Sulfur Dioxide Research Articles

Monitoring of volcanic precursors using satellite data: the case of Taftan volcano in Iran

Abstract In recent weeks, there have been reports of gas emanations from the crater of the dormant Taftan volcano in Iran. In this study, due to the limitations of ground stations and the advantages of satellite remote sensing, it has been tried to detect possible anomalies using the plasma data measured by Swarm (A, B and C) and GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites around the location of the mentioned volcano. Also, lithospheric and atmospheric data including OLR (Outgoing Longwave Radiation), water vapor, ozone, relative humidity, surface and air temperature, AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) using the Giovanni website in a period of about 5 months, were downloaded and analyzed. Using the median and interquartile method, possible anomalies were detected in the pre-processed time series of the desired parameters. To justify some of the non-volcanic anomalies, synoptic data including precipitation and temperature were prepared from the nearest ground station. By rejecting the possibility that some detected anomalies are related to volcanic activities, hypotheses were presented for other proposed anomalies. As a result of this research, the capabilities of Swarm satellites and GPS-TEC (Total Electron Content) are emphasized in studies related to the prediction, detection and tracking of volcanic activities and it is shown that by comparative comparison with other lithospheric and atmospheric precursors, uncertainty in eruption prediction can be reduced.

Ecological-level factors associated with tuberculosis incidence and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Globally, tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious cause of morbidity and mortality, with the risk of infection affected by both individual and ecological-level factors. While systematic reviews on individual-level factors exist, there are currently limited studies examining ecological-level factors associated with TB incidence and mortality. This study was conducted to identify ecological factors associated with TB incidence and mortality. A systematic search for analytical studies reporting ecological factors associated with TB incidence or mortality was conducted across electronic databases such as PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, from each database's inception to October 30, 2023. A narrative synthesis of evidence on factors associated with TB incidence and mortality from all included studies, alongside random-effects meta-analysis where applicable, estimated the effects of each factor on TB incidence. A total of 52 articles were included in the analysis, and one study analysed two outcomes, giving 53 studies. Narrative synthesis revealed predominantly positive associations between TB incidence and factors such as temperature (10/18 studies), precipitation (4/6), nitrogen dioxide (6/9), poverty (4/4), immigrant population (3/4), urban population (3/8), and male population (2/4). Conversely, air pressure (3/5), sunshine duration (3/8), altitude (2/4), gross domestic product (4/9), wealth index (2/8), and TB treatment success rate (2/2) mostly showed negative associations. Particulate matter (1/1), social deprivation (1/1), and population density (1/1) were positively associated with TB mortality, while household income (2/2) exhibited a negative association. In the meta-analysis, higher relative humidity (%) (relative risk (RR) = 1.45, 95%CI:1.12, 1.77), greater rainfall (mm) (RR = 1.56, 95%CI: 1.11, 2.02), elevated sulphur dioxide (μg m-3) (RR = 1.04, 95% CI:1.01, 1.08), increased fine particulate matter concentration (PM2.5) (μg/ m3) (RR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.49), and higher population density (people/km2) (RR = 1.01,95%CI:1.01-1.02) were associated with increased TB incidence. Conversely, higher average wind speed (m/s) (RR = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.82,0.96) was associated with decreased TB incidence. TB incidence and mortality rates were significantly associated with various climatic, socioeconomic, and air quality-related factors. Intersectoral collaboration across health, environment, housing, social welfare and economic sectors is imperative for developing integrated approaches that address the risk factors associated with TB incidence and mortality.

Study on the complex relationship of tourism-economy-ecological environment in arid zones: the case of Xinjiang, China

The synergistic integration of tourism, the economy, and the ecological environment within a region is crucial for promoting its sustainable development. Tourism acts as a catalyst for green economic growth, yet varying levels of tourism development can intensify the strain on the ecological environment. Thus, achieving a Pareto optimal balance among the benefits of these three entities holds significant theoretical and practical relevance. This research utilizes statistical data spanning from 2000 to 2021 to devise a tourism-economy-ecological environment (TEE) indicator system for Xinjiang. The study employs a coupled coordination model to analyze the spatial and temporal coupling dynamics between subsystems and to classify the types of coupled coordination. The analysis also identifies obstacles that impede the degree of coordination. The findings indicate that during the period under investigation, the TEE system in Xinjiang experienced consistent growth. However, the tourism subsystem exhibited disparate development and pronounced resource monopolization, which stimulated the economic subsystem’s growth, albeit with noticeable developmental lags in the latter stages. Spatially, economic performance demonstrated a declining trend from core urban centers like Urumqi City and Karamay City towards peripheral areas. From an ecological perspective, the distribution of resources exhibited a heterogeneous “M-V-W” pattern, characterized by significant disparities in the availability of natural resources and the occurrence of localized ecological deterioration. There is a notable and increasing degree of coupled coordination in regional synergistic development, which is primarily manifested in the delayed development of tourism. The combined development of the three subsystems is influenced by some factors, including environmental pollution, resources, economic quality, and industrial structure. Soot emissions, green space per capita in parks, and sulfur dioxide emissions are identified as key constraints. This study provides theoretical backing and empirical evidence for economic growth, the optimization of industrial structure, and the preservation of the ecological environment in arid and semi-arid regions globally.

How data factor flow affects corporate pollution reduction: The environmental effects of digital empowerment

This study the theoretical hypotheses by building a relatively exogenous data factor flow indicator and a corporate pollution emission intensity indicator system using China's data flow restriction policy and corporate pollution emission data. Data factor is emerging as an essential new factor of production in today's digital economy, and data cannot function valuablely without an efficient flow. This study constructs a theoretical model of the influence of data factor flow on the pollution emissions of downstream manufacturing enterprises based on the vertical correlation of inputs and outputs. Additionally, we employ additional contaminants as a robustness test and sulfur dioxide, a common representation of air pollution, as the baseline. The empirical analysis's findings indicate that: (1) Data factor flow significantly reduces pollution in manufacturing enterprises. (2) The main way that data factor flow helps organizations minimize pollution is by increasing their productivity and ability to innovate in technology. (3) Domestic data flow is more important than cross-border data flow in helping industrial companies reduce pollution. (4) In general, foreign-owned enterprises have a greater need for data factor flow to reduce pollution than do state-owned and private businesses.

Is Public Participation Weak Environmental Regulation? Experience from China’s Environmental Public Interest Litigation Pilots

Previous studies have generally concluded that public participation lacks substantive constraints and has weak environmental regulation effects. Using China’s environmental public interest litigation (EPIL), implemented in 2015, as a quasi-natural experiment to verify the environmental effects of public participation under judicial norms, the difference-in-differences (DID) estimates in this paper show that industrial wastewater and industrial sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions in the treated cities declined by an average of 2.76 million tons and 2.51 kilotons per year, respectively, which ultimately improved the city’s environmental quality. The results of the mechanism also show that the EPIL was able to mobilize all three parties: the public, government and enterprises. In the context of the environment as an externality product, where the interests of all the parties are difficult to coordinate, the EPIL has the advantage of overcoming conflicts of interest. Our study provides a quantitative justification for the environmental impact assessment of public litigation and contributes empirical references to overcome the weak binding defect of public participatory environmental regulation.

Monitoring Earth's atmosphere with Sentinel-5 TROPOMI and Artificial Intelligence: Quantifying volcanic SO2 emissions

Identifying changes in volcanic unrest and tracking eruptive activity are fundamental for volcanic surveillance and monitoring. Magmatic gases, particularly sulphur dioxide (SO2), play a crucial role in influencing eruptive styles, making the monitoring of SO2 emissions essential. Recent advancements in satellite remote sensing technology, including higher spatial resolution and sensitivity, have enhanced our ability to detect SO2 emissions from volcanoes worldwide. However, traditional fixed-threshold algorithms struggle to automatically distinguish volcanic SO2 emissions from non-volcanic sources. Additionally, accurately quantifying SO2 emissions is challenging due to their dependence on plume height, particularly when reaching high altitudes. To address these challenges, we developed an Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithm that detects and quantifies volcanic SO2 emissions in near real-time. Our approach utilizes a Random Forest (RF) model, a supervised Machine Learning (ML) algorithm, to identify volcanic SO2 emissions and integrates Cloud Top Height (CTH) data to enhance the accuracy of SO2 mass quantification during intense volcanic eruptions. This AI algorithm, fully implemented in Google Earth Engine (GEE), leverages data from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) aboard the Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) satellite to automatically retrieve daily volcanic SO2 plumes and CTH. We validated the model's performance against the Radius classifier, a state-of-the-art tool, and generalized its application across various volcanoes (Etna, Villarrica, Fuego, Pacaya, and Cumbre Vieja) with differing degassing activities, SO2 emission rates, and plume geometries. Our findings demonstrate that the proposed AI approach effectively identifies and quantifies SO2 plumes emitted by different volcanoes, enabling the investigation of SO2 emission time series that reflect magma dynamics.

Sulfur dioxide gas sensor based on vanadium oxide doped TiO2 nanopaper

Abstract The gas sensor based on TiO2 nanomaterials is promising for both industry and daily life because of its simple fabrication, low cost, high sensitivity, and easy application to micro-devices. However, its selectivity is relatively low and strongly influenced by the environment, thus limiting its practical application. In this work, we prepared TiO2 nanopaper by methods of hydrothermal synthesis and conventional paper preparation. To improve the selectivity, we added V2O5 by immersing the as-prepared nanopaper in an ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3) solution evenly dispersed in ethanol. Nanopaper is a random array of long nanowires and nanofibers, which retains its shape and structure at high temperature, unlike pure nanowires, due to its high porosity and mechanical stability. V2O5 leads to a selective sensing performance with high catalytic activity for SO2 gas. The surface structure of the sensing material and its porosity were characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS. The improved sensing material exhibited a high response of about 22.6 for 100 ppm SO2 and a fast response and recovery of 9 s and 14 s, respectively. It also exhibited good reproducibility and selectivity in other interfering gases. Furthermore, the long-term sensing performance in the atmospheric environment was maintained for about 50 days.

Assessment of the public health risk caused by exposure to atmospheric emissions from an aluminum plant

Introduction. Aluminum production is accompanied by emissions of pollutants that can negatively affect the environment and public health. The study aims to determine the impact of atmospheric emissions from an aluminum plant on the health of the population of the city of Novokuznetsk based on a risk assessment. Materials and methods. The volume of maximum permissible emissions of the Novokuznetsk Aluminum Plant was used in the work. Experts calculated the maximum and average concentrations of substances at 40 exposure points. The maximum permissible concentrations of substances were determined in accordance with SanPiN 1.2.3685-21. The authors calculated the carcinogenic risk and the risk of non-carcinogenic effects in accordance with the Guidelines 2.1.10.1920-04. They carried out the classification of risk levels based on methodological recommendations 2.1.10.0156-19. 2.1.10. Results. The authors have selected pollutants were for risk assessment: inorganic dust with a SiO2 content of <20%, sulfur dioxide, benz(a)pyrene, hydrogen fluoride, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, suspended solids, nitrogen oxide, carbon (soot). The maximum concentrations were 0.1–3.77 MPC for inorganic dust (SiO2<20%), 0.1–2.64 MPC for hydrogen fluoride and 0.05–1.74 MPC for sulfur dioxide; average concentrations were up to 9.16 MPC for benz(a)pyrene. The hazard indices for acute exposure are at an acceptable level; For chronic exposures, they correspond to alarming and high levels, reaching the highest value (13.469) at a point located closer to the sources of emissions. Hazard indices for critical organs and systems in acute exposures are at acceptable or minimum (target) levels, in chronic exposures they correspond to alarming and high-risk levels. The respiratory and immune systems are most affected. The total individual carcinogenic risk ranges from 4×10–7 to 8×10–6, without exceeding the upper limit of the permissible risk. Residents of the Kuznetsk district of the city are most affected by emissions. Limitations. The main limitation in the work carried out was the use of calculated concentrations of pollutants for risk assessment without the use of in-kind indicators. Conclusion. Elevated concentrations of pollutants were detected in the atmospheric air of residential areas adjacent to the territory of the aluminum plant, which determine alarming and high levels of non-carcinogenic risk to public health. Ethics. This study did not require the conclusion of the Ethics Committee.

Assessment of the risk to the health of the population living in the zone influenced by atmospheric emissions from the engineering industry

Introduction. During operation, machine-building enterprises emit pollutants that can negatively affect the health of the population. The study aims to determine the impact of emissions from a machine–building plant, as well as background atmospheric pollution, on the health risk of the population of Novokuznetsk. Materials and methods. The work used data from the volume of maximum permissible emissions of a machine-building plant. The researchers calculated the maximum and average concentrations of pollutants using the "ECOcenter – Standard" program at 36 exposure points selected on the city map. Experts determined the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere in accordance with SanPiN 1.2.3685-21. The authors calculated the risks to public health in accordance with the Guidelines R 2.1.10.1920-04. The classification of risk levels was carried out on the basis of MP 2.1.10.0156-19. 2.1.10. Scientists also made a risk assessment considering background atmospheric pollution. Results. Specialists carried out a risk assessment from exposure to nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon (soot), inorganic dust, hexavalent chromium. The maximum and average concentrations of pollutants, as well as the maximum concentrations calculated taking into account background pollution, did not exceed the maximum permissible level. The average concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and hexavalent chromium, taking into account the background, exceeded the hygienic standard. The values of the hazard indices for acute and chronic exposures without taking into account the background, as well as for acute exposures taking into account the background, corresponded to the minimum (target) risk level. The values of the hazard indices for chronic inhalation effects, considering the background, corresponded to the alarming risk level at five points, amounting to 3.084–3.800. With chronic exposure, taking into account the background, an alarming level of risk was revealed for the effect on the respiratory organs (at four points the hazard index was 3.117 to 3.616) and blood (at three points the hazard index was in the range from 3.090 to 3.433). The total individual carcinogenic risk, excluding background, did not exceed the permissible level, ranging from 1.08×10–8 to 2.43×10–7 at different points, taking into account the background, amounted to 1.79×10–4–2.26×10–4, which corresponds to an alarming level. Hexavalent chromium makes the main contribution to the formation of carcinogenic risk. Limitations. Calculated concentrations of pollutants were used to assess the risks. Conclusion. The risks from exposure to atmospheric emissions from the machine-building plant correspond to the minimum (target) level. Background concentrations of toxic substances in chronic inhalation exposures determine an alarming level of non-carcinogenic risk at five points, as well as an alarming level of carcinogenic risk at all points of exposure. Ethics. This study did not require the conclusion of the Ethics Committee.

The Research on Influence Factors of Red Wine Quality

Nowadays, product quality certificates are being used by enterprises to market their products. This is an expensive and ineffective process that takes a long time and requires assessments from customers and human experts. Determining the relationship between a red wine's chemical composition and subjective quality is a difficult task. This paper investigates the use of statistical methods, such as linear regression, to predict the values of target variables and ascertain how dependent the target variable is on the independent factors. It is more accurate than previous methods. These results contribute to the understanding of how different red wine consumers perceive quality and can help the red wine industry identify the primary sensory-active ingredients that influence quality in different red wines. The paper uses linear regression to solve the problem. The research examines at those factors' VIF value and significance in order to assess the efficacy of this operation. It turns out that volatile acidity, chlorides, total sulfur dioxide, sulphates and alcohol have a significant linear relationship with red wine quality, while the other factors have less influence on red wine quality. Overall, red wine quality can be evaluated based on how much these variables affect them.

The Tula Industrial Area Field Experiment: Quantitative Measurements of Formaldehyde, Sulfur Dioxide, and Nitrogen Dioxide Emissions Using Mobile Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy Instruments

The Tula industrial area in Central Mexico comprises, among other industries, a refinery and a thermoelectric power plant. It is well known for its constant emissions of gases into the atmosphere and considered an important area where pollutants released into the atmosphere have an influence on local and regional air quality. During March and April 2017, a field campaign was conducted with the objective of quantifying formaldehyde (HCHO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions from this industrial area using mobile differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) instruments. Calculated average emissions of the Francisco Perez Rios Power Plant and the Miguel Hidalgo Refinery were 3.14 ± 2.13 tons per day of HCHO, 362.08 ± 300.14 tons per day of SO2, and 24.76 ± 12.82 tons per day of NO2. From the measurements conducted, the spatial distribution patterns of SO2, NO2, and HCHO were reconstructed, showing a dispersion pattern of SO2 and NO2 towards the southwest of the industrial complex, impacting agricultural and urban areas. Occasionally, and usually during the morning hours, SO2 and NO2 were dispersed towards the north or northeast of the industrial complex. In the case of HCHO, dispersion was observed towards the south and southeast of the industrial complex. The far-reaching implications of this study are that for the first time, formaldehyde emissions were quantified. In addition, a follow-up study was conducted regarding nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide emissions from the Tula Industrial area.

Development of Air Pollution Forecasting Models Applying Artificial Neural Networks in the Greater Area of Beijing City, China

The ever-increasing industrialization of certain areas of the planet combined with the simultaneous degradation of the natural environment are alarming phenomena, especially in the field of human health. The concentration of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and 10 μm (PM10), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3) needs constant monitoring, as they consist of the main cause for many diseases. Based on the existence of statutory limits from the World Health Organization (WHO) for the concentration of each of the aforementioned air pollutants, it is considered necessary to develop forecasting systems that have the ability to correlate the current meteorological data with the concentrations of the above pollutants. In this work, the attempt to predict air pollutant concentrations in the wider area of Beijing, China, is successfully carried out using artificial neural network (ANN) models. In the frame of a specific work, a significant number of ANNs are developed. For this purpose, an open-access meteorological and air pollution database was used. Finally, a statistical evaluation of the developed prognostic models was carried out. The results showed that ANNs present a remarkable prognostic ability in order to forecast air pollution levels in an urban environment.

Room-temperature self-calibrating sensor based on CsPbBr3/SnO2 for detecting low-concentration sulfur dioxide

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless toxic gas, and accurate monitoring of its concentration is important for safety. However, accuracy is often interfered by humidity. To address the issues, in this work, a self-calibrating SO2 sensor based on CsPbBr3/SnO2 was prepared, the sensor exhibited an excellent response to parts per billion (ppb) levels of SO2 at room temperature, which is rarely achieved by other SO2 sensors. The response sensitivity of the sensor to 600 ppb SO2 reached up to 0.53 with response/recovery times of 17/285 s. In addition, the CsPbBr3/SnO2-based SO2 gas sensor showed a low detection limit, good reproducibility, and high selectivity. Moreover, theoretical calculations show that the gas recognition mechanism is attributed to the significant changes in the band structure and density of states of the heterojunction materials CsPbBr3/SnO2 after gas adsorption, thereby altering the charge carrier transport behavior and electrical properties. A self-calibrating algorithm MobileNetV2 was employed to eliminate humidity interference and effectively identify low-concentration SO2 in humid environments, and the recognition accuracy rate is 0.85. This work demonstrates the production of a high-performance SO2 gas sensor, and provides an effective method to eliminate the interference of humidity, making it significant in environmental monitoring and air quality control.

Research progress of Mn-based low-temperature SCR denitrification catalysts.

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is a efficiently nitrogen oxides removal technology from stationary source flue gases. Catalysts are key component in the technology, but currently face problems including poor low-temperature activity, narrow temperature windows, low selectivity, and susceptibility to water passivation and sulphur dioxide poisoning. To develop high-efficiency low-temperature denitrification activity catalyst, manganese-based catalysts have become a focal point of research globally for low-temperature SCR denitrification catalysts. This article investigates the denitrification efficiency of unsupported manganese-based catalysts, exploring the influence of oxidation valence, preparation method, crystallinity, crystal form, and morphology structure. It examines the catalytic performance of binary and multicomponent unsupported manganese-based catalysts, focusing on the use of transition metals and rare earth metals to modify manganese oxide. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of supported manganese-based catalysts is studied, considering metal oxides, molecular sieves, carbon materials, and other materials (composite carriers and inorganic non-metallic minerals) as supports. The reaction mechanism of low-temperature denitrification by manganese-based catalysts and the mechanism of sulphur dioxide/water poisoning are analysed in detail, and the development of practical and efficient manganese-based catalysts is considered.

Association between air pollutants, thyroid disorders, and thyroid hormone levels: a scoping review of epidemiological evidence.

Over the past two decades, the incidence of thyroid disorders has been steadily increasing. There is evidence to suggest that air pollution may be one of the etiological factors of thyroid diseases. This comprehensive review aimed to examine the evidence related to air pollutants and thyroid disorders and thyroid hormones levels from an epidemiological perspective. The scoping review adopted a systematic approach to search for, identify, and include peer-reviewed articles published in English. We performed a comprehensive search of three databases-PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science to identify relevant literature on the relationship between air pollution [particulate matter, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2)] exposure and thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism, congenital hypothyroidism (CH), thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer, autoimmune thyroid diseases, as well as thyroid hormone levels, such as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4). Articles published until August 1, 2023, were included. A total of 3,373 studies were retrieved, and among them, 25 studies covering eight different air pollutants were relevant. The most frequently studied air pollutants in this review included fine particulate matter (with fine particulate matter (PM2.5), n=21; inhalable particles (PM10), n=10; PM10-2.5, n=1) and nitrogen oxides (with NO2, n=13; NOx, n=3). The thyroid disorders and thyroid hormone levels most commonly associated with evidence of air pollution exposure were hypothyroidism (n=7) and TSH (n=12). Despite variations in study designs and exposure assessments, the findings consistently highlight the substantial health risks that air pollution, particularly PM2.5, poses to thyroid health, especially among vulnerable populations. Given that our study was limited to epidemiological investigations and the increasing prevalence of toxic substances in the environment, there is an urgent need for further research to elucidate the mechanisms by which these pollutants disrupt thyroid function and contribute to the development of thyroid diseases.

Recent progress in sulfonyl fluoride synthesis via the radical sulfur dioxide insertion and fluorination strategy

Recent progress in sulfonyl fluoride synthesis via the radical sulfur dioxide insertion and fluorination strategy

Photocatalytic Tricyclization of Enediynes for the Synthesis of Chromenoquinolines in Continuous Flow.

A photocatalyzed radical-initiated tricyclization of enediynes was developed to synthesize a range of hitherto unknown sulfonated chromenoquinolines with moderate to excellent yields under continuous operational conditions. The reaction mechanism involves a complex series of steps including alkyl radical capture by sulfur dioxide (SO2), radical addition, 6-exo-dig/6-exo-dig/6-endo-trig tricyclization, and single electron transfer (SET). This cascade of reactions results in the direct formation of a pentacyclic framework structure, along with the creation of up to three new rings and five chemical bonds in a single step. This photocatalytic protocol exhibits a diverse substrate scope, remarkable tolerance to functional groups, and scalable adaptability.

Visual colorimetric label for real-time monitoring of SO2 concentration change in grape and mango during storage

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is widely utilized as a preservative in food transportation and storage, but excessive consumption poses health risks. This study presents a novel and efficient method for the real-time detection of SO2 using a sensor named TK, synthesized from triphenylamine and 2-cyanomethyl-1-methyl-quinolinium. The core mechanism involves the Michael addition reaction of the CC bond in TK with SO2, which disrupts the intramolecular charge transfer process, resulting in a significant color change and a blue shift in fluorescence emission. Methodologically, the sensor's response was quantified by the change in fluorescence intensity ratio (I425/I647) within a SO2 concentration range of 0–180 μM. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity. For practical application, TK was incorporated into hydrophilic polyvinyl alcohol to create a smart label capable of visual colorimetry and fluorescence analysis. SO2 concentration changes were monitored by using this label, demonstrated by the color transition from burgundy red to colorless, yielding a maximum color difference (ΔE) of 73.6. The smart label was successfully used to monitor the quality of various grapes and mangoes during long-term storage, providing a reliable, equipment-independent method suitable for household use. The study offers a new tool for enhancing food safety and mitigating health risks associated with SO2 exposure.

Degree of Impact of Applying Environmental Cost Accounting on Tax Revenues from Oil Companies Operating in Iraq

Protecting the environment and its natural resources is an issue of great importance at the local and global levels. The phenomenon of environmental pollution resulting from the work of oil companies is one of the dangerous phenomena facing the environment in Iraq in general, and the environment of Kirkuk Governorate in particular, as the latter is considered one of the governorates rich in mineral resources, especially oil, as it contains six oil fields, and it contains the largest oil field in Iraq. Estimates indicate that it produces (40%) of the total Iraqi oil, so it suffers from a significant increase in the proportions of toxic and environmentally polluting gases resulting from the work of these companies in it. The work of oil companies from exploration, extraction and refining oil will naturally result in the emission of many gases that are highly toxic, dangerous and harmful to human health. The most important of these gases are carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrocarbon compounds, hydrogen sulfide and other gases that pollute the environment, which has resulted in the spread and increase in the number of patients with respiratory diseases in a clear and increasing manner in the governorate. This increase in environmental costs falls on society as a whole, so it was necessary to identify and measure environmental costs from the society’s point of view and work to re-charge them to oil companies by applying the environmental tax.

7115 Long-Term Exposure To Air Pollution And Precocious Puberty In Korea

Abstract Disclosure: J. Choi: None. J. Oh: None. R. Lee: None. E. Mun: None. K. Kim: None. E. Ha: None. H. Kim: None. Backgrounds and Aims The increasing prevalence of precocious puberty is emerging as a significant medical and social problem worldwide. However, limited research has investigated the relationship between long-term air pollution exposure and precocious puberty. We aimed to investigate the association between long-term air pollution exposure and first onset of precocious puberty in South Korea, nationwide. Methods: We investiagted a retrospective cohort using Korea National Health Insurance Database. Children born from 2007 to 2009 were followed-up from the age of six (2013 to 2015). We included boys aged ≤10 years and girls aged ≤ 9 years who visited hospitals for early pubertal development and were diagnosed with precocious puberty according to the ICD-10 (E228, E301,and E309) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) treatment. We conducted the association between long-term air pollution exposure and first onset of precocious puberty using a Cox proportional hazard model. We estimated the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) per 1 μg/m3 increase for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and particulate matter (PM10) and per 1 ppb increase for sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3). Results: A total of 1,205,784 childrens aged six years old were included during 2013­-2015. A positive association was found that the association between 48-month moving average PM2.5 (HR: 1.019, 95% CI: 1.012, 1.027), PM10 (HR: 1.009, 95% CI: 1.006, 1.013), SO2 (HR: 1.037, 95% CI: 1.018, 1.055), O3 (HR: 1.006, 95% CI: 1.001, 1.010) exposure and precocious puberty in girls. In contrast, no association was found in boys. Conclusions Our findings supported that long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with an increased risk of precocious puberty. The study provides valuable insights into the harmful effects of air pollution during childhood and adolescence, emphasizing that air pollution is a modifiable risk factor that can be managed and improved. Presentation: 6/1/2024