Sulfate Heptahydrate Research Articles

Impacts of iron on ultrastructural features of NCI-H295R cell line related to steroidogenesis

The current study was intended to evaluate impacts of both iron (Fe) enrichment and overload (in the form of ferrous sulphate heptahydrate, FeSO4.7H2O) on ultrastructural characteristics of human adrenocarcinoma NCI-H295R cell line. Here, the NCI-H295R cells were treated with 0, 3.90, and 1000 µM FeSO4.7H2O, and consequently proceeded for purposes of ultrastructural studies. Micrographs taken under transmission electron microscope (TEM) were investigated from the qualitative and quantitative (unbiased stereological approaches) aspects, and obtained findings were compared among the three groups of the cells. The ultrastructural features related to the steroidogenic process were found to be similar between the untreated and both Fe-exposed cell populations, with conspicuous mitochondria with well-defined lamellar cristae (creating clusters of varying sizes in the regions of increased energy demands) and concentric whorls of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) being the most noticeable characteristics. The precise estimates of the component (volume, surface) fractions of the nucleus, mitochondria, and lipid droplets (LDs), as well as of the nucleus/cytoplasm (N/C) ratio have revealed close similarities (P > 0.05) in all cell groups investigated. Nonetheless, the low concentration of FeSO4.7H2O exhibited beneficial action on ultrastructural organization of the NCI-H295R cells. In effect, these cells were distinguished by mitochondria with smoother surfaces and clearer outlines, higher density of thin, parallel lamellar cristae (deeply extending into the mitochondrial matrix), and more widespread distribution of fine SER tubules as compared to the control ones, all of them suggesting higher level of energy requirements and metabolic activity, and more intensive rate of steroidogenesis. Interestingly, no obvious ultrastructural modifications were observed in the NCI-H295R cells treated with high FeSO4.7H2O concentration. This finding can be linked to either an adaptive ultrastructural machinery of these cells to cope with the adverse effect of the element or to insufficient dose of FeSO4.7H2O (1000 µM) to induce ultrastructural signs of cytotoxicity. Purposefully, the results of the current study complement our previous paper dealing with impacts of FeSO4.7H2O on the NCI-H295R cell viability and steroidogenesis at the molecular level. Hence, they fill a knowledge gap considering structure-function coupling in this cellular model system upon the metal exposure. This integrated approach can enhance our understanding of the cellular responses to Fe enrichment and overload which can be helpful for individuals with reproductive health concerns.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВПЛИВУ РЕЖИМНИХ ФАКТОРІВ НА КІНЕТИКУ ПРОЦЕСУ ДЕГІДРАТАЦІЇ ЗАЛАЗІ (ІІ) СУЛЬФАТ ГЕПТАГІДРАТУ ФІЛЬТРАЦІЙНИМ МЕТОДОМ

The filtration method of gradual dehydration of Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate hase been proposed. Based on the generalization of experimental data of hydrodynamics, the calculated dependence Euзовн=155∙Reзовн-0,55∙Hdч was obtained, which makes it possible to determine theoreticallypressure losses in the stationary layer of FeSO4·7H2O.According to the results of complex thermal analysis, the regularities of the gradual dehydration process of FeSO4·7H2O have been established in different temperature intervals. The temperature of 339K has been chosen, to implement the FeSO4∙7H2O dehydration process with the separation of the first three molecules of crystallization water, ensuring the preservation of the crystalline state of the product.The kinetics of moisture removal from FeSO4∙7H2Oat different heights of the material layer and velocities of heat agent movement have been investigated. Based on energy consumption calculations, the optimal parameters of the process were established: the height of the stationary layer Н = 60.10-3mand the fictitious velocities of the heat agent movement v0 =0,86 m/s.The filtration method of gradual dehydration of Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate hase been proposed. Based on the generalization of experimental data of hydrodynamics, the calculated dependence Euзовн=155∙Reзовн-0,55∙Hdч was obtained, which makes it possible to determine theoreticallypressure losses in the stationary layer of FeSO4·7H2O.According to the results of complex thermal analysis, the regularities of the gradual dehydration process of FeSO4·7H2O have been established in different temperature intervals. The temperature of 339K has been chosen, to implement the FeSO4∙7H2O dehydration process with the separation of the first three molecules of crystallization water, ensuring the preservation of the crystalline state of the product.The kinetics of moisture removal from FeSO4∙7H2Oat different heights of the material layer and velocities of heat agent movement have been investigated. Based on energy consumption calculations, the optimal parameters of the process were established: the height of the stationary layer Н = 60.10-3mand the fictitious velocities of the heat agent movement v0 =0,86 m/s.

Magnetic hydrochar from the extract and residue of herbal medicines for adsorption and Fenton reaction

Residues of herbs medicines are potential resources to prepare hydrochar. However, problems such as limited adsorption capacity and difficulty in recovery restrict the application of residues. Here, Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4·H2O) was used to load Fe3O4 to prepare Fe3O4-modified hydrochar (Fe-CBC). Herbal extract (silymarin) was used to prepare functionalized hydrochar (Sil-Fe-CBC) for the first time by using the residue of clematis. Sil-Fe-CBC was used to remove methylene blue (MB) and tetracycline (TC) from water. The MB adsorption quantity was increased to 124.7 mg/g within 30 min, and the removal was increased to 84.26%. The TC removal was achieved approximately 91% in 120 min at an optimum pH of 3, an H2O2 dosage of 0.4 mL, a Sil-Fe-CBC dosage of 0.6 g/L, and a temperature of 30 °C. The FTIR spectra and XRD spectrum studies confirm that the form of ·OH is linked to Fe2+ in the catalysis process via the reduction of silymarin. Silymarin functionalization is a new approach to promote the efficiency of Fenton. Herbal medicine residues are potential raw materials in hydrochar preparation, and the extracts can improve hydrochars' performance.

Interactive effects of temperature and salinity on toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles towards the marine mussel Xenostrobus securis

Growing application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in global market has led to the concern over their potential environmental impacts. Filter feeders like mussels are prone to nanoparticles due to their superior filter-feeding ability. Temperature and salinity of coastal and estuarine seawaters often vary seasonally and spatially, and their changes may jointly influence physicochemical properties of ZnO-NPs and thus their toxicity. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate the interactive effect of temperatures (15, 25 and 30 °C) and salinities (12 and 32 PSU) on physicochemical properties and sublethal toxicity of ZnO-NPs towards a marine mussel Xenostrobus securis, and to compare that with the toxicity caused by Zn2+ ions (zinc sulphate heptahydrate). The results revealed increased particle agglomeration but decreased zinc ion release of ZnO-NPs at the highest temperature and salinity condition (30 °C and 32 PSU). After exposure, ZnO-NPs significantly reduced survival, byssal attachment rate and filtration rate of the mussels at high temperature and salinity (30 °C and 32 PSU). Glutathione S-transferase and superoxide dismutase activities in the mussels were suppressed at 30 °C. These aligned with the augmented zinc accumulation with increasing temperature and salinity which could likely be attributable to increased particle agglomeration of ZnO-NP and enhanced intrinsic filtration rate of the mussels under these conditions. Together with the observed lower toxic potency of Zn2+ compared to ZnO-NPs, our results suggested that the mussels might accumulate more zinc through particle filtration under higher temperature and salinity, eventually resulting in elevated toxicity of ZnO-NPs. Overall, this study demonstrated the necessity to consider the interactive effect of environmental factors such as temperature and salinity during the toxicity assessment of nanoparticles.

Study on the involvement of Zinc in homeostasis under intestinal Inflammation

Background & Aim: Zinc is one of the essential trace elements, and adequate amounts of zinc are crucial for good health. It is thought that zinc is absorbed primarily in the small intestine and also plays an important role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Small intestine is a key organ involved in digestion/absorption and is also sensitive to intestinal bacteria and easily inflamed. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which has zinc as its active center, detoxifies lipopolysaccharide and is thought to be involved in the suppression of small intestinal inflammation. In this study, we investigated the role of zinc in small intestinal inflammation using a mouse model, as well as the transporters ZIP4 and ZIP14, which are involved in ALP and zinc absorption. Materials & Methods: Male ICR mice were used. Indomethacin (IM, 12 mg/kg s.c.) was administered to mice to induce small intestinal inflammation. Four days prior to IM administration, zinc sulfate heptahydrate (Zn) was administered twice daily for 6 days. Forty-eight hours after IM administration, the animals were sacrificed and the lesion area was measured. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the ileum was measured as an indicator of the degree of inflammation. ZIP4 and ZIP14 mRNA expression levels were examined by RT-PCR. ALP activity of the ileal was examined. IEC-6 cells, a rat small intestinal epithelial cell line, were seeded in 96-well plates, and Zn was applied 24 hours after seeding, and IM was added 24 hours after seeding. Cell viability was measured 24 hours after the addition of IM. Results: After administration of IM, bloody stools were observed from 24 hours after administration. At 48 hours after IM administration, disruption of villi structure and shortening of small intestine length were observed in the jejunum and ileum, and MPO activity was significantly increased. ZIP4 and ZIP14 mRNA expression levels were decreased in the small intestine 48 hours after IM treatment, and ALP activity was increased compared to the Vehicle group. On the other hand, pretreatment with Zn suppressed the occurrence of small intestinal inflammation, and the disruption of small intestinal villi structure was weak. The increase in MPO activity induced by IM tended to be suppressed by Zn pre-administration. ZIP4 and ZIP14 mRNA expression in Zn pre-administration group was same as in the IM alone group, and ALP activity was higher than in the IM alone group. IM treatment of IEC-6 also decreased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, which was inhibited by pretreatment with Zn in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion: These results suggest that zinc is effective in preventing the occurrence of NSAID-induced small intestinal inflammation. ZIP4 and ZIP14 are normally highly expressed in the intestinal epithelium and contribute greatly to zinc absorption, but the amount of zinc absorption may be decreased during inflammation induc University This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Simultaneous Oxidation of Emerging Pollutants in Real Wastewater by the Advanced Fenton Oxidation Process

Since the conventional processes employed in most wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) worldwide are not designed to entirely remove or oxidize emerging pollutants, which, due to their incidence and persistence, can cause damage to both the environment and human health, several options for their degradation and removal have emerged. Coupling the advanced Fenton oxidation process as a polishing or tertiary wastewater treatment alternative within conventional WWTP processes stands out among the treatment options. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to evaluate, at the laboratory level, the ability of the advanced Fenton oxidation process to oxidize triclosan, ibuprofen, DEET (N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide), carbamazepine, caffeine, and acesulfame-K, which represent several groups of emerging pollutants in real wastewater from the second settling tank of a municipal WWTP. The compound used as a catalyst (Fe2+) supplier in the advanced Fenton oxidation process was ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4•7H2O). The results obtained upon application showed that the advanced Fenton oxidation process could simultaneously oxidize and remove practically the total concentration of the above-mentioned emerging pollutants, except for DEET (85.21%), in conjunction with the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and fecal coliforms (FC, pathogen group) in the effluent generated by the advanced Fenton oxidation process.

Evaluation of cobalt nanoparticles suspension as antifungal agent in treatment of cutaneous candidiasis

Over the last ten years, nanomaterials have been extensively employed in the medical field and several essential industries. It is used mainly in developing novel antimicrobials as an alternative to conventional agents. This research emphasizes synthesizing cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) and testing their antifungal activity in treating cutaneous candidiasis.Cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) were synthesized from Cobalt Sulfate heptahydrate (CoSO4·7H2O) using hydrazine monohydrate as a reducing agent. The CoNPs suspension was analyzed using X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the field emission scanning electron microscope to determine the crystallographic and morphological properties and concentration of the produced CoNPs. The antifungal activity of the CoNPs suspension was confirmed in-vitro by the agar well diffusion method and in-vivo by treating an induced case of cutaneous candidiasis in Sprague Dawley rats as a model.The experimental results demonstrated that CoNPs suspension exhibited antifungal action in-vitro (on the plates) and that Candida albicans required a concentration of 9.4 ​μg/mL as the minimum inhibitory concentration. In contrast, data shows that the plate's inhibition zone improved due to increased CoNPs concentration in the prepared suspension. The in-vivo experiment shows complete healing of the skin lesion on day six for the rats' group treated with CoPNs suspension, and on day five in the rats' group treated with Nystatin. These results demonstrate that CoPNs suspension is effective in treating cutaneous candidiasis in Sprague Dawley rats; however, it is still less effective than Nystatin.

Особенности экстракционной сернокислотно-фторидной технологии переработки ниобий- и танталсодержащего сырья

The results of researching of the leaching of niobium- and tantalum-containing raw materials by solutions of hydrofluoric and sulfuric acids are presented. Researching have been carried out on the solvent extraction purification and separation of niobium and tantalum from their fluoride-sulfuric acid solutions to obtain niobium oxides and tantalum oxides of the required quality using octanol-1 as an extractant. The possibility of recycling waste technological sulphate-fluoride solutions with the production of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is shown. Information on the work on the use of pyrohydrolysis as a reagentless method for the isolation of products and the regeneration of hydrofluoric acid is presented.

A novel hydrated salt-based phase change material for medium- and low-thermal energy storage

Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (MNH) was considered as a promising medium- and low-temperature phase change material (PCM) owing to high latent heat, weak corrosion, and low price. While supercooling performance greatly restricted the application of such PCM. In this work, MNH-based composite PCM containing a novel nucleating agent was prepared. Supercooling behavior and thermophysical properties of composites were analyzed. Additionally, thermal performance of composites in a fin-plate heat storage unit was investigated. Results showed that 2 wt% magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MSH) effectively suppressed supercooling performance and was chemically compatible with MNH. Composites containing 2 wt% MSH and 2 wt% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) performed favorable thermal properties, including supercooling degree of 0.6 °C, phase change temperature of 89 °C, latent heat of 166.88 J/g, and heat storage density of 220.78 J/g. Effective working temperature of the composite should be no more than 140 °C. Magnesium sulfate tetrahydrate (MST) was actually the real component in MSH that inhibited the supercooling of MNH. Compared with paraffin, encapsulated MNH-based composite PCM with a 6720 kJ higher heat storage capacity possessed a much shorter charging/discharging time due to the higher thermal conductivity. The results might provide a foundation for the practical application of MNH.

Efficiency of Multistep Process of Fenton Oxidation and Bentonite in the Treatment of Ammonia Phenolic Wastewater

Industrial production generates enormous amounts of wastewaters with a high content of organic and inorganic substances, which must be treated before discharging into a natural recipient to such a quality that it will not have a negative impact on the aquatic environment. This paper shows the possibility of applying a multi-stage process with Fenton reagents in combination with bentonite as an adsorbent in the treatment of ammonia-phenolic wastewater. The role of bentonite clay in this study was dye removal. The investigation was carried out under laboratory conditions, and the efficiency of the process was determined on the following parameters of COD, ammonia, phenol and thiocyanate. Also, the influence of the pH value, the concentration of oxidant hydrogen peroxide and catalyst iron sulphate heptahydrate was examined. The optimal values obtained for the pH, concentration of hydrogen peroxide and the catalyst iron sulphate heptahydrate was: 3; 30% and 23 g/l, where the efficiency of removal of the COD, ammonia, phenol and thiocyanate was: 96.42 %; 85.17 %; 100 % i 99.13 %.

Efficient removal of synthetic dye by employing H2O2/nZVI-rGO nanocomposite system

We reported a method for the removal of crystal violet (CV) dye from wastewater excreted by textile industries. Here, we employed the use of reduced graphene oxide-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI/rGO) nanocomposite along with H2O2 for CV removal. For this purpose, nZVI/rGO nanocomposite was prepared by reduction of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4·7H2O) and graphene oxide (GO) with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and used as a potential sorbent for removal and/ or minimization of CV from aqueous solution. Zeta, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV–Visible spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed to characterize nZVI/rGO nanocomposite. Further, the chemical method for dye removal was also investigated using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a chemical reductant. The effects of nanocomposite concentration, temperature, and time were examined to evaluate their role in dye elimination. The concentration of CV in the aqueous solution was calculated by studying absorbance using a UV–Visible spectrophotometer. The use of both H2O2/ nZVI-rGO provided a synergistic effect and resulted in efficient and fast removal of CV from an aqueous solution.

Preparation of Zn-Gly and Se-Gly and Their Effects on the Nutritional Quality of Tea (Camellia sinensis).

Micronutrient malnutrition affects millions of people due to a lack of Zn and Se. The process conditions for the manufacture of glycine-chelated sodium selenite (Se-Gly) and zinc sulfate heptahydrate (Zn-Gly) were studied. The effects of ligand concentration, pH, reaction ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time on fertilizer stability were assessed. The effects of Zn-Gly and Se-Gly on tea plants were determined. Orthogonal experiments showed that the optimal preparation conditions for Zn-Gly (75.80 % Zn chelation rate) were pH 6.0, ligand concentration 4 %, reaction ratio 1:2, reaction time 120 min, reaction temperature 70 ℃. The optimal preparation conditions for Se-Gly (56.75 % Se chelation rate) were pH 6.0, ligand concentration 10%, reaction ratio 2:1, reaction time 40 min, temperature 50 ℃. Each chelate was completely soluble in water and verified by infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectroscopy. Zn-Gly and Se-Gly increased the Zn and Se content in tea plants, and foliar application was more effective than soil application. Combined application of Zn-Gly and Se-Gly was more effective than Zn-Gly or Se-Gly alone. Our findings suggest that Zn-Gly and Se-Gly provide a convenient method of addressing human Zn and Se deficiency.

Investigation of the performance of basic magnesium sulfate cement mortar

Basic magnesium sulfate cement (BMSC) is a kind of magnesium oxide (MgO)–magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)–water (H2O) modified ternary cementitious material prepared from light burned magnesia, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, water and additives. The effects of α-magnesium oxide/magnesium sulfate ratio (MO/MS), water/magnesium sulfate ratio (W/MS), sand-to-binder ratio (s/b) and superplasticiser dosage (SPD) on the performance of BMSC mortar were studied for the first time in this work. The results showed that for, optimal 28-day flexural strength, α-MO/MS = 10:1, W/MS = 16:1, s/b = 0.8 and SPD = 0.3%. For optimal 28-day compressive strength, α-MO/MS = 8:1, W/MS = 14:1, s/b = 0.6 and SPD = 0.4%. For best water resistance, α-MO/MS = 12.5:1, W/MS = 14:1, s/b = 0.2 and SPD = 0.1%. Based on these results, the basic mix proportion ranges of BMSC mortar should be α-MO/MS = 8:1–12.5:1, W/MS = 14:1–16:1, s/b = 0.2–0.6 and SPD = 0.1–0.4%.

Physical properties of computationally informed phyto-engineered 2-D nanoscaled hydronium jarosite

This study describes a molecular dynamics computational modelling informed bioengineering of nano-scaled 2-D hydronium jarosite. More specifically, a phyto-engineering approach using green nano-chemistry and agro-waste in the form of avocado seed natural extract was utilized as a green, economic, and eco-friendly approach to synthesize this unique mineral at the nanoscale via the reduction of iron (II) sulphate heptahydrate. The nanoproduct which was found to exhibit a quasi-2D structure was characterized using a multi-technique approach to describe its morphological, optical, electrochemical, and magnetic properties. Radial distribution function and electrostatic potential maps revealed that flavone, a phenolic compound within the avocado seed natural extract, has a higher affinity of interaction with the nanoparticle's surface, whilst vanillic acid has a higher wetting tendency and thus a lower affinity for interacting with the hydronium jarosite nanoparticle surface compared to other phytoactive compounds. XRD and HRTEM results indicated that the nanoscale product was representative of crystalline rhombohedral hydronium jarosite in the form of quasi-triangular nanosheets decorated on the edges with nanoparticles of approximately 5.4 nm diameter that exhibited significant electrochemical and electroconductive behaviours. Magnetic studies further showed a diamagnetic behaviour based on the relationship of the inverse susceptibility of the nanomaterial with temperature sweep.

Efficacy of ZnO nanoparticles in Zn fortification and partitioning of wheat and rice grains under salt stress

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a major health concern in developing countries due to dependency on cereal based diet. Cereals are inherently low in Zn and inevitable use of stressed land has further elevated the problem. The aim of current research was to improve wheat and rice grains grain Zn concentration grown in saline soils through zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) due to their perspective high availability. The ZnO-NPs were prepared by co-precipitation method and characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Two separate pot experiments for wheat and rice were conducted to check the relative effectiveness of ZnO-NPs compared to other bulk Zn sources i.e., zinc sulphate heptahydrate (ZnSO4·7H2O) and ZnO. Results showed that salt stress negatively impacted the tested parameters. There was a significant (p ≤ 0.05) improvement in growth, salt tolerance, plant Zn uptake and grain Zn concentrations by Zn application through Zn sources. The ZnO-NPs showed maximum improvement in crops parameters as compared to other sources due to their higher uptake and translocation in plants under both normal and stressed soil conditions. Thus, ZnO nanoparticles proved to be more effective for grain Zn fortification in both tested wheat and rice crops under normal and saline conditions.

Development and testing of zinc sulfate and zinc oxide nanoparticle-coated urea fertilizer to improve N and Zn use efficiency.

Nitrogen (N) losses from conventional fertilizers in agricultural systems are very high, which can lead to serious environmental pollution with economic loss. In this study, innovative slow-release fertilizers were prepared using zinc (Zn) [nanoparticles (NPs) or in bulk], using molasses as an environmentally friendly coating. Several treatments were prepared using Zn in different concentrations (i.e., 0.25%, 0.5%, and 4% elemental Zn). The zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were prepared from zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4·7H2O), and were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Furthermore, the Zn-loaded urea samples were tested for urea N release rate, leaching of water from soil, and crushing strength to assess the impact of coating on the final finished product. Pot experiments were conducted simultaneously to check the agronomic effects of Zn-coated slow-release urea on the growth and development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The laboratory and pot results confirmed that the ZnO-NP treatments boost wheat growth and yield as a result of reduced N and Zn release. UZnNPs2 (urea coated with 0.5% ZnO-NPs and 5% molasses) demonstrated the best results among all the treatments in terms of slow nutrient release, N and Zn uptake, and grain yield. The UZnNPs2 treatment increased plant yield by 34% (i.e., 4,515 vs. 3,345 kg ha-1) relative to the uncoated prill-treated crop because of the slower release of Zn and N.

Iron requirements of broiler chickens as affected by supplemental phytase.

Iron is routinely supplemented in broiler feeds intending to prevent dietary deficiencies. The present research was conducted with the objective of assessing Fe requirements of broilers when fed supplemental phytase. A total of 1,280 1-d-old male Cobb × Cobb 500 were distributed in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement (phytase-supplemented feeds × 5 graded increases of supplemental Fe) in 80 battery cages, eight replications of eight chicks each. The trial was replicated once. Chicks were fed a Fe-deficient diet without phytase (Fe analyzed at 31.30 ± 3.79 mg/kg) from placement to 7 d and then randomly distributed into battery cages with corresponding dieting treatments with or without phytase and graded increases of supplemental Fe. Feeds were formulated with corn and soybean meal (SBM), laboratory-grade calcium carbonate, and phosphoric acid; therefore, the vast majority of dietary Fe originated from corn and SBM (analyzed diet had 53.3 ± 1.41 mg/kg Fe). Phytase was added in excess to the producer recommendation of 1,000 FYT (4,452 ± 487 FYT/kg analyzed) such that phytate degradation was expected to be maximized. Supplemental Fe was from laboratory-grade ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO47H2O) which was increasingly added to the feeds (analyzed Fe in the supplemented feeds were: 53.3 ± 1.41, 65.5 ± 0.59, 77.2 ± 1.97, 87.6 ± 1.72, 97.7 ± 1.33 mg/kg). There were no interactions between phytase and dietary Fe for any response throughout the study (P > 0.05). Supplementing phytase had no effects on Fe intake or Fe excretion, as well as on hematocrit (Ht), hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, Fe contents in the liver or thigh muscle color (P > 0.05). However, phytase-supplemented feeds produced better live performance as well as higher ileal digestible energy and Fe digestibility (P < 0.05). No effects were found for dietary Fe in live performance at day 28 (P > 0.05). On the other hand, increasing dietary Fe led to linear increases in Fe retention and excretion, Fe contents in livers, as well as Ht and Hb at 14 d (P < 0.05). Quadratic responses (P < 0.05) were observed for Hb at 21 d, serum ferritin on days 14, 21, and 28 (maximum responses were 83.3, 104.0, 91.9, and 88.3 mg/kg Fe, respectively). In conclusion, supplementing Fe adding to a total of 97.7 mg/kg dietary Fe did not affect live performance traits. However, the average of Fe-related blood parameters was maximized at 91.9 mg/kg dietary Fe. Supplementing phytase provided a significant increase in Fe digestibility.

Ultrasound‐assisted synthesis of silica‐coated magnetite material decorated with silver nanoparticles for the detoxification of 4‐nitrophenol

Among phenolic pollutants, 4‐nitrophenol is a common organic pollutant readily discharged in water bodies. It causes an adverse effect on the lives of human beings and aquatic species. Therefore, it is essential to remove this pollutant from water resources. Herein, we report an eco‐friendly approach for the synthesis of silica‐coated magnetite material decorated with ultra‐fine silver nanoparticles, as a magnetically recyclable catalyst for the detoxification of 4‐nitrophenol. This synthetic strategy employs only ultrasound waves throughout the preparation of catalyst material. Further, no stabilizer was added in any of the steps involved in synthesis. Initially, iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized from ferrous sulphate heptahydrate precursor and coated with silica matrix. Subsequently, silver nanoparticles were deposited over it. Silver was chosen among the noble metal nanoparticles, as it is abundantly available and economical and exhibits good catalytic properties. This catalyst material was well characterized using HRTEM, XRD, VSM and FTIR techniques. HRTEM studies revealed that Ag nanoparticles of size between 2 and 5 nm were dispersed over the silica‐coated magnetite. The significant merits of this approach are usage of ultrasound waves, stabilizer‐free and reduced time consumption in the synthesis of catalyst. Furthermore, a facile magnetic separation of catalyst using bar magnet is noteworthy to this method. The catalyst was successfully recycled for eight times without any significant loss in the activity. This can be a promising catalyst for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with 4‐nitrophenol.

Synthesis of a cost-effective magnetic nanoparticles coated sugarcane bagasse and testing tetracycline removal capacity

This study describes a modified method to prepare nanomagnetic coated sugarcane bagasse. Under the general chemicals: iron (II) sulphate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O); sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O) these were commercially available and a simple method, authors were successfully synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated sugarcane bagasse. These nanoparticles were heterogenous and formed nanoclusters on the sugarcane bagasse surface under Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis. Herein, we show that given the right experimental circumstances, the novel and prospective nanomagnetic sugarcane bagasse might prove to be an intriguing adsorbent for a variety of applications. For tetracycline removal case study: the studied material was significantly adsorbed this contaminant with the highest adsorption capacity was 15 mg/g under 25 mg/L initial tetracycline concentration; pH 6; equilibrium time: 15 hours; and magnetic nanoparticle sugarcane bagasse: 1 g/L. The fundamental result in the research denotes that the material could be a potential adsorbent for eliminating various contaminants in upcoming studies.

Study on the green decontamination method of riot dyeing agent rhodamine B

The riot dyeing agent Rhodamine B is a dyeing agent loaded in riot ammunition, which can produce serious environmental pollution after use. In order to eliminate the environmental pollution of rhodamine B, a decontamination method with simple operation, wide material sources and green environment protection was studied. First, an orthogonal experiment was used to obtain a concentration ratio of decontaminant with excellent performance, that is, the best decontamination effect of rhodamine B when the concentration of hydrogen peroxide was 15%, the concentration of boric acid was 3.5% and the concentration of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate was 0.4%. Then, the actual decontamination effect of the formulated decontaminants on rhodamine B was examined by test tube decontamination method and immersion decontamination method. The results of the decontamination experiments showed that the decontaminants formulated according to the optimal results of the orthogonal experiments had significant decontamination effects on both the rhodamine B powder and the non-woven masks contaminated with rhodamine B. This decontamination method has good application value and can be used for the decontamination of riot dyeing ammunition contaminated sites and clothes to eliminate the environmental hazards of dyeing agent rhodamine B.