Sulfur Levels Research Articles

Effect of Different Levels of Macronutrients and Rhizobium on Soil Health and Yield Attributes of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

The field experiment was carried out at the central research farm in the Department of Soil Science and Chemistry, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during Rabi season 2023-24. The soil texture in the experimental region was sandy loam. The design was set up using randomized block design, with two levels of sulphur (50 and 100%), Rhizobium, and NPK (20:60:40) at different levels. The treatment T9 (@100% NPKS +@100% Rhizobium+ 100% Sulphur) gave the best results in terms of plant height, number of pods plant-1, and total Field Pea yield. It also showed a slight decrease in pH, bulk density, and particle density; however, there was a significant increase in pore space, water holding capacity, EC, organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as well as plant growth and yield attributes. There was no discernible difference in the growth and production of Field Pea under control. The use of Biofertilizer, as well as their blend with complete NPK and S, significantly increased the characteristics of growth and total yield attributes of Field Pea.

Supersulfide formation in the sinus mucosa of chronic rhinosinusitis.

Disruption of the oxidative stress defense system is involved in developing various diseases. Sulfur compounds such as glutathione (GSH) and cysteine (CysSH) are representative antioxidants in the body. Recently, supersulfides, including reactive persulfide and polysulfide species, have gained attention as potent antioxidants regulating oxidative stress and redox signaling. However, their involvement in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains unclear. To clarify the changes in sulfur compounds within the sinus mucosa of each CRS subtype, we measured sulfur compound levels in the sinus mucosa of control individuals (n = 9), patients with eosinophilic CRS (ECRS) (n = 13), and those with non-ECRS (nECRS) (n = 11) who underwent sinus surgery using mass spectrometry. GSH and CysSH levels were significantly reduced, and the glutathione disulfide (GSSG)/GSH ratio, an oxidative stress indicator, was increased in patients with ECRS. Despite the absence of notable variations in supersulfides, patients with ECRS and nECRS exhibited a significant reduction in glutathione trisulfide (GSSSG), which serves as the precursor for supersulfides. This study is the first quantitative assessment of supersulfides in normal and inflamed sinus mucosa, suggesting that sulfur compounds contribute to the pathogenesis of CRS. N/A.

Impact of Phosphorus and Sulphur Levels on Growth Parameters of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Background: Groundnut, a well-recognized oilseed crop belonging to the Leguminosae family, faces several challenges in India that results in lesser productivity compared to the global average. The principal underlying cause of India’s diminished groundnut production lies in the irregular and inadequate utilization of essential nutrients. Given its status as a leguminous oilseed crop, it exhibits a heightened demand for phosphorus, calcium and sulphur, which often remains unmet, further exacerbating the problem. Methods: In a field experiment, split-plot design was employed to investigate the impact of four phosphorus levels (Control, 40, 50 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1) and four sulphur levels (Control, 25, 50 and 75 kg S ha-1) on the growth parameters of groundnut. Results: The findings demonstrate that the utilization of phosphorus and sulphur fertilizers yielded significant improvements in various aspects of groundnut growth parameters. These improvements encompassed increased plant height, root length, improved root-to-shoot ratio on a length and weight basis, greater numbers of root nodules per plant and dry weight of root nodules per plant.

Inorganic sulfides prevent osimertinib-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes

Despite the widespread recognition of the global concern regarding the onset of cardiovascular diseases in a significant number of patients following cancer treatment, definitive strategies for prevention and treatment remain elusive. In this study, we established systems to evaluate the influence of anti-cancer drugs on the quality control of mitochondria, pivotal for energy metabolism, using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). Osimertinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for treatment in lung cancer, reportedly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, its underlying mechanism is largely unknown. Here, we found that the treatment of hiPSC-CMs with osimertinib and doxorubicin, but not trastuzumab and cisplatin, revealed a concentration-dependent impairment of respiratory function accompanied by mitochondrial fission. We previously reported the significant role of sulfur metabolism in maintaining mitochondrial quality in the heart. Co-treatment with various inorganic sulfur donors (Na2S, Na2S2, Na2S3) alongside anti-cancer drugs demonstrated that Na2S attenuated the cardiotoxicity of osimertinib but not doxorubicin. Osimertinib decreased intracellular reduced sulfur levels, while Na2S treatment suppressed the sulfur leakage, suggesting its potential in mitigating osimertinib-induced cardiotoxicity. These results imply the prospect of inorganic sulfides, such as Na2S, as a seed for precision pharmacotherapy to alleviate osimertinib's cardiotoxic effects.

Measurement report: Vanadium-containing ship exhaust particles detected in and above the marine boundary layer in the remote atmosphere

Abstract. Each year, commercial ships emit over 1.67 Tg of particulate matter (PM) pollution into the atmosphere. These ships rely on the combustion of heavy fuel oil, which contains high levels of sulfur, large aromatic organic compounds, and metals. Vanadium is one of the metals most commonly associated with heavy fuel oil and is often used as a tracer for PM from ship exhaust. Previous studies have suggested that vanadium-containing PM has impacts on human health and climate due to its toxicological and cloud-formation properties, respectively; however, its distribution in the atmosphere is not fully understood, which limits our ability to quantify the environmental implications of PM emitted by ships. Here, we present data obtained from a Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry (PALMS) instrument on the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the 2016–2018 Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) and show that ∼ 1 % of the accumulation mode particles measured in the marine boundary layer of the central Pacific and Atlantic oceans contain vanadium. These measurements, which were made without targeting ship plumes, suggest that PM emitted by ships is widespread in the atmosphere. Furthermore, we observed vanadium-containing ship exhaust particles at altitudes up to 13 km, which demonstrates that not all ship exhaust particles are immediately removed via wet deposition processes. In addition, using laboratory calibrations, we determined that most vanadium-containing ship exhaust particles can contain up to a few weight percent of vanadium. This study furthers our understanding of both the chemical composition and distribution of PM emitted by ships, which will allow us to better constrain the climate, health, and air quality implications of these particle types in the future. We note that these data were collected prior to the 2020 International Maritime Organization (IMO) sulfur regulation and stand as a reference for understanding how ship emissions have evolved in light of these regulations.

Quantifying the mineral magnetic signature of petroleum systems and their source rocks: a study on the Inner Moray Firth, UK North Sea

SUMMARY This study aims to expand on existing connections between magnetic minerals and hydrocarbons within petroleum systems. Previous studies have focussed on single-source petroleum systems whereas this study, for the first time, analyses a multi-source petroleum system to investigate potential correlations between different kerogen type source rocks and magnetic minerals. To do this, the study investigates the magnetic mineral characteristics of the Inner Moray Firth (IMF), UK North Sea, through room-, low- and high-temperature techniques, and correlates this to published basin and petroleum systems modelling results that show a three-source hydrocarbon mix. Magnetic mineral analysis identifies extensive evidence for magnetite, goethite and siderite, alongside more minor lepidocrocite and iron sulphides. Although we find that magnetite is ubiquitous within the IMF, its abundance is relatively low, and, in contrast, the relatively magnetically weak goethite is more likely the most abundant magnetic mineral throughout the IMF. In agreement with previous studies, we find magnetic enhancement at oil-water contacts (OWCs); however, here, we identify two different magnetic enhancement processes at OWCs in wells, which are dependent on the amount of sulphur available in the local environment. Wells with low levels of sulphur have increasing levels of magnetite towards the OWC, with the magnetic enhancement occurring at the top of the water-saturated section. Sulphur-rich environments display an increase in iron sulphides near the OWC at the bottom of the oil-saturated sediments. Additionally, we confirm the presence of siderite as indicator of upward vertical migration. Combining with petroleum system model predictions, we find direct links between iron hydroxide presence and Type I and II–III kerogen source rocks, and iron sulphide presence with Type II kerogen source rocks. This study shows the potential for further utilization of magnetic mineral analysis within hydrocarbon exploration and petroleum system definition.

Response of Sulphur and Zinc on Yield Attributes, Yield and Economics of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)

During the Kharif season of 2023, a field experiment took place at the Crop Research Farm within the Department of Agronomy at SHUATS in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. The objective was to investigate the influence of sulphur and zinc on the yield attributes, yield and economics of cowpea. Growth and yield data were collected for the crop.The experiment followed a Randomized Block Design with 10 treatments, each replicated three times. The treatments included varying levels of sulphur (25, 30, 35 kg/ha) and zinc (5, 10, 15 kg/ha), along with a control treatment of 20-50-20 kg/ha using Cowpea variety ‘Kashinidhi’. The findings indicated that applying 35 kg/ha of sulphur in along with 15 kg/ha of zinc resulted in the following outcomes for cowpea, Maximum Number of pods per plant (17.1), Number of seeds per pod (9.8), Seed yield (1423.27 kg/ha), Stover yield (3201.9 kg/ha), Maximum gross returns (1,06,745.14 INR/ha), net returns (73,245.14 INR/ha) and B:C ratio (2.19). These favourable results were observed in Treatment-9, where the specified combination of 35 kg/ha of Sulphur + 15 kg/ha Zinc was applied.

Effect of Different Levels of NPK, Vermicompost and Sulphur on Growth, Yield and Economics Attributes of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) var. Giriraj

A field experiment was conducted at Research farm, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Naini Agricultural Institute, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P.) during the Rabi season of 2023-24 with the objective to differentiate levels of NPK, Vermicompost and Sulphur on yield attributes of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) var. Giriraj. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with nine treatment combinations, consisting of three N, P and K levels (0, 50 and 100%), Vermicompost (0, 50 and 100%) and Sulphur (0, 50 and 100%). It was observed that the treatment of the application of 100% @ (NPK) +100% @ VC + 100 % @ S (T9) was best in terms of growth parameters in maximum plant height (124.01 cm), Number of branches (12.28), No. of leaves (75.96), number of silique plant-1 (168.67), test weight (4.24) and total yield was highest i.e. (19.90 qha-1).

Scanning electron microscopy and morphometric analysis of the hair in dromedaries with SEM-EDX in relation to age

BackgroundHair characterization is critical for determining animal individuality throughout life. This study aimed to assess the morphological features of dromedary camel hair in relation to age.Materials and methodsHair samples were obtained from the camel humps of 30 dromedary camels separated into three groups: G1 (n:10) aged one-year, G2 (n:10) aged 3–5 years, and G3 (n:10) at the age of 8–10 years. The hair was examined using light microscopy, SEM, and SEM-EDX.ResultsThe Maghrebi camel had varied medulla patterns and structures across the ages. In the G1 group 75% had continuous medulla patterns and amorphous medulla structures, compared to 70% in G2, and 90% in G3. The medulla index increased with age, rising from 0.3 to 0.77%. The shaft width grew in size from G1 to G2, then fell to approximately one-third of the G2 size at G3. The cortex and cuticle widths were also determined by age, and they increased in the G1 compared to G3 camels. The shape of the cuticle scales in G1 camels was wavy, like mountain tops with irregular edges, within G2 camels the scales were particularly long, oval-shaped scales with smooth, wavy borders. The scales of the older G3 camels were quite long and rectangular. SEM-EDX spectra recognized carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, calcium, aluminum, silicon, and potassium at the medulla and cortex. Sulfur levels were highest in the G2 samples but lowest in the G1 samples.ConclusionThe dromedary camel’s hair structure and mineral content, particularly carbon and nitrogen, differed as camels aged.

Influence of phosphorus, sulphur and zinc levels on yield, quality and nutrients uptake of lentil (Lens culinaris) in sub-humid southern plain of Rajasthan

An experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (factorial experiment) during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2020–21 and 2021–22 at Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur (Rajasthan) to study the effect of P (30, 40 and 50 kg P2 O5 /ha), S (15, 20 and 25 kg S/ha) and zinc (control and foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 ) on yield nutrient content and nutrients uptake in lentil. Seed yield increased to a maximum of 9.35% following P application, 9.38% after S application and 4.71% after Zn application. Corresponding increase in haulm yield was 12.90%, 10.64% and 7.30% respectively. Application of P, S and Zn improved protein content in seed as well as in haulms and increasing application level of both P and S maintained the increasing trend in protein content. Application of P, S and Zn increased both the content and the uptake of N, P, K, S and Zn both in seeds and in haulms. In most instances these changes were statistically significant.

Diagnostics of Acid Sulfate Soils in a Coal Mining Area of the Taiga Zone

Technogenic soils result from the oxidation and hydrolysis of minerals in rocks extracted from mining areas and brought to the surface. Diagnostics of such soils involve a set of detailed tests, which can be both time-consuming and costly. In this study, the pH of sulfate soils in the Kizel Coal Basin (Perm krai, Russia) was determined using hydrogen peroxide. Particularly, the soils affected by runoff from rock dumps, outflow, and mine water discharge were examined. The findings showed pH-H2O2 below 2.5 in certain horizons, indicating the presence of sulfides. Additionally, the soils exhibited significantly higher levels of mobile sulfur and iron, total sulfur, and sulfates, ranging from tens to hundreds of times above the background content. XRD analysis revealed that the soils contained goethite and jarosite, thereby confirming the efficacy of pH determination with hydrogen peroxide for the prompt diagnostics of acid sulfate soils.

Removal of Impurities from Refractory Gold Ore using Bio-reduction and Bio-oxidation processes

Gold in refractory gold ore is difficult to be extracted by conventional metallurgical method due to the presence of sulfide minerals with elevated levels of iron (Fe), sulfur (S), and arsenic (As) as impurities, resulting in low gold (Au) recovery. Conventional methods such as cyanide leaching has been proven ineffective for gold extraction from refractory ore due to gold being intricately bound within the sulfide minerals. Consequently, this study explores the application of bioleaching as an alternative to conventional cyanide leaching. Shewanella oneidensis (S. oneidensis) and Acidithiobacillus ferroxidans (A. ferroxidans) serve as bio-reduction and bio-oxidation agents, respectively in the bioleaching process. The composition of minerals in the ore was determined through XRD analysis (Model: Rigaku’s Miniflex 600) and EDX analysis (Model EDX 3). Meanwhile, SEM analysis (Zeiss EVO LS15 SEM) was utilized to examine the morphology structure. The concentrations of impurities (Fe, S, and As) were assessed using a spectrophotometer (Model: DR3900 Hach) meanwhile the Au concentration was determined through ICP-OES (Model: G8015A5110 ICP-OES). Sieved refractory gold ore samples with less than 32 um and varying in weight (0.5 g, 1.0 g, 1.5 g, 2.0 g), underwent bio-reduction and bio-oxidation processes. The results indicated a rougher surface morphology of raw sample as observed through SEM analysis. Furthermore, XRD and EDX results demonstrated a decrease in impurity concentrations, suggesting a potential increase in gold purity. Notably, the bio-reduction process exhibited a superior enhancement in Au concentration with the values of 138.89% compared to biooxidation with the value 122.22%. Thus, the bio-reduction process proved more effective in increasing Au concentration compared to bio-oxidation.

Soil Test Crop Response Concerning Soil Properties and Yield Attributes of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) var. Krishna

We experimented in the field at the central research farm of the Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during Rabi season of 2022-23. The soil in the experimental area was characterized by a sandy loam texture. There were 27unit plots in total, with each plot sized at 2 X 2 m. We used a randomized block design, incorporating different levels of NPK (80:40:40), vermicompost, and two levels of sulfur (50% and 100%). The T9 (STCR+ 5t ha-1 Vermicompost+ 100% S) demonstrated that although there was a slight decrease in pH, bulk density, and particle density, there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in pore space, water holding capacity, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon, and the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Improvements were observed in plant growth and yield attributes, which showed the best results in terms of plant height, number of siliquae per plant, and total mustard yield compared to the control conditions. However, the use of organic manures and their combination with a full NPK treatment significantly enhanced the growth and overall yield attributes of mustard.

Studies on synergistic interaction of different sources and levels of sulphur on growth of black soybean

Studies on synergistic interaction of different sources and levels of sulphur on growth of black soybean

Influence of Sulphur and Zinc on Yield, Yield Attributes and Economics of Baby Corn (Zea mays L.)

A Field experiment was conducted during Zaid season of 2023 at Crop Research Farm Department of Agronomy. The objective of this study is to asses the influence of sulphur and zinc on yield attritibutes of baby corn and to evaluate the economics of different treatment combinations taken. The treatments consisted of 3 levels of Sulphur viz., (15, 30 and 45 kg/ha) and 3 levels of Zinc viz., (10, 20 and 30 kg/ha) along with recommended doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash as control (60- 60-40 kg N-P-K/ha). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with 10 treatments and replication thrice. Application of Sulphur 45 kg/ha along with Zinc 30 kg/ha (Treatment 9) recorded maximum cob yield with husk (10.6 t/ha), cob yield without husk (3.91 t/ha), green fodder yield (28.43 t/ha). The aforesaid treatment also recorded maximum gross returns (1,43,144.00 INR/ha), net returns (955,19.00 INR/ha) and Benefit cost ratio (2.01).

Effect of different level of NPK and sulphur on soil physico-chemical properties and yield of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) var. Shikar

Effect of different level of NPK and sulphur on soil physico-chemical properties and yield of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) var. Shikar

α-Lipoic acid increases the viability of nephrocytes and elevates sulfane sulfur level in plasma of patients with chronic kidney disease.

Kidney diseases are a major global health problem affecting millions of people. Despite this, there is as yet no effective drug therapy improving outcome in patients with renal disease. The aim of this study was to examine the nephroprotective effect of α-lipoic acid (ALA) in vitro and to examine the effect of ALA administered in vivo on the production of reactive sulfur species (RSS), including hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and compounds containing sulfane sulfur. The effect of ALA was studied in vitro by determining the viability of human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) in normoxic and hypoxic conditions as well as in vivo in two groups of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients: non-dialyzed (ND) and undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (PD) after 30 days of ALA supplementation. The results revealed that the viability of HEK293 cells was significantly decreased by hypoxic conditions, while ALA administered during hypoxia increased the viability to the level observed in normoxic conditions. Studies performed in plasma of CKD patients after ALA supplementation suggested that ALA did not affect the parameters of oxidative stress, while significantly increased the level of reactive sulfane sulfur in both ND and PD patients suffering from CKD. The results suggest that ALA can exert nephroprotective effects which are related to sulfane sulfur production.

Effect of Nutrient Management on Physico-chemical Properties of Soil in Indian Mustard

A field experiment was conducted at the IFS Unit Instructional Farm of Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda (UP) during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2022-23 and 2023-24. The study aimed to examine the impact of nutrient management on the soil properties of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) grown in clay loam soil. Mustard, an essential oilseed crop in India, encounters issues like low productivity and diminished soil fertility caused by excessive use of chemical fertilizers. The paper highlights the importance of integrating chemical and organic sources, such as vermicompost. Vermicompost enriched with biofertilizers, especially Azotobacter, PSB, PMB, NPK Consortia, and ZSB demonstrates significant potential in improving the soil conditions for mustard crops. The experiment utilized a split plot design (SPD) with four main factors in the main plot and four levels in the sub-plot, resulting in sixteen treatment combinations, each applied three times. The soil at the experimental site was characterized by a clay loam texture and low levels of organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc and sulfur, with moderate levels of available potash. The main plot treatments consisted of different fertility levels: 50% RNPKS, 75% RNPKS, 100% RNPKS and 125% RNPKS. Each main plot was further divided into four sub-plots, each with a combination of micronutrients and enriched vermicompost. The results indicated that the treatment of either 125% or 100% RNPKS and 2.5 kg Zn + 0.5 kg B + 500 kg enriched vermicompost ha-1 was superior in improving the soil properties for Indian mustard.

Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oil Inhibits the Ability of Fusobacterium nucleatum to Produce Volatile Sulfide Compounds, a Key Components in Oral Malodor.

Oral malodor still constitutes a major challenge worldwide. A strong effort is invested in eliminating volatile sulfur compound-producing oral bacteria through organic natural products such as essential oils. Fusobacterium nucleatum is a known volatile sulfur compound-producing bacteria that inspires oral malodor. The aim of the present study was to test the effect of lavender essential oil on the bacterium's ability to produce volatile sulfide compounds, the principal components of oral malodor. Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC-MS. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of lavender essential oil on Fusobacterium nucleatum was determined in a previous trial. Fusobacterium nucleatum was incubated anaerobically in the presence of sub-MIC, MIC, and above MIC concentrations of lavender essential oil, as well as saline and chlorhexidine as negative and positive controls, respectively. Following incubation, volatile sulfur compound levels were measured using GC (Oralchroma), and bacterial cell membrane damage was studied using fluorescence microscopy. Chemical analysis of lavender essential oil yielded five main components, with camphor being the most abundant, accounting for nearly one-third of the total lavender essential oil volume. The MIC (4 µL/mL) of lavender essential oil reduced volatile sulfur compound secretion at a statistically significant level compared to the control (saline). Furthermore, the level of volatile sulfur compound production attributed to 1 MIC of lavender essential oil was in the range of the positive control chlorhexidine with no significant difference. When examining bacterial membrane damage, 2 MIC of lavender essential oil (i.e., 8 µL/mL) demonstrated the same, showing antibacterial membrane damage values comparative to chlorhexidine. Since lavender essential oil was found to be highly effective in hindering volatile sulfur compound production by Fusobacterium nucleatum through the induction of bacterial cell membrane damage, the results suggest that lavender essential oil may be a suitable alternative to conventional chemical-based anti-malodor agents.

The effect of phencyclidine-mediated blockade of NMDA receptors in the early postnatal period on glutathione and sulfur amino acid levels in the rat brain as a potential causative factor of schizophrenia-like behavior in adulthood

BackgroundPhencyclidine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, is frequently used to model behavioral and neurochemical changes correlated with schizophrenia in laboratory animals. The present study aimed to examine the effects of repeated administration of phencyclidine during early postnatal development on the contents of glutathione and sulfur-containing amino acids, as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the brain of 12-day-old rats, and schizophrenia-like symptoms in adulthood.MethodsMale Sprague-Dawley pups were administered phencyclidine (10 mg/kg) or saline subcutaneously on the postnatal days p2, p6, p9 and p12. In 12-day-old pups, 4 h after the last dose of phencyclidine, the levels of glutathione, cysteine, methionine, and homocysteine, and the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) were measured in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. In 70-72-day-old rats, schizophrenia-like symptoms were assessed using behavioral tests.ResultsBiochemical data showed that perinatal phencyclidine treatment significantly reduced glutathione and cysteine levels in all brain structures studied, methionine was diminished in the striatum, and homocysteine in both the frontal cortex and striatum. GR activity was increased in the frontal cortex while SODactivity was decreased in the hippocampus. Behaviorally, perinatal phencyclidine induced long-term deficits in social and cognitive function and a decrease in locomotor activity assessed as the time of walking. Finally, perinatal treatment with phencyclidine resulted in a significant reduction in body weight gain over time.ConclusionOur research provides further evidence for the usefulness of the phencyclidine-induced neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia for studying the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.