Sulfonate Mixtures Research Articles

Mixed surfactant assisted synthesis of single-crystal Ni2P hollow spheres with excellent adsorption performance

The single-crystal Ni2P hollow spheres have been synthesized via a solvothermal route in presence of mixed surfactant. It is showed that solvent played a significant role for the synthesis of Ni2P. Furthermore, the structure of hollow spheres would be obtained only using the mixtures of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) which act as soft template rather than single CTAB or pure SDBS. Finally, it turned out that the single-crystal Ni2P hollow spheres exhibit excellent adsorption activity for malachite green (MG) organic dyes.

Sulfone-bridged difuran polyesters

Oxidation of 5,5′-sulfanediyldi(furan-2-carboxylic acid) in acetic acid with aqueous hydrogen peroxide was used to prepare a new dicarboxylic monomer with a central sulfone group flanked by two biomass-derived furan rings. The new sulfone monomer was reacted with ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and 1,5-pentanediol to prepare new homopolyesters. Of these diols, 1,5-pentanediol yielded polyester with the most favorable properties in terms of processability and appearance. It could also be recycled back into the starting monomer under mild conditions. Using 1,5-pentanediol, a copolyester containing a 1:1 mixture of sulfone and sulfide difuran units was also prepared for testing alongside the corresponding sulfone difuran homopolyester. From measurements carried out on film samples of these two new materials, it was found that the new sulfone monomer will lead to polyester materials with high glass transition temperatures, high tensile stiffnesses, and low O2 permeability. The nature of the side reactions related to the difuran sulfone moiety under high temperatures remained unclear, as thermogravimetric analysis indicated relatively good stability characteristics and the monomer appeared relatively stable even at high temperatures.

Smartwater Synergy with Chemical EOR: Studying the Potential Synergy with Surfactants

Summary The potential synergy between smartwater and various enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes has recently attracted significant attention. In previous work, we demonstrated such favorable synergy for polymer floods not only from a viscosity standpoint but also in terms of wettability. Recent studies suggest that smartwater synergy might even extend to surfactant floods. In this work, we investigate the potential synergy between smartwater and surfactant flooding. Opposed to previous work, the potential synergy is investigated from ground zero. We concurrently developed two surfactant formulations for conventional high-salinity injection water and low-salinity smartwater. To design the optimal surfactant-polymer (SP) formulations, we followed a systematic all-inclusive laboratory workflow. Oil displacement studies were performed in preserved core samples using the two developed formulations with conventional injection water and smartwater. The results demonstrated the promising potential of binary surfactant mixtures of olefin sulfonate (OS) and alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonate (AGES) for both waters. The designed binary formulations were able to form Winsor Type III emulsions besides achieving ultralow interfacial tensions (IFTs). Most importantly, in terms of oil displacement, the developed SP formulations in both injection water and low-salinity smartwater were capable of recovering more than 60% of the remaining oil post waterflooding. A key novelty of this work is that it investigates the potential synergy between smartwater and surfactant-based processes from the initial step of surfactant formulation design. Through well-designed from-scratch evaluation, we demonstrate that surfactant-based processes exhibit limited synergies with smartwater. Comparable processes in terms of performance can be designed for both high-salinity and low-salinity waters. It is also quite possible that the synergistic benefits of smartwater on oil recovery cannot be effective in SP flooding processes, especially with specific surfactant formulations under optimal salinity conditions.

Preparation and Characterization of Screen-Printed Cu2S/PEDOT:PSS Hybrid Films for Flexible Thermoelectric Power Generator.

In recent years, flexible thermoelectric generators(f-TEG), which can generate electricity by environmental temperature difference and have low cost, have been widely concerned in self-powered energy devices for underground pipe network monitoring. This paper studied the Cu2S films by screen-printing. The effects of different proportions of p-type Cu2S/poly 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) mixture on the thermoelectric properties of films were studied. The interfacial effect of the two materials, forming a superconducting layer on the surface of Cu2S, leads to the enhancement of film conductivity with the increase of PEDOT:PSS. In addition, the Seebeck coefficient decreases with the increase of PEDOT:PSS due to the excessive bandgap difference between the two materials. When the content ratio of Cu2S and PEDOT:PSS was 1:1.2, the prepared film had the optimal thermoelectric performance, with a maximum power factor (PF) of 20.60 μW·m−1·K−1. The conductivity reached 75% of the initial value after 1500 bending tests. In addition, a fully printed Te-free f-TEG with a fan-shaped structure by Cu2S and Ag2Se was constructed. When the temperature difference (ΔT) was 35 K, the output voltage of the f-TEG was 33.50 mV, and the maximum power was 163.20 nW. Thus, it is envisaged that large thermoelectric output can be obtained by building a multi-layer stacking f-TEG for continuous self-powered monitoring.

Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Products Obtained from Technical Cashew Nutshell Liquid (tCNSL) Proposed as Larvicide to Control Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

The development of new insecticides for vector control that are toxicologically safe and eco-friendly (such as those obtained from industrial by-products) is an important public health concern. Previous research has shown that the obtained tCNSL (technical cashew nutshell liquid) + NatCNSLS (sodium tCNSL sulfonate mixture) emulsion displayed both surfactant properties and larvicidal activity (LC50-24 h 110.6 mg/L). Thus, the emulsion is considered a promising alternative product for the control of Aedes aegypti. The goal of this study was an ecotoxicological evaluation of the tCNSL + NatCNSLS mixture emulsion and its components. In addition, we compared the toxicity of the tCNSL + NatCNSLS mixture emulsion with toxicity data from larvicide currently recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Ecotoxicological tests were performed to assess acute toxicity, phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity using Daphnia similis, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Oreochromis niloticus, Allium cepa, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Regarding acute toxicity, D. similis was the most sensitive test organism for the three evaluated products, followed by P. subcapitata and O. niloticus. The highest acute toxicity product was tCNSL. The tCNSL + NatCNSLS mixture emulsion did not show cytotoxic, genotoxic, or mutagenic effects, and showed low acute toxicity to D. similis. In addition, the tCNSL + NatCNSLS mixture emulsion presented a lower or similar toxicological classification to the larvicides recommended by the WHO. Therefore, ecotoxicological tests suggest that the tCNSL + NatCNSLS mixture emulsion can be considered a larvicide environmentally safe way to control Ae. aegypti.

PVA/CMC/PEDOT:PSS mixture hydrogels with high response and low impedance electronic signals for ECG monitoring

Skin-like electronics on human skin can be operated in real-time and in a non-invasive manner for ECG biosensors. Conductive hydrogels possessing high electrical conductivity, soft and moisturizing properties, have great potential in this field. Herein, we propose to use polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the skeleton of the hydrogel, the polyethylene-3,4-dioxythiophene:sodium polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) mixture is evenly dispersed among it to form a continuous and interconnected conductive pathway. The prepared conductive hydrogels have an electrical conductivity of 75 S m−1 with high water content (above 80 %) and mechanical properties, leading to sufficiently soft and moisturizing, and can take place of traditionally high-cost Ag/AgCl electrodes. Importantly, these conductive hydrogels are similar to human tissues and can form a naturally seamless interface between the human body and the ECG biosensor device, promoting the high response of obtained electronic signals with low impedance. Therefore, these functionalized conductive hydrogels show excellent application prospects in ECG biosensors.

Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and associations with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in children

BackgroundPrenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may be a risk factor for neurodevelopmental deficits and disorders, but evidence is inconsistent. ObjectivesWe investigated whether prenatal exposure to PFAS were associated with childhood diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). MethodsThis study was based on the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study and included n = 821 ADHD cases, n = 400 ASD cases and n = 980 controls. Diagnostic cases were identified by linkage with the Norwegian Patient Registry. In addition, we used data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. The study included the following PFAS measured in maternal plasma sampled mid-pregnancy: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid (PFHpS), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Relationships between individual PFAS and ADHD or ASD diagnoses were examined using multivariable adjusted logistic regression models. We also tested for possible non-linear exposure-outcome associations. Further, we investigated the PFAS mixture associations with ASD and ADHD diagnoses using a quantile-based g-computation approach. ResultsOdds of ASD was significantly elevated in PFOA quartile 2 [OR = 1.71 (95% CI: 1.20, 2.45)] compared to quartile 1, and PFOA appeared to have a non-linear, inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship with ASD. PFOA was also associated with increased odds of ADHD, mainly in quartile 2 [OR = 1.54 (95% CI: 1.16, 2.04)] compared to quartile 1, and displayed a non-linear relationship in the restricted cubic spline model. Several PFAS (PFUnDA, PFDA, and PFOS) were inversely associated with odds of ADHD and/or ASD. Some of the associations were modified by child sex and maternal education. The overall PFAS mixture was inversely associated with ASD [OR = 0.76 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.90)] as well as the carboxylate mixture [OR = 0.79 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.93)] and the sulfonate mixture [OR = 0.84 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.96)]. ConclusionPrenatal exposure to PFOA was associated with increased risk of ASD and ADHD in children. For some PFAS, as well as their mixtures, there were inverse associations with ASD and/or ADHD. However, the inverse associations reported herein should not be interpreted as protective effects, but rather that there could be some unresolved confounding for these relationships. The epidemiologic literature linking PFAS exposures with neurodevelopmental outcomes is still inconclusive, suggesting the need for more research to elucidate the neurotoxicological potential of PFAS during early development.

Solubility of ionic surfactants below their Krafft point in mixed micellar solutions: Phase diagrams for methyl ester sulfonates and nonionic cosurfactants

HypothesisMany ionic surfactants with wide applications in personal-care and house-hold detergency show limited water solubility at lower temperatures (Krafft point). This drawback can be overcome by using mixed solutions, where the ionic surfactant is incorporated in mixed micelles with another surfactant, which is soluble at lower temperatures. ExperimentsThe solubility and electrolytic conductivity for a binary surfactant mixture of anionic methyl ester sulfonates (MES) with nonionic alkyl polyglucoside and alkyl polyoxyethylene ether at 5 °C during long-term storage were measured. Phase diagrams were established; a general theoretical model for their explanation was developed and checked experimentally. FindingsThe binary and ternary phase diagrams for studied surfactant mixtures include phase domains: mixed micelles; micelles + crystallites; crystallites, and molecular solution. The proposed general methodology, which utilizes the equations of molecular thermodynamics at minimum number of experimental measurements, is convenient for construction of such phase diagrams. The results could increase the range of applicability of MES–surfactants with relatively high Krafft temperature, but with various useful properties such as excellent biodegradability and skin compatibility; stability in hard water; good wetting and cleaning performance.

Interfacial dilational properties of betaines and sulfonate mixtures: Effects of alkyl chain length

The dilational rheological properties of anionic/zwitterionic surfactant mixtures of sodium dialkyl sulfosucciantes (SNN10) and three betaines (SB12, SB14 and SB16) have been measured by means of a drop shape analysis method. It is established that SNN10 shows high interfacial activity due to tighter packing of the hydrophobic chains and the film properties of SNN10 is dominated by the in-interface process. When betaines and SNN10 are purposely mixed, the SNN10 molecule would be likely to displace the betaines molecule at the interface, and the displacement depends on the molecular structure of betaines: the shorter the hydrophobic chain, the easier it is to be replaced. In addition, adding SB16 to SNN10 would increase strength of the interfacial film at high surfactant concentrations.

CnTAB/polystyrene sulfonate mixtures at air-water interfaces: effects of alkyl chain length on surface activity and charging state.

Binding and phase behavior of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes and surfactants with different chain lengths were studied in aqueous bulk solutions and at air-water interfaces. In particular, we have investigated the polyanion poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (NaPSS) and the cationic surfactants dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C12TAB), tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C14TAB) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (C16TAB). In order to reveal the surfactant/polyelectrolyte binding, aggregation and phase separation of the mixtures, we have varied the NaPSS concentration systematically and have kept the surfactant concentration fixed at 1/6 of the respective critical micelle concentration. Information on the behavior in the bulk solution was gained by electrophoretic mobility and turbidity measurements, while the surface properties were studied using surface tension measurements and vibrational sum-frequency generation (SFG). This has enabled us to relate bulk to interfacial properties with respect to the charging state and the surfactants' binding efficiency. We found that the latter two are strongly dependent on the alkyl chain length of the surfactant and that binding is much more efficient as the alkyl chain length of the surfactant increases. This also results in a different phase behavior as shown by turbidity measurements of the bulk solutions. Charge neutral aggregates that are forming in the bulk adsorb onto the air-water interface - an effect that is likely caused by the increased hydrophobicity of CnTAB/PSS complexes. This conclusion is corroborated by SFG spectroscopy, where we observe a decrease in the intensity of O-H stretching bands, which is indicative of a decrease in surface charging and the formation of interfaces with negligible net charge. Particularly at mixing ratios that are in the equilibrium two-phase region, we observe weak O-H intensities and thus surface charging.

Dynamic interfacial properties and foamability of polyelectrolyte-surfactant mixtures

Polymer/surfactant interaction and complexes can strongly influence foam formation and stability, however, a clear mechanism is still unknown and under investigation. Critical Aggregation Concentration (CAC) is introduced as an important parameter in recent investigations, however, CAC is mostly characterized as an equilibrium parameter, while foam formation and consequently the stability mechanism, is significantly influenced by the dynamics of adsorption. In this research the dynamic surface tension and viscoelasticity mixtures of Polystyrene Sulfonate (PSS) as an anionic polyelectrolyte and Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) as a cationic surfactant, at the air-water interface are investigated by using Profile Analysis Tensiometry (PAT). The measured dynamic surface tension values illustrate three different regions of the surfactant/polymer ratio. It is demonstrated that a minimum number of surfactants per polymer molecule is needed in order that the polymer-surfactant complexes become sufficiently surface active and adsorb significantly at the water-air surface. For high surfactant concentrations, the large amounts of excess CTAB compete with polymer-surfactant complexes at the interfaces and remove the complexes into the bulk. The measured elasticity values confirm this observation. At intermediate surfactant concentration, when the complexes have their maximum surface activity, a fast dynamics of adsorption is observed and the measured elasticity values go through a maximum. The results of foam formation and stability also show a meaningful correlation with these results using Ross-Mill test and gas sparging method.

Effect of the Oxygenated Diamond Surface on the Electrochemical Oxidation of DBT and 4,6-DMDBT

Boron-doped diamond (BDD) has been extensively studied by their ability to oxidize a wide range of contaminants in liquid mixtures. These electrodes have a wide potential window margin for water discharge and stability for extended periods of time (1,2). However their electrochemical activity depends on the surface composition and the degree of crystallinity. On the other hand, electrochemical oxidation techniques have received great importance in the electrochemical desulfurization of organic sulfur compounds (3,4). In the present work electrochemical oxidation of DBT and 4,6-DMDBT was studed using BDD electrode in acetonitrile-water medium (electrolyte). Also was studied the oxidation of above compounds mentioned on the preoxygenated diamond surface by VMC, Chronoamperometry and electrolysis at constant potentials. The results showed that the oxygenated species on the surface of the BDD electrode influence the electrode-analyte interactions, the kinetics and the mechanism of the oxidation process. The analysis of the extracts after the electrochemical oxidation of DBT and 4,6-DMDBT by GC / MS and HPLC-MS / MS showed that the oxidation is selective. At potentials lower than 1.75V, the main product is the formation of sulfoxide, while at potentials greater than 1.75V it is the corresponding sulfone. A mixture of sulfoxide, sulfone and other oxidation products was obtained due to the opening of the aromatic ring for potentials greater than 2.0 V and prolonged electrolysis times. Bibliography F. Zhi, H.B. Wang, T. Nakashima, Tata N. Rao, A. Fujishima. J. Phys. Chem. B (2003) 107, 13389-13395P. Chaplina, D. K. Hubler, J. Farrell. Electrochimica Acta 86 (2013) 122-131Méndez-Albores, M. A. González-Fuentes, M. M. Dávila-Jiménez, F. J. González. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 751 (2015) 7–14Lam, G. Li, C. Song, J. Chen, C. Fairbridge, R. Hui, J. Zhang. Fuel Processing Technology 98 (2012) 30-38

Preparation and evaluation of the mixtures of sulfonate and phenate as lube oil additives

Lubricating oil additives impart new properties to oil or reinforce desirable properties already possessed by the oil. They are used to prevent sludge and varnish deposits in engines, to inhibit rust and corrosion, and to minimize wear and friction. Detergents, especially basic detergents, contain reserve base that will neutralize the acids, while this decreases the corrosive tendency of the acids formed at high temperatures. Dispersants also disperse sludge formed in engine operated at low temperature. In the present work, neutral, basic, and overbasic calcium salt of sulfurized dodecyl phenol and neutral calcium sulfonate were prepared and evaluated as antioxidant and detergent/dispersants. Also, different metallic mixtures were prepared via mixing dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid and neutral calcium salt of dodecyl phenol in different ratios. Then basic and overbasic of corresponding mixtures were prepared using excess of calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide. The efficiency of the prepared compounds as detergent/dispersant additives for lubricating oil was investigated. It was found that the prepared additives have excellent power of dispersion and detergency and this efficiency increases by increasing basicity, percentage of calcium salt, and the ratio of dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid in the mixture.

Study on Colloid Vibration Current in Aqueous Solution of Binary Surfactant Mixtures: Effects of Counterions and Hydrophobic Chains.

In order to elucidate an electroacoustic phenomenon of mixed micelles in an aqueous solution, we measured the colloid vibration current (CVI) in aqueous solutions of binary surfactant mixtures. Based on the thermodynamic treatment of critical micelle concentration (cmc) values determined by conductivity measurements, it was expected that dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC) molecules would mix ideally in the micelle. However, the micelle composition as evaluated from the CVI measurement, based on the linear dependence of the CVI value on the micelle composition, differed from the aforementioned ideality. Considering these observations, we concluded that the CVI measurement was more sensitive to the counterion distribution near the micelle surface, whereas the thermodynamically determined micelle composition included the counterions more loosely bound in the diffuse double layer due to the electroneutrality condition included in its assumption. On the other hand, the phase diagram illustrating micelle formation in the lithium dodecyl sulfate (LiDS) - lithium perfluorooctane sulfonate (LiFOS) mixture system showed a heteroazeotropic point arising from the stronger interactions between homologous surfactants than between heterologous ones. Although the concentration dependence of CVI values was expected to drastically change at a heteroazeotropic point due to the enormous variation in the density of the micelle core, the results showed a monotonous change, which suggests that the density of the micelle core varies continuously. By taking the partial molar volume of fluorocarbon compounds in the hydrocarbon compounds into account, the density of the micelle core was affected by the size of the micelle as well as its constituents.

Exploiting an Alternative CO2 Absorption Process by Efficient Solvent Mixture

CO2 capture greatly helps with greenhouse gas mitigation. Chemical and physical absorption can control CO2 emission, but these methods are costly. To reduce the cost, an efficient solvent mixture of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TAMH), tetramethylene sulfone (TMS), and ethylene glycol (EG) is assessed. Gas–liquid equilibrium, reaction kinetics, and mass transfer models are developed and validated by experiments. Henry’s constant, reaction kinetics, and mass transfer coefficients between CO2 and TAMH-TMS-EG are identified. CO2 loading and mass transfer coefficient are, respectively, obtained as 0.55 mol/molTAMH and 4.02kmol/m2/s/kPa, which are on average 25% and 34% higher than the typical MEA process. The theoretical energy consumption amount for desorption of TAMH-TMS-EG-CO2 solutions is identified as 1.11 GJ/t to 1.34GJ/t. Minimum mass transfer resistance is determined at 40% to 80% TMS fraction. A temperature bulge shift and improvement in the interface characteristics enhance mass transfer due to uni...

Studies of Synergism in Binary Alkylbenzene Sulfonate Mixtures for Producing Low Interfacial Tensions at Oil/Water Interface

In order to study the synergism between alkybenzene sulfonate and alkybenzene sulfonate, five di-n-alkylbenzene sulfonates were used and the interfacial tensions of single sulfonates and their binary mixtures against a series of alkane homologues were measured. The effects of hydrophilic-lipophilic abilities of sulfonates and mixing ratio on synergism were discussed. It is revealed that the synergistic mechanism derives from the amelioration of the hydrophilic-lipophilic ability of the surfactant system, and the method to achieve synergism is adding the hydrophilic alkybenzene sulfonate to the lipophilic alkylbenzene sulfonate, and ultralow interfacial tensions can be obtained in proper mixing ratios. The results are useful for enhanced oil recovery.

Rheological Properties of Solvents for Electrolytes of Lithium – Ion Batteries

The article deals with description of rheological properties of solvents for electrolytes of lithium-ion accumulators. Solvents mixture of dimethyl sulfone and sulfolane at different volume ratios and with a lithium salt (LiClO4) appear as potentially suitable electrolyte. The aim of this experiment is to investigate the rheological properties, particularly density and dynamic viscosity, of solvents with lithium salt in temperature dependence and to find the optimal composition of the electrolyte from the perspective of achieving the lowest dynamic viscosity and better electrical conductivity because both quantities are closely related in accordance with Walden’s rule. The vibration method is used to determine the values of dynamic viscosity.

Divinyl Sulfone으로 가교된 히알루론산 마이크로비드의 특성평가

Hyaluronic acid(HA) microbeads were synthesized by dropping the sodium hyaluronate(Streptococcus) solutions in NaOH into a solution mixture of divinyl sulfone(DVS) in 2-methyl-1-propanol, followed by stirring, cleaning and drying process at room temperature. The initial experimental conditions are crosslinking time(CLTi) of 5 h, crosslinking temperature(CLTe) of room temperature, injection air pressure(IAPr) of 5 psi, and DVS concentration( DVSc) of 0.2 vol%, respectively. Then, parametric studies were performed by varying the parameters to investigate the morphology, the porosity, the swelling ratio and the size of the beads. The microbead size pattern was not regular to function of the degree of crosslink. It was observed that the swelling ratio, the degree of crosslink, and the pore size can be controlled by adjusting the CLTi, CLTe and DVSc. Among the parameters investigated, the smallest bead size can be achieved by varying the CLTi parameter. The lowest swelling ratio, as an indication of the highest degree of crosslink, can be obtained by varying CLTe.

Long-Term Lysimeter Experiment To Investigate the Leaching of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) and the Carry-over from Soil to Plants: Results of a Pilot Study

To study the behavior of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in soil and the carry-over from soil to plants, technical mixtures of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) at a concentration of 25 mg/kg soil were applied to 1.5 m(3) monolithic soil columns of a lysimeter. Growth samples and percolated water were analyzed for PFASs throughout a period of 5 years. In addition to PFOA/PFOS plant compartments and leachate were found to be contaminated with short-chain PFASs. Calculation showed significant decreasing trends (p < 0.05) for all substances tested in the growth samples. Short-chain PFASs and PFOA pass through the soil much more quickly than PFOS. Of the 360 g of PFOA and 367.5 g of PFOS applied to the soil, 96.88% PFOA and 99.98% PFOS were still present in the soil plot of the lysimeter after a period of 5 years. Plants accumulated 0.001% PFOA and 0.004% PFOS. Loss from the soil plot through leachate amounted to 3.12% for PFOA and 0.013% for PFOS.

Properties of Sulfolane Based Aprotic Electrolytes

The article deals with description of rheological and electrical properties of solvents for electrolytes of lithium-ion batteries. Solvents mixture of dimethyl sulfone and sulfolane at different volume ratios and with a lithium salt (LiClO 4) appears as a potentially suitable electrolyte. In this work, we investigate the influence of different solvents and their mixtures in order to find a solvent which increases the fire safety of such battery. The aim of this experiment is to investigate the rheological properties, particularly density and dynamic viscosity of solvents with lithium salt in temperature dependence and to find the optimal composition of the electrolyte from the perspective of achieving the lowest dynamic viscosity and better electrical conductivity, because both quantities are closely related with Walden’s rule. The vibration method is used to determine the values of dynamic viscosity.