sulfur exclusively induced sulfur accumulation in the fruit, while increasing fertilization-nitrogen subsequently increased fruit nitrogen. Sulfur treatments resulted in a consistent negative effect on fruit molybdenum and calcium, as well as a positive effect on fruit sodium levels. At the same time, other fruit minerals, including phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, and copper, remained unaltered by sulfur treatments. Leaf response trends generally adhered to those of fruit. Taken together, our findings suggest that sulfur fertilization can biofortify tomato with sulfur while retaining fruit mineral composition and nutritional quality, excluding a decrease in Molybdenum levels, to assure food security and maintain fruit and vegetables as a significant source of sulfur and other minerals. Possibilities of practical application of this work’s results include optimization of fertilization levels in crop cultivation under sulfur deficiency for yield and nutritional quality, alongside the biofortification of tomatoes with sulfur and nitrogen with no adverse effect to other fruit minerals.

Sulphur and particulate matter affecting on soil and underground plants

Environmental problems were faced, and one of them is the accumulation of Sulphur and its compounds in the atmosphere and through the atmosphere, it accumulates in the soil and then the underground plants. In the atmosphere Sulphur it is present in the form of aerosols and acid precipitation. Volatile Sulphur compounds are released by the combustion of fossil fuels and volcanic eruption also produces Sulphur oxides. Deficiency of Sulphur produces paling of plants and denaturing of some enzymes that are then fulfilled by using the fertilizers of Sulphur. Soil also has an adverse effect when particulate matter or Sulphur aggregates in the plants and their physiological and biological development is retarded. Most of the industrial processes contain Sulphur compounds like thiol, thiophene, oxides of Sulphur etc. Structural and chemical mutation occurs when particulate substances induce into the plants and productivity and efficiency of that plant is reduced. The impact of acid rain in places with high quantities of mixed air pollutants has yet to be determined. Acid inputs appear to be affecting several techniques in field soils. These must be measured in terms of plant output. SO2 enters the leaves via stomata and quickly dissolves in Apoplastic water, producing mostly Sulphite (SO3)-2, bisulphite (HSO-3), and H+ ions. SO2 phytotoxicity has been attributed to Sulphite and bisulphite ion interactions with different chemicals. If the quantities are not too high, most leaves can detoxify Sulphite and bisulphite by oxidizing them to less harmful Sulphate ions via a series of processes. SO2 absorbed by foliage may undergo reduction conversion, including absorption into organic Sulphur compounds and release from the leaves as H2S. The oxidizing or reducing route of SO2 in plants is determined by plant species, soil Sulphur content, SO2 amount and persistence, and plant growth conditions.

In silico analysis of cis-elements and identification of transcription factors putatively involved in the regulation of the OAS cluster genes SDI1 and SDI2.

Arabidopsis thaliana sulfur deficiency-induced 1 and sulfur deficiency-induced 2 (SDI1 and SDI2) are involved in partitioning sulfur among metabolite pools during sulfur deficiency, and their transcript levels strongly increase in this condition. However, little is currently known about the cis- and trans-factors that regulate SDI expression. We aimed at identifying DNA sequence elements (cis-elements) and transcription factors (TFs) involved in regulating expression of the SDI genes. We performed in silico analysis of their promoter sequences cataloging known cis-elements and identifying conserved sequence motifs. We screened by yeast-one-hybrid an arrayed library of Arabidopsis TFs for binding to the SDI1 and SDI2 promoters. In total, 14 candidate TFs were identified. Direct association between particular cis-elements in the proximal SDI promoter regions and specific TFs was established via electrophoretic mobility shift assays: sulfur limitation 1 (SLIM1) was shown to bind SURE cis-element(s), the basic domain/leucine zipper (bZIP) core cis-element was shown to be important for HY5-homolog (HYH) binding, and G-box binding factor 1 (GBF1) was shown to bind the E box. Functional analysis of GBF1 and HYH using mutant and over-expressing lines indicated that these TFs promote a higher transcript level of SDI1 in vivo. Additionally, we performed a meta-analysis of expression changes of the 14 TF candidates in a variety of conditions that alter SDI expression. The presented results expand our understanding of sulfur pool regulation by SDI genes.

A U-Box Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Prp19-Like Protein Negatively Regulates Lipid Accumulation and Cell Size in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Microalgae lipid triacylglycerol is considered as a promising feedstock for national production of biofuels. A hotspot issue in the biodiesel study is to increase TAG content and productivity of microalgae. Precursor RNA processing protein (Prp19), which is the core component of eukaryotic RNA splice NTC (nineteen associated complex), plays important roles in the mRNA maturation process in eukaryotic cells, has a variety of functions in cell development, and is even directly involved in the biosynthesis of oil bodies in mouse. Nevertheless, its function in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii remains unknown. Here, transcriptional level of CrPrp19 under nutrition deprivation was analyzed, and both its RNA interference and overexpressed transformants were constructed. The expression level of CrPrp19 was suppressed by nitrogen or sulfur deficiency. Cell densities of CrPrp19 RNAi lines decreased, and their neutral lipid contents increased 1.33 and 1.34 times over those of controls. The cells of CrPrp19 RNAi lines were larger and more resistant to sodium acetate than control. Considerably none of the alterations in growth or neutral lipid contents was found in the CrPrp19 overexpression transformants than wild type. Fatty acids were also significantly increased in CrPrp19 RNAi transformants. Subcellular localization and yeast two-hybrid analysis showed that CrPrp19 was a nuclear protein, which might be involved in cell cycle regulation. In conclusion, CrPrp19 protein was necessary for negatively regulating lipid enrichment and cell size, but not stimulatory for lipid storage.

Double pot technique for assessing deficiencies of potassium and sulfur on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) production in the sands of South-Central coastal Vietnam

The modified double pot technique could rapidly assess nutrient limitations for plant growth in the soil. This technology could be utilized in Vietnam and other parts of Asia to conduct systematic soil screenings in order to predict nutrient deficits and manage nutrients appropriately for long-term agricultural development. The double-pot experiments with peanut as a test plant were conducted in the spring season of 2019 in Thua Thien Hue province, Central Vietnam to identify limiting nutrients for peanut growth on different sandy soils. Two experiments with twelve treatments per site, including three factors (2 sandy soil types, 2 soil layers, and 3 nutrient solutions), were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that peanut plant dry matter and shoot nutrient concentration responses in the double-pot experiment had the lowest values of K nutrient omission in all studied sandy soil types (1.7–2.5 g/plant and plant K< 0.16%; plant S<0.02%). By this technique, the nutrient-limiting nutrients in the peanut sandy soils were identified as K>S. Further research is needed to develop integrated nutrient management approaches to overcome these deficiencies and also minimise the cost of inputs.

No-Tillage with Residue Retention and Foliar Sulphur Nutrition Enhances Productivity, Mineral Biofortification and Crude Protein in Rainfed Pearl Millet under Typic Haplustepts: Elucidating the Responses Imposed on an Eight-Year Long-Term Experiment.

Yield limitation and widespread sulphur (S) deficiency in pearl-millet-nurturing dryland soils has emerged as a serious threat to crop productivity and quality. Among diverse pathways to tackle moisture and nutrient stress in rainfed ecologies, conservation agriculture (CA) and foliar nutrition have the greatest potential due to their economic and environmentally friendly nature. Therefore, to understand ammonium thiosulphate (ATS)-mediated foliar S nutrition effects on yield, protein content, mineral biofortification, and sulphur economy of rainfed pearl millet under diverse crop establishment systems, a field study was undertaken. The results highlighted that pearl millet grain and protein yield was significantly higher under no-tillage +3 t/ha crop residue mulching (NTCRM) as compared to no-tillage without mulch (NoTill) and conventional tillage (ConvTill), whereas the stover yield under NTCRM and ConvTill remained at par. Likewise, grain and stover yield in foliar S application using ATS 10 mL/L_twice was 19.5% and 13.2% greater over no S application. The sulphur management strategy of foliar-applied ATS 10 mL/L_twice resulted in significant improvement in grain protein content, protein yield, micronutrient fortification, and net returns (₹ 54.6 × 1000) over the control. Overall, ATS-mediated foliar S nutrition can be an alternate pathway to S management in pearl millet for yield enhancement, micronutrient biofortification and grain protein content increase under ConvTill, as well as under the new NTCRM systems.

Phenotypic Acclimation of Maize Plants Grown under S Deprivation and Implications to Sulfur and Iron Allocation Dynamics.

The aim of this work was to study maize root phenotype under sulfur deficiency stress towards revealing potential correlations between the altered phenotypic traits and the corresponding dry mass, sulfur, and iron allocation within plants at the whole-plant level. The dynamics of root morphological and anatomical traits were monitored. These traits were then correlated with plant foliage traits along with dry mass and sulfur and iron allocation dynamics in the shoot versus root. Plants grown under sulfate deprivation did not seem to invest in new root axes. Crown roots presented anatomical differences in all parameters studied; e.g., more and larger xylem vessels in order to maximize water and nutrient transport in the xylem sap. In the root system of S-deficient plants, a reduced concentration of sulfur was observed, whilst organic sulfur predominated over sulfates. A reduction in total iron concentration was monitored, and differences in its subcellular localization were observed. As expected, S-deprivation negatively affected the total sulfur concentration in the aerial plant part, as well as greatly impacted iron allocation in the foliage. Phenotypic adaptation to sulfur deprivation in maize presented alterations mainly in the root anatomy; towards competent handling of the initial sulfur and the induced iron deficiencies.

Large anomalous Hall effect induced by weak ferromagnetism in the noncentrosymmetric antiferromagnet CoNb3S6

We study the mechanism of the exceptionally large anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in the noncentrosymmetric antiferromagnet $\mathrm{Co}\mathrm{Nb}_3\mathrm{S}_6$ by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and magnetotransport measurements. From ARPES measurements of $\mathrm{Co}\mathrm{Nb}_3\mathrm{S}_6$ and its family compounds ($\mathrm{Fe}\mathrm{Nb}_3\mathrm{S}_6$ and $\mathrm{Ni}\mathrm{Nb}_3\mathrm{S}_6$), we find a band dispersion unique to the Co intercalation existing near the Fermi level. We further demonstrate that a slight deficiency of sulfur in $\mathrm{Co}\mathrm{Nb}_3\mathrm{S}_6$ eliminates the ferromagnetism and the AHE simultaneously while hardly changing the band structure, indicating that the weak ferromagnetism is responsible for the emergence of the large AHE. Based on our results, we propose Weyl points near the Fermi level to cause the large AHE.

Influence of Fermentation Reactions on Continuous Hydrogen Photoproduction by Microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under Sulfur Deficiency

Influence of Fermentation Reactions on Continuous Hydrogen Photoproduction by Microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under Sulfur Deficiency