Sulfur Dioxide Solution Research Articles

Effect of ion pairing on the nucleophilic reactivity of anionic nucleophiles. II. Reaction of p-nitrobenzyl bromide with chloride ion in liquid sulfur dioxide solution at 0.00.degree.

Effect of ion pairing on the nucleophilic reactivity of anionic nucleophiles. II. Reaction of p-nitrobenzyl bromide with chloride ion in liquid sulfur dioxide solution at 0.00.degree.

The Absorption of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide by Water Solutions

Results of a laboratory study indicate that the rate of solution of atmospheric sulfur dioxide in distilled water, over the range of atmospheric concentrations of 0.81−8.73 mg SO2/M3, is a function of the concentration of SO2 in the atmosphere, with saturation being reached more rapidly at the higher concentrations. This would indicate that rain water, with constantly renewed surfaces, can be very effective in the removal of atmospheric SO2. The pH of the exposed water samples reached values of 4.0 or less, comparable to values observed in fog and cloud water near large industrial areas. Overall solubility of sulfur dioxide in distilled water did not follow the law of partial pressure. At the atmospheric concentrations used it was found that over 98.5% of the sulfite in solution was in the form of the bisulfite ion with, the remainder present as unionized sulfurous acid. Computations using the concentration of unionized sulfurous acid in the solution showed that the solubility of this portion of dissolved sulfite did follow the law of partial pressure.

Determination of tungsten in silicates and natural waters

Coprecipitation with hydrous manganese dioxide is used for the concentration of tungsten from natural waters (including sea water) and from solutions prepared from silicate rocks and sediments by hydrofluoric acid attack. After dissolution of the hydrous manganese dioxide precipitate in acidified sulphur dioxide solution, cation excliange is used to separate tungsten and molybdenum from other coprecipitated elements, hydrogen peroxide being used as eluant. Molybdenum is separated from tungsten by extraction of its dithiol complex from 24 N hydrochloric acid medium containing citric acid and can be determined photometrically. After destruction of citric acid, tungsten is determined photometrically with dithiol. The overall cliemical yield of th analytical process is 94±1%. The standard deviation of the method is ±0.010 μg for sea water (0.116 μg W/l) and ca 0.05 μg/g for siliceous sediments containing 0.5–1.0 μg W/g.

Radiation Chemistry of Liquid Sulfur Dioxide. II. Radiation-Induced Oxidation—Reduction Reactions in Liquid Sulfur Dioxide Solutions of Sulfur Trioxide and Potassium Iodide

Irradiation by 60Co gamma rays of dilute solutions of sulfur trioxide in anhydrous, air-free liquid sulfur dioxide confirms that (1) molecular oxygen is formed by attack of radicals on sulfur trioxide, most likely via O+SO3→SO2+O2, (2) no measurably significant amount of O2 is formed by radical recombination O+O→O2 in the spurs. Irradiation of air-free anhydrous solutions of potassium iodide in liquid sulfur dioxide yields iodine and potassium bisulfate K2S2O7 at constant rates and to high percents of conversion of iodide to iodine. The data are discussed in terms of electron-transfer reactions from the charge-transfer complex iodide anion—sulfur dioxide to the oxygen atom. The possibility of reactions of iodide ion with ionic species which have been suggested to arise in liquid sulfur dioxide during radiolysis is considered briefly. The difference between the radiation chemistry of liquid sulfur dioxide on one hand and those of water and liquid ammonia on the other is believed to be a consequence of the radical scavenging properties of liquid sulfur dioxide.

THE USE OF ACETIC ACID AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE TO LIMIT MALTING LOSSES

The effects of spraying acetic acid or solutions of sulphur dioxide and of steeping in solutions of acetic acid have been investigated in micromalting trials. Spraying germinating grain with acid solutions on the fourth day of germination significantly increased both hot and cold water extracts and total soluble nitrogen, while reducing rootlet growth and total malting loss. The percentage fermentability of wort derived from malt sprayed with a solution of acetic acid was less than that of controls and had a lower pH. Malt prepared from grain steeped in dilute acetic acid and sprayed with gibberellic acid on casting was ready for kilning in a shorter time with smaller malting loss and rootlet production, but with an elevated hot water extract, percentage fermentability and soluble nitrogen content. On this basis of the original dry weight of barley, increases in the yield of extract of the order of 5% over that obtained from control malts have been achieved.

The Solvation of Ions in Liquid Sulfur Dioxide

Abstract The variation in the density and in the sound velocity with the concentration was measured in a liquid sulfur dioxide solution of electrolytes. The amounts of solvations and the volume changes which accompany the dissolving of the electrolytes were estimated. In liquid sulfur dioxide they were found to be considerably greater than those in water. The relations between the volume changes and the solvations were also discussed.

The Conversion of Cellulose into Soluble Glucose Polymers in a Sulfur Dioxide Solution of Sulfur Trioxide

Abstract The conversion of cellulose into soluble glucose polymers was shown to be composed of a set of irreversible reactions in series: A\xrightarrowk1B\xrightarrowk2C, where A is cellulose; B, a soluble glucose polymer, and C, the decomposition product, which does not give reducing sugar under further hydrolysis by dilute acid. The first-order rate constants, k1 (hr−1) and k2 (hr−1), were given in 0.32 to 3.3% sulfur dioxide solutions of sulfur trioxide: k 1=2.64×1011C1.63exp[−16700⁄(RT)] (for 0–50°C), and k2=8.99×1015C1.63exp[−24500⁄(RT)] (for 25–50°C), From k1 and k2, the sulfur trioxide concentration, C, and temperature, T, the maximum yields of the soluble glucose polymer and the time required to attain a maximum yield were obtained. It was shown that the application of the technique to wood saccharification is possible.

The determination of molybdenum in natural waters, silicates and biological materials

Coprecipitation with hydrous manganese dioxide is used for the concentration of molybdenum from natural waters (including sea water) and from solutions prepared from silicate rocks and mineralized biological materials. Molybdenum is determined photometrically with dithiol after dissolving the manganese dioxide precipitate in sulphur dioxide solution. Since only a few elements are coprecipitated by manganese dioxide, separation before photometry is not normally necessary. However, if it is thought desirable, molybdenum can be separated from most other elements by adsorbing it on a cation exchanger and eluting it with hydrogen peroxide. The method was found to have a coefficient of variation of ca. 1% with sea water, argillaceous sediments and biological materials at concentration levels of 10.3 μg Mo/1, 7.2 μg Mo/g and 0.9 μg Mo/g respectively. The U.S. Geological Survey Standard granite (GI) and diabase (WI) were found to contain 6.3 and 0.48 μg Mo/g respectively.

Sulfur isotopic fractionation between sulfur and sulfuric acid in the hydrothermal solution of sulfur dioxide

Sulfur and sulfur compounds involved in the chemical reaction, 3H2SO3= 2H2SO4+S+H2O in the temperature range from 150 to 300°C have been quantitatively determined. After the disproportionation reaction of sulfurous acid is completed, sulfur decreases according to the chemical reaction, 4S+4H2O = 3H2S+H2SO4. These two reactions may be responsible for the production of sulfuric acid in hot spring water. 34S is enriched in sulfuric acid and depleted in sulfur revealing 16.1 to 21.1‰ fractionation between them. This would account for the enrichment of 34S in sulfuric acid encountered in hot spring water.

Voltammetry of tetra-alkyl ammonium salts at platinum in sulphur dioxide solution: Oxidation of the halides

The polarographic or voltammetric behaviour of a selected group of tetra-alkyl ammonium halides and related compounds in liquid sulphur dioxide was investigated, using a stationary disk platinum indicating micro-electrode and a silver/silver-bromide reference electrode with compensation for the IR drop of the solution. The electrochemical oxidation-reduction patterns are characteristic of the natures of the cation and anion composing the compound.Generally, good reproducible polarograms are obtained. The anodic patterns indicate that the oxidation of each halogen ion can occur in multiple stages, although the bromides generally show only a single anodic wave. The order of ease of electrolytic oxidation in sulphur dioxide is iodide (easiest), bromide and chloride.Sulphur dioxide solutions of the tetra-alkyl ammonium salts show a characteristic cathodic discharge potential in the range of −0·3 to −0·6 V vs Ag/AgBr. If the sulphur dioxide is insufficiently purified, two cathodic waves appear, which are apparently due to a non-condensable gas other than oxygen, sulphur trioxide or water.

The Heats of Solution and Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide.

The Heats of Solution and Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide.

ON THE MANUFACTURE OF WHEAT STRAW PULP BY AMMONIUM SULFITE PROCESS

Wheat straw was chopped to the length of 1-2cm, pneumaticaly elutriated and shieved by screen. The ammonium sulfite solutions used for the cooking of the straw were prepared to pH 9 and pH 3 with sulfur dioxide and aqueous ammonium solution. The refined straw was cooked with 4 to 12% total sulfur dioxide on the weight of oven-dry straw at liquor-to-straw ratio of 10:1 and 5:1. The cooking was carried out at 180°C in case of the cooking liquor of pH 9 and at 150°C in that of pH 3. The pulps resulted were analysed chemically and the mechanical strength of their sheets was measured.The refining and screening of the semichemical pulp of straw were repeated several times under a definite condition. Each fraction resulted was chemically analyed.1. The maximum yield of screened pulp obtained with the cooking liquor of pH 9 and pH 3 is 54-56%, independent of chemicals and liquor-to-straw ratios.2. The lignin content of the pulps at maximum screened yield is varied from 5 to 9% in the cooking liquor of pH 9 and from 14 to 16% in that of pH 3.3. The pentosan content in the pulps at maximum screened yield is below 20% in case of the cooking liquor of pH 3 and over 20% in that of pH 9.4. The pulps of maximum screened yield with the cooking liquor of pH 9 are better than those at pH 3 in burst factor and breaking length.5. In the cooking at pH 9, the pulp of maximum screened yield increases in pentosan and decreases in lignin with increasing chemicals-to-straw ratio. The pulp at maximum yield of the screened obtained by cooking with a constant chemicals-to-straw ratio is slightly lower in lignin and pentosan in case of liquor-to-straw at the ratio of 5:1 than that of 10:1. As chemicals-to-straw ratio increases, the burst factor and breaking length of the pulp increase, while the liquor-to-straw ratio affects little upon these strengths.6. Semichemical pulp made from straw contains fractions having various lignin and pentosan contents.

The preparation and properties of some inorganic isothiocyanates

Reaction between ammonium or potassium thiocyanate and various phosphorus, silicon and arsenic chlorides in acetonitrile or liquid sulphur dioxide solution leads to complete substitution of the chlorine atoms by thiocyanate groups. The infra-red spectra of these products are discussed and indicate that the compounds are isothiocyanates rather than normal thiocyanates.

The Effect of Ion Pairing on the Reactivity of Anionic Nucleophiles. I. The Exchange Reaction of p-Nitrobenzyl Bromide with Bromide Ion in Liquid Sulfur Dioxide Solution1

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Effect of Ion Pairing on the Reactivity of Anionic Nucleophiles. I. The Exchange Reaction of p-Nitrobenzyl Bromide with Bromide Ion in Liquid Sulfur Dioxide Solution1Norman N. Lichtin and K. Narayana RaoCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 11, 2417–2424Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1961https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01472a002RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views60Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1003 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

An interfering electrode reaction during polarography of sulphur-dioxide solutions containing oxygen.

An interfering electrode reaction during polarography of sulphur-dioxide solutions containing oxygen.

第三級アミンオキシドに関する研究 (第1報)

Treatment of aromatic N-oxides with acetic anhydride, benzoyl chloride, or tosyl chloride results in formation of an acyl adduct in which, differing from that of the parent compound, the N-O linkage has become weakened and the compound is easily reduced to the tertiary amines with sulfur dioxide or sulfite solution. Even in such a simple reaction, however, the nature of the acyl group has a great effect. For example, the benzoyl adduct is easily reduced by sulfite solution but not by sulfur dioxide gas. The tosyl adduct of pyridine 1-oxide undergoes reduction but that of quinoline 1-oxide is not reduced and undergoes rearrangement to carbostyril.

The Formation of Tetrachloroborate Ion in Liquid Sulfur Dioxide Solution

The Formation of Tetrachloroborate Ion in Liquid Sulfur Dioxide Solution

Interaction between Sulfur Dioxide and Polar Molecules. III. Water-Ethanol-Sulfur Dioxide and Water-Sulfur Dioxide Systems

It is shown that the temperature dependence of the ultraviolet absorption spectra for water-sulfur dioxide solutions cannot be explained by the theories of Ley and Konig or Boyd-Campbell and Maass. Qualitative arguments show that the mechanism, (SO2)gas⇀lhdSO2+H2O⇀lhdcomplex⇀lhdH2SO3⇀lhdH++-HSO3⇀lhd2H++-2SO3, does explain the spectroscopic behavior of dilute sulfur dioxide solutions. A linear relation is reported between the heat of solution, calculated from vapor pressure data, and the smallest effective molecular diameter of several gases. Attempts to analyse the absorption spectra of the water-ethanol-sulfur dioxide solutions in terms of the separate systems, EtOH+SO2⇀lhdcomplex1 and (SO2)gas⇀lhdSO2+H2O⇀lhdcomplex2⇀lhdH2SO3⇀lhdH++-HSO3 are reported. These results are explained by the new liquid lattice theory.

Relaxation effects in aqueous solutions of sulphur dioxide

Absorption of ultrasonic energy by solutions of sulphur dioxide ammonia and carbon dioxide in water, and in the case of the first gas in several other organic solvents, has been studied by the pulse technique. Aqueous sulphur dioxide solutions exhibit a relaxation phenomenon in the frequency range of 2 to 15 Mc/s. as evidenced by the absorption (α λ) showing a peak in this region when plotted against frequency. This peak occurs at higher frequencies for higher concentrations upto a limit after which the peak absorption frequency does not change with concentration. These observations, along with the fact that no such effect is observed in the case of other solvents, lead to the conclusion that the phenomenon is caused by a change in the dynamic equilibrium between H2SO3 molecules and H+ and HSO3− ions in the presence of the sound beam. The absence of a similar effect in the case of ammonia and carbon dioxide solutions which also involve a chemical reaction is explained on the basis of the widely differing relaxation times of the three gases.

Tanning of Blowfly Puparia

THE nature of the aromatic component responsible for the tanning of the cuticle of blowfly puparia is not entirely clear. Pryor, Russell and Todd1 isolated protocatechuic acid from puparia of Calliphora erythrocephala, but could not find any phenolic material in Lucilia caesar. They used large quantities of insects preserved in sulphur dioxide solution. I have re-investigated the problem on small quantities of fresh material, using paper chromatograms.