Serum Sulfate Research Articles

VIII. SERUM SULPHATE IN PATIENTS WITH URAEMIA AND ON HAEMODIALYSIS

Acta Medica ScandinavicaVolume 208, Issue S640 p. 68-79 VIII. SERUM SULPHATE IN PATIENTS WITH URAEMIA AND ON HAEMODIALYSIS First published: January/December 1980 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1980.tb12876.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume208, IssueS640January/December 1980Pages 68-79 RelatedInformation

Serum concentration of inorganic sulfate in mammals: Species differences and circadian rhythm

1.1. The concentration of inorganic sulphate in serum of different species ranges between 0.3 (man) and 2.5 mM (goat, rooster).2.2. In the rat a circadian rhythm in serum sulphate is observed. The concentration reaches its maximum in the afternoon, and when the lights are switched off it decreases rapidly, staying relatively low during the night.3.3. Urinary sulphate excretion was significantly lower during daytime than at night.4.4. Sulphate was excreted for 20% in the conjugated form, while 80% was free inorganic sulphate.5.5. There is no relation between serum sulphate concentration and the extent of sulphation of xenobiotics in various mammalian species.

Determination of inorganic and bound sulfate in human urine and serum with a sulfate ion analyzer

Determination of inorganic and bound sulfate in human urine and serum with a sulfate ion analyzer

Absorption, serum levels and urinary excretion of inorganic sulfate after oral administration of sodium sulfate in the conscious rat

The absorption of inorganic sulfate after ingestion was investigated in rats. After oral administration of Na 2 35SO 4, 35S radioactivity waa measurable in plasma already after 15 min and its plasma concentration reached a peak after about 1.5–2 h. The 35S-radioactivity excreted in urine during 24 h after ingestion of Na 2 35SO 4 together with varying amounts of unlabelled Na 2SO 4 (0.25–5.0 mmol Na 2SO 4 per rat) indicated an almost complete absorption of inorganic sulfate from the gastrointestinal tract. Determination of the inorganic sulfate concentration in rat serum 2 h after oral administration of 5.0 mmol Na 2SO 4 revealed a three-fold increase in serum sulfate concentration. The data suggest a rapid and almost complete absorption of inorganic sulfate after oral administration in the rat. Its importance in relation to the sulfate availability for sulfate conjugation of drugs is discussed.

Dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate in peripheral blood of premenopausal, pregnant and postmenopausal women and men

A radioimmunoassay specific for the direct measurement of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate in 0.5 or 1 μl of human serum was developed using an antibody directed against dehydroisoandrosterone hemisuccinate coupled to thyroglobulin. Dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate levels were measured in pregnant women throughout gestation starting with the 6th week of pregnancy, and in young ovulatory women, postmenopausal women and in men. During pregnancy the concentrations of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate in maternal serum decreased steadily with advancing gestation [1825 ± 68 ng/ml (mean and S.E.) at 6–8 weeks gestation vs 706 ± 141 ng/ml at 36–41 weeks gestation], and the most striking decrease was observed between 14 and 16 weeks of gestation. The mean concentrations of dehydroiso-androsterone sulfate were higher in men than in young nonpregnant women (2679 ±196 ng/ml vs 2020 ± 108 ng/ml respectively). In postmenopausal women, mean serum dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate concentrations (764 ± 28 ng/ml) were considerably lower than those in young premenopausal women P < 0.001).

Serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and sulphate (DHASO4) levels after acute growth hormone (hGH) therapy

The adrenal is a major source of increased levels of serum DHA and DHASO4 seen in normal children approaching puberty. Factors controlling this "adrenarche" are little understood. Ten patients, 8 3/4 - 18½ years, 2F, 8M, 7 of whom had isolated hGH deficiency, were investigated. hGH (10 IU) was given intramuscularly on day 1; serum DHA and DHASO4 were measured by RIA at 3, 6, 24 and 48h. A second dose of hGH (10 IU) was given and further samples taken at 3, 6 and 24h. Basal levels of DHA and DHASO4 were consistent with pubertal status. Mean DHASO4 levels fell significantly by 24 - 48h after the first dose, with variable rises in DHA. A DHA peak was noted 3h after the first injection in the mature patients. Mean DHASO4 levels remained low after the 2nd dose, but DHA levels rose 24h later. Conclusion: hGH may alter metabolism of DHASO4 by increasing steroid sulphatase activity directly or indirectly which enhances conversion of DHASO4 to DHA.

Plasma-HGH,-Somatomedin (SM) and Sulfate in children with chronic renal failure (CRF)

Growth retardation in children with CRF is ascribed to malnutrition and hormonal imbalance.In 20 children with CRF(aged 7-19years, serum creatine(1, 6-12mg%)) human growth hormone was measured by radioimmunoassay after stimulation with arginine(A), SM by pig cartilage bioassay and sulfate by barium precipitation. Patients with height above 3rd perc. had elevated basal values with excessive HGH release (>80ng/ml) following A-stimulation. In patients below 3rd perc. of height HGH basalvalues were low, rising to an upper normal range(43∓12ng/ml). SM activity was low in all patients with SCR 2mg%, but there was no correlation with HGH levels or with growth rate. Serum sulfate levels reached 10 fold normal range, showing negative correlation to corresponding SM activity. We therefore conclude that the decrease in SM activity measured in bioassay is caused by reduced sulfate clearance in CRF.

Low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate in human blood and urine

Blood and urinary low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate from healthy young and aged volunteers have been characterized by gel chromatography, two-dimensional electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips and by chemical and enzymatic analysis. No difference in content of the material (24 nmol hexosamine per ml plasma) was observed regardless of age. Chemical composition (approximately 40% sulfation at 4-position of galactosamine) and molecular weight (about 8000) of blood and urinary low-sulfated chondroitin sulfates were found to be the same, though urinary excretion of the material was much higher in the aged than in the young adults (Ohkawa et al. (1972) J. Biochem. 72, 1495–1501). Low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate in serum was in a bound form with a molecular weight of more than 100000, irrespective of age. These results suggest that increase in urinary excretion of low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate in the aged is mainly due to renal dysfunction. Low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate was also the main component of acidic glycosaminoglycans in blood from patients with Hurler's syndrome who excreted excessive amounts of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate in urine. This suggests that low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate in blood is not merely a precursor of urinary glycosaminoglycans in the case of healthy young adults.

Quantitative aspects of the transformations of sulphur in sheep.

1. [35S]sulphate was used to obtain quantitative estimates of the transfer of sulphur between the blood, rumen and postruminal tract of four sheep given brome grass (Bromus inermis) pellets or lucerne (Medicago sativa) pellets at the rate of 33 or 66 g/h. Sodium sulphate (0-4 g S/d) was infused into the rumen or abomasum of sheep given brome grass during four periods of 19 d and was not infused into the sheep during a subsequent period in which lucerne was given. The flow of sulphide, sulphate, microbial S and non-microbial organic S from the abomasum was estimated using 103Ru and 51Cr. 2. The concentration of inorganic sulphate in serum was increased to maximum values of 35-46 mg S/l by infusion of sulphate into the rumen or abomasum. The rate of irreversible loss of serum sulphate and rumen sulphide was positively related to the amount of sulphate infused. 3. Reabsorption of sulphate by the kidney reached a maximum of 0.69-1.1 mmol sulphate/l glomerular filtrate. 4. The transfer of sulphate from blood to the rumen was related to the concentration of inorganic sulphate in serum, attaining maximum values of 133 (+/- 13) mg S/d for sheep given brome grass plus sulphate, and 127-159 mg S/d for sheep given lucerne. 5. Bacteria derived 0.52-0.67 of organic S from rumen sulphide in sheep given brome grass, and approximately 0.45 of bacterial organic S was derived from sulphide for sheep given lucerne. Protozoa derived approximately 0.90 of organic S from bacteria. 6. It was estimated that endogenous organic S contributed 300-340 mg S/d to the rumen, and that 0.24-0.45 of S digested in the rumen was derived from endogenous sources.

24: Serum Sulfate Levels and Plasma hGH, in Patients with Low and Excessive hGH Secretion

Serum sulfate determination by the bariumchloranilate reagent (Bertolacini et al, Analytical Chemistry, 30, 202, 1958; was measured in 60 children with isolated GH deficiency (IGHD), panhypopituitarism, high IR-hGH dwarfism and adults with active acromegaly. In acromegaly serum sulfate levels were subnormally low, where in the syndrome of high plasma IR-hGH the levels were markedly high. In untreated IGHD the basal levels of serum sulfate were variable, within the normal range. Upon institution of hGH therapy the serum sulfate levels of the IGHD patients decreased. We conclude that serum sulfate determinations might be a relatively simple indicator of serum hGH and/or somatomedin activity. Changes in serum sulfate levels seem to reflect the process initiated by hGH, via somatomedin generation, resulting in a higher consumption of sulfate by the target cells, and lowering its serum level. (++)Established Investigator Chief Scientist's Bureau, Ministry of Health.

A gas chromatographic determination method of 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol and its conjugates in biological fluids.

A gas chromatographic determination method of 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol (CF), its glucuronide (CF-G) and sulfate (CF-S) in serum, urine and milk was developed. 5, 7-Dichloro-8-quinolinol and/or 5-chloro-7-bromo-8-quinolinol, and their glucuronides and sulfates were added to the sample as the internal standards. Successive extractions with pyridine-benzene (1 : 9) without treatment, after hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase and that with 1 N HCl at 40°, gave the fractions of free quinolinols, derived from the unconjugated, the glucuronides and sulfates, respectively. The free quinolinols were acetylated and determined by gas chromatography. The present method was a demonstration of an effective use of structurally similar internal standards for determination of a glucuronide and sulfate.

A radioimmunoassay for the estimation of serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in normal and pathological sera

A radioimmunoassay is described for the measurement of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in serum. The method requires 0.1 ml of serum that needs no purification other than a single ether extraction. It is both rapid and economical, procedural losses are small and precision and accuracy are acceptable for both normal and pathological sera. Normal values have been established for children and adults which show a relationship to chronological age, values rising steadily as puberty intervenes, peak values occurring between 20 and 27 years, with a decline thereafter. An empirical curve was fitted to the data and approximate normal limits were obtained. The mean value for pregnant women in the age range 20–40 years, was statistically significantly lower than in non-pregnant, premenopausal women. The levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in cord and newborn blood, were higher than at any other time during childhood until signs of puberty were demonstrable. Elevated levels are reported in six patients with untreated congenital adrenal hyperplasia and in one patient with a tumour of the adrenal cortex. It is suggested that this assay provides a useful and precise index of adrenal androgen secretion.

Familial congenital absence of adrenal glands; evaluation of glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and estrogen metabolism in the perinatal period

The patient was the fourth of affected male siblings. Cortisol (1.3 micrograms per cent), cortisone (9.6), and corticosterone sulfate (0.1) concentrations were low in cord blood. The larger amount of cortisone may have originated from maternal cortisol. Aldosterone was undetectable in cord blood, indicating lack of fetal secretion or maternofetal transfer. Unexpectedly normal concentrations of 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) sulfate in cord serum could represent maternal transfer of DOC, with subsequent fetal sulfurylation. Low estrone and estradiol concentrations in maternal and cord serum were consistent with absence of the fetal adrenals. Despite the low levels of the steroids, the propositus had a normal lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio at 38 weeks' gestation. Circulatory insufficiency developed within half an hour after birth and responded to gluco- and mineralocorticoid therapy. The three untreated siblings died between 14 and 67 hours of age. It is evident that early recognition of this condition may be lifesaving.

Liaison du sulfate d'oestrone par les proteines seriques du rat au cours de son developpement

The binding of estrone sulfate by rat serum has been studied comparatively, with an equilibrium dialysis technique, in the embryo and the pregnant rat at the 19th day of pregnancy, as well as during post-natal development. The sera of the embryo and the new-born rat almost bind no estrone sulfate; in contrast, this binding is high in the 21-days-old and in the adult animal. A significant reduction of the affinity index is shown in the pregnant rat serum. The binding of testosterone sulfate is 3–4 times lower than that of estrone sulfate. There is no fixation of estradiol glucuronide in any of the tested sera. A positive correlation has been found between the albumin level of the different sera and their affinity index for the estrone sulfate. The albumin purified from embryo sera and the adult serum albumin have similar high affinity indexes for estrone sulfate. The binding curves for the estrogen conjugate with these two purified proteins and the whole sera of normal and pregnant adult rats are not appreciably different. In all cases, two kinds of binding sites are demonstrated: relatively strong binding sites, with an association constant of about 1.5·10 5 M −1 at 25°C and numerous low affinity binding sites, with an association constant of about 3·10 3 M −1 at 25 °C. There are probably two strong binding sites per serum albumin molecule ( n 1 ∼ 2). From these results, it is concluded that albumin is the main protein that binds estrone sulfate in the rat serum. The absence of binding in the embryo is due to the low levels of this protein and not to a qualitatively different behavior of the foetal serum albumin. The lack of binding of estrone sulfate in the embryo is in contrast with the high affinity of the embryo sera for estrone and estradiol-17β.

Sulfated and nonsulfated bile acid in human serum.

AbstractThe presence of sulfated bile acid in serum of healthy persons and patients with hepatobiliary diseases was recognized by using an Amberlite XAD‐2 column for extraction of bile acid and utilizing a Sephadex LH‐20 column for separation of sulfated bile acid (sulfate of either taurine or glycine conjugate), and nonsulfated bile acid (taurine and glycine conjugate. The values of nonsulfate determined in this study were almost similar to the level of total serum bile acid reported by previous workers. A small amount of sulfated bile acid was found in normal serum, and the percentage of sulfated to total bile acid was ca. 10%. In patients with hepatobiliary diseases, both levels of sulfated and nonsulfated bile acid in serum rose, but sulfate did not increase in parallel to the level of nonsulfate. A remarkable increase of serum‐sulfated bile acid could be observed in patients with cholestasis, while a slight elevation was noted in patients with chronic hepatocellar insufficiency. The percentage of sulfated to total bile acid was from 1.8 to 21.2% in patients with hepatobiliary diseases. Sulfated bile acid in serum consisted of only dihydroxycholanoic acid, deoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acid. As no solvolysis was not carried out in previous works, bile acid sulfate in serum as described in this study was not determined at all.

The utilization of spear grass (Heteropogon contortus). II. The influence of sulphur on energy intake and rumen and blood parameters in cattle and sheep

Sheep and cattle were used to study the influence of nitrogen and sulphur on the consumption and digestion of spear grass. With sheep, additions of sulphur to the diet increased the digestibility and intake of the feed. The relatively high levels of plasma urea which were found in sheep fed on spear grass alone, decreased with sulphur intake. In cattle, sulphur supplementation did not increase the digestibility of feed. The levels of plasma urea were comparable with those of sheep receiving additional sulphur, which suggested that sufficient sulphur was returned to the bovine rumen to maintain digestion. As previously shown, feed intake was further raised in cattle receiving supplements of nitrogen and sulphur. With the addition of sulphur to the diet of spear grass and urea, the concentration of rumen ammonia was reduced and more nitrogen was retained. The levels of serum sulphate in groups of heifers fed in yards or at pasture demonstrated that sulphur may be limiting for the optimum utilization of spear grass in particular situations.

Relationship of the parathyroids and calcitonin in maintaining sulphate homeostasis.

Calcitonin stimulates renal excretion of 35S-sulphate in the rat in addition to lowering the serum 35S-sulphate level. The urinary response to calcitonin is abolished by removal of the parathyroid glands. An elevated serum phosphorus level does not prevent the kidney excreting sulphate in response to the calcitonin stimulus. Parathyroid hormone when administered to a parathyroidectomized rat causes an elevated serum sulphate level with a decreased renal excretion of sulphate. Distribution of sulphate in tissues is also altered in the presence of either of these two hormones.

Serum sulfate and sulfate clearance in normal and limited kidney function

1. Mit Hilfe einer nephelometrischen Methode ergab sich bei gesunden Versuchspersonen ein Mittelwert des anorganischen Serumsulfats von 0,75 mval/1 mit einem σ von ±0.13. 2. Die Sulfatclearance renal gesunder, normal ernahrter Versuchspersonen lag zwischen 39,1 und 26,6 ml/min. 3. Unter den Bedingungen der Niereninsuffizienz verhalt sich das Serumsulfat wie ein renaler Retentionsstoff. Dementsprechend konnten enge positive Korrelationen zwischen Serumsulfat einerseits und Serum-Rest-N, -kreatinin und -phosphat andererseits sowie eine Beziehung im Sinne der negativen Korrelation zwischen Serumsulfat und Serumbicarbonat nachgewiesen werden. 4. Unterhalb eines Grenzwertes der Kreatininclearance von 70 ml/min wurde ein progressiver Anstieg des Serumsulfats beobachtet. Bei renalen Funktionsminderungen verhalten sich Kreatinin- und Sulfatclearance weitgehend parallel. Es findet sich eine haufigere Koinzidenz von eingeschrankter Sulfatclearance und eingeschrankter Kreatininclearance als von Hypersulfatamie und eingeschrankter Kreatininclearance. 5. Unter den bei renalen Insuffizienzen retinierten Anionen, die in der sog. „Restfraktion“ des Serumionogramms enthalten sind und gewohnlich analytisch nicht differenziert werden, spielt das anorganische Sulfat in quantitativer Hinsicht oft die dominierende Rolle; seine Ionenaquivalenz kann unter uramischen Bedingungen auf das 20fache des normalen Mittelwertes ansteigen. Im Verlauf reversibler oder in ihrer Intensitat starker schwankender Niereninsuffizienzen erweist sich das Serumsulfat als wesentlich reagibler als das Serumphosphat.

Identification of LSc2ab strain of type 1 poliovirus by inhibition with horse serum and dextran sulfate.

SummaryThe antiviral properties of two substances, dextran sulfate and equine serum, were made use of in combination to distinguish the LSc2ab (Sabin) strain of type 1 poliovirus from other type 1 strains. The combination of inhibitors strongly suppressed plaque formation of LSc2ab virus. In plaque reduction tests with the combined inhibitors 17 or 18 strains of type 1 poliovirus, including attenuated, wild and virulent strains, were unaffected, and these were readily distinguished from the LSc2ab virus.

Estimation of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in human serum by gas-liquid chromatography

A gas chromatographic technique for the determination of DHEA sulfate in human serum is described. Serum or plasma is passed through an anion-exchange resin which retains the steroid conjugate. After elution from the ion-exchange resin the conjugate is hydrolyzed or solvolyzed and the steroid is determined by GLC as the trimethylsilyl ether. An internal standard is employed in the determination.