Detection Of Sulfite Research Articles

Au@Ag@ZIF-8 multifunction probe with internally o-phenylenediamine encoding for the colorimetric, fluorescence, and SERS multi-mode optical detection of reactive sulfur species

Visual, highly selective, and sensitive detection of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and its derivatives (SO32-) in vitro/in vivo is of great significance in maintaining cell homeostasis. A new Au@Ag@ZIF-8 optical sensor with o-phenylenediamine (OPD) internal coding surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tags based on the free radical reaction was synthesized for multi-mode detection of sulfite. First, Co2+ is oxidized to Co3+. Second, the oxidoreduction between SO32- and Co3+ produces SO4-• and Co2+ to complete the cycle. The resulting SO4-• is further reacted with the chromogenic substrate OPD to form the polymer. Due to the UV–vis absorbance of OPD polymer being stronger than that of OPD, but the fluorescence intensity is lower, and their Raman peaks are obviously different, this sensor can be used for the detection of SO32- through colorimetric, fluorescence, and Raman multi-mode. The main advantages are as follows: (1) high selectivity; (2) achieve fast, visual, and highly sensitive detection of SO32-, and the low limit of detection (LOD) is 1 nM; (3) improve the reliability of detection and expands the detection range (1 nM-800 μM); (4) demonstrate the applicability in recognizing SO32- in HeLa cells to provide accurate information on the dynamic distribution of sulfur in cells.

A quinoline-based probe for the ratiometric fluorescent detection of sulfite in lysosomes of living cells

A lysosome-targeting ratiometric fluorescent probe was synthesized for detecting sulfite based on sulfite-triggered nucleophilic addition reaction. Due to the specific reaction, the fluorescence intensity ratio (I530/I390) of the probe in an almost aqueous solution (0.5% DMSO) changed significantly after the addition of HSO3−, corresponding to the change in the fluorescence color of the solution from green to blue. The recognition was conducted using high-resolution mass spectrometry, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and density functional theory calculations. The fluorescent probe could be utilized to quantitatively monitor HSO3− in lysosomes of living C6 glioma cells and real-water samples.

Fluorogenic Detection of Sulfite in Water by Using Copper(II) Azacyclam Complexes.

Copper(II) azacyclam complexes (azacyclam = 1,3,5,8,12-pentaazacyclotetradecane) containing naphthyl or dansyl subunits can be prepared by template synthesis involving proper sulfonamide derivatives as locking fragments. The macrocyclic complexes are very poorly emissive due to the fluorescence-quenching behavior displayed by Cu2+ ions. However, the fluorescence can be recovered as a result of the decomposition of the complexes, which induces the release of free light-emitting subunits to the solution. This reaction takes place very slowly in neutral water but its rate is increased by the presence of sulfite. Therefore, [Cu(azacyclam)]2+ derivatives have been investigated as simple chemical probes for the fluorogenic detection of sulfite both on laboratory and real samples. Preliminary tests performed on samples of white wine provided sulfite concentration values that are in agreement with those obtained by a standard analytical method.

A novel isophorone-derived fluorescent probe for detecting sulfite and the application in monitoring the state of hybridoma cells

In this work, a novel isophorone-derived fluorescent probe, ISOP-SFT, was developed for the detection of sulfite, and, for the first time, it was applied into monitoring the state of hybridoma cells. ISOP-SFT could exhibit a red-emission response to sulfite with the excitation at 455 nm. It also indicated practical advantages such as wide pH tolerance within 6.0–9.0 and high storage steadiness within at least one week. The linear range was relatively long (0–20 Eq) and reliable (Pearson's correlation coefficient: 0.9989), while Limit of Detection was determined as 0.0095 Eq (95 nM). For the selectivity, ISOP-SFT could distinguish sulfite from other analytes, and the response of ISOP-SFT towards sulfite was not seriously interfered in co-existence system. With low cytotoxicity, ISOP-SFT achieved monitoring both the exogenous and endogenous sulfite in living MCF-7 cells. As a novel attempt, ISOP-SFT was applied into monitoring the state of hybridoma cells, and associated with the quality control of producing antibodies. The result preliminarily inferred the positive correlation between the production efficiency of antibodies in hybridoma cells and the intracellular sulfite level, including the conditions of serum starvation, oxidative stress, severe hypoxia and endogenous induction. We hope that the information in this work could lead to new applications of fluorescent probes in biological industry in future.

Real-time quantification for sulfite using a turn-on NIR fluorescent probe equipped with a portable fluorescence detector

Sulfur dioxide and its derivative sulfite widely existed in air, water as the environment pollutant. Sulfite is also commonly used as preservative and additive in fresh fruits, vegetables, wines and pharmaceutical materials. Due to sulfite is closely related with human diseases, it is very urgent for the sensitive and rapid quantification of sulfite in various samples. In our study, a turn-on near infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe (MDQ) was developed for sulfite detection based on a Michael addition reaction, with high sensitivity (LOD 4.16 nmol/L), selectivity and fast response time (400 s). Using MDQ, a quantify method for sulfite in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) was developed with the advantages of high precision, accuracy and convenient operation. Furthermore, according to the photophysical property of MDQ, a portable fluorescence detector is designed to quantify sulfite for TCMs and surface water in Dalian city of China. Therefore, the developed fluorescent probe MDQ and portable fluorescent detector as a rapid inspection instrument were successfully used to real-time monitor the sulfite in various complex samples.

Fluorescent probe for simultaneous detection of human serum albumin and sulfite: A theoretical analysis

A small molecule probe for simultaneous detection of Human Serum Albumin (HSA) and Sulfite via distinct fluorescent signals was designed recently. This effective tool provided a significant opportunity to understanding the underlying mechanism of synergistic action between sulfite and HSA in disease. The structural and fluorescent characters of this probe molecule were studied under density functional theory in this work. The different stable conformations of probe C23 were found through theoretical method which can explain the negative experimental fluorescent character of the probe itself. The electron excitation analysis indicated the charge transfer process in the restricted probe C23 (binding to the hydrophobic cavity of HSA) and probe CS (C23 reaction with sulfite) when the molecules were under optical excitation. The theoretical results could be helpful for understanding the electronical properties in the probe and providing the insights for designing new functional probe molecules.

Fluorescence detection and imaging of intracellular sulphite using a remote light activatable photochromic nanoprobe.

The development of a responsive fluorescent probe for the detection of a particular biomolecule in a specific site at the desired moment is important in the fields of bioanalysis and imaging, molecular biology and biomedical research. In this work, we report the development of a remote-light activatable nanoprobe for the fluorescence detection of sulphite in pure aqueous solution and its imaging applications in living cells. The nanoprobe, Poly-Cm-SP, is fabricated simply by wrapping photochromic molecules (Cm-SP) into a polymer nanoparticle. Upon alternate UV/Vis light irradiation for several seconds, the Poly-Cm-SP nanoprobe exhibits red/blue fluorescence switch due to the inactive/active FRET processes from coumarins to the SP/MR isomers of the photochromic molecule. In the presence of sulphite, the specific reaction of sulphite with the electron deficit "CC" bond of the MR isomer occurs, resulting in an inefficient FRET process and thus exhibiting a constant "ON" blue channel fluorescence signal. After UV-light irradiation, the formation of activated Poly-Cm-MRin situ thus enables the detection of sulphite through recording the ratiometric changes of fluorescence signals at both blue and red channels. The Poly-Cm-SP nanoprobe possesses excellent biocompatibility and lysosome distribution capability, allowing it to be used for photochromic imaging and sulphite detection in the lysosomes of living macrophage cells. This work thus offers a new remote-light activatable nanoprobe for the detection and imaging of sulphite in biological systems.

A turn-on fluorescent probe based on indolizine for the detection of sulfite

Numerous SO32−/HSO3− fluorescent probes have been reported based on various mechanisms.

Enzyme-immobilized 3D silver nanoparticle/graphene aerogel composites towards biosensors

The detection of allergen sulfite is essential for food quality control and public health supervision. Here, a high-performance sulfite biosensor was developed from a sulfite oxidase enzyme (SOx) immobilized on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) decorated on 3D reduced graphene oxide (3D-rGO). 3D-rGO with high specific pore volume and high electroactive surface area is ideal as a supporting material. AgNPs further provide high electrical conductivity or fast charge transfer and serve as an enzyme anchoring site via a stable thiol bonding. The composite material was initially functionalized with the folic acid and cysteine namely rGO@Ag-Cys-FA before immobilized with the SOx. The resultant rGO@Ag-Cys-FA-SOx exhibits high sensitivity and selectivity towards sulfite detection, high bio-electrocatalytic activity, and fast heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant. The biosensor is also tested in a continuous flow injection system to demonstrate the practical use. Besides, the as-produced sensor in this work can be used in the real sample, which is the canned fruit product indicating its potential practical application.

A combination of experimental and TD-DFT investigations on the fluorescent detection of sulfite and bisulfite ions in aqueous solution via nucleophilic addition reaction

The selective detection of sulfite and bisulfite ions with anthracene-based compounds (CN1 and CN2) as chemo-dosimeters is reported using fluorescence changes in DMSO:HEPES (70:30%), v/v buffer solution (pH 7.4). Upon treatment with sulfite and bisulfite ions, the fluorescence of the probes gets enhanced significantly at 424 nm. The detection of these ions occurs through the nucleophilic addition at the vinylic C-atom of the probes, which terminates the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) process and consequently enhances the fluorescence. This detection mechanism is well supported by 1H NMR titration, HR-MS and DFT/TD-DFT calculations. The pseudo-first-order rate constants for the addition sulfite (at pH 7.4) and bisulfite (at pH 5) to CN1 are determined to be 3.22×10−3 and 5.02×10−3 s−1, respectively. The limits of detection for sulfite and bisulfite are found to be 1.85×10−7 and 1.56×10−7 M, respectively. The probe CN1 was successfully applied to the detection of bisulfite ion in real samples.

Starch-Based Carbon Dots for Nitrite and Sulfite Detection.

Nitrite and sulfite play important roles in human health and environmental science, so it is desired to develop a facile and efficient method to evaluate NO2 - and SO3 2- concentrations. In this article, the use of green alternatives with the potential of multi-functionality has been synthesized to detect nitrite and sulfite based on fluorescent probe. The carbon dots (CDs) with starch as only raw materials show fluorescence turn “on-off-on” response towards NO2 - and SO3 2- with the limits of detection of 0.425 and 0.243 μМ, respectively. Once nitrite was present in the solution, the fluorescence of CDs was quenched rapidly due to the charge transfer. When sulfite was introduced, the quenching fluorescence of CDs was effectively recovered because of the redox reaction between NO2 - and SO3 2-, and thus providing a new way for NO2 - and SO3 2- detection. Owing to their excellent analytical characteristics and low cytotoxicity, the “on-off-on” sensor was successfully employed for intracellular bioimaging of NO2 - and SO3 2-.

Simultaneous Detection of Sulfite and Nitrite on Graphene Oxide Nanoribbons‐gold Nanoparticles Composite Modified Electrode

AbstractGraphene oxide nanoribbons (GONRs) have abundant oxygen‐containing functional groups and exhibit the improved dispersibility and biocompatibility. Unzipping of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was used for the fabrication of GONRs in this work. A glassy carbon electrode modified with GONRs and gold nanoparticles, GCE/GONRs−AuNPs, was prepared via a two‐step approach and it exerted a high catalytic activity for the electrochemical oxidation of SO32− and NO2−. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the sensitive electrochemical detection of SO32− and NO2− was realized. The developed sensor exhibited a good selectivity, excellent reproducibility, satisfactory stability and high accuracy.

All-in-one: Accurate quantification, on-site detection, and bioimaging of sulfite using a colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent probe in vitro and in vivo

SO2 and its derivatives (SO32-/HSO3-) are used widely in food, beverages, and pharmaceutical production. However, they could induce multiple diseases in respiratory, nervous, and cardiovascular systems. Although several fluorescent probes have been developed for detecting SO32-/HSO3-, reports on rapid fluorescent probes for the on-site detection of SO2 derivatives are scarce. Herein, a colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent probe 1 based on the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) was reported. Probe 1 resulted in a 122 nm blue-shift in fluorescent emission and decrement of absorbance at 500 nm upon the addition of sulfite. Therefore, probe 1 could quantify SO32-/HSO3- using both UV-Vis and fluorescent methods (LOD: UV-Vis method 34 nM; fluorescent method 51 nM). Importantly, probe 1 was used for a rapid (60 s) and convenient (1 step, on-site) measurement of the SO2 derivatives in real samples (LOD: 0.47 µM) using smartphone based on the colorimetric method. The SO32-/HSO3--sensing mechanism was confirmed as the Michael addition reaction. Furthermore, the probe was used for the real-time monitoring of SO32-/HSO3- in A549 cells and zebrafish. In summary, an all-in-one fluorescent probe was successfully developed for the accurate quantification, on-site detection, and bioimaging of SO32-/HSO3-.

A reliable electrochemical approach for detection of sulphite with Tl-doped in Mn3O4 nanostructures and ionic liquid-modified carbon paste electrode

ABSTRACT In this work, we have designed and developed a new electrochemical sensing platform to determine sulphite, with the aid of a carbon paste electrode modified with thallium doped Mn3O4 nanostructures and ionic liquid (n-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluoro phosphate) (Tl-Mn3O4/IL/CPE). Electrochemical oxidation of sulphite at the Tl-Mn3O4/IL/CPE was investigated by the cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and chronoamperometry (CHA) methods. The results of electrocatalytic activity proved that the Tl-Mn3O4/IL/CPE has electrocatalytic activity compared to unmodified CPE, Tl-Mn3O4/CPE and IL/CPE for sulphite oxidation. The experimental results showed the wide linearity range (0.03 to 235.0 μM) with lower value of detection (10.0 nM) for detection of sulphite. As expected, the proposed electrochemical sensor exhibits long time stability, excellent repeatability and reproducibility. In addition, this sensor exhibited high selectivity for the detection of sulphite in the presence of possible Interferences. The practical applicability of the modified electrode was examined in water samples with good recovery values. This facile and cost-effective method provides a novel strategy for monitoring of sulphite in real samples.

High-performance near-infrared fluorescence probe for fast and specific visualization of harmful sulfite in food, living cells, and zebrafish

Excessive sulfite is harmful to human health. To monitor the sulfite level in food, living cells, and organisms, we herein present a high-performance near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe DCQN that exhibits chromogenic and NIR fluorescence turn-on response towards sulfite with a rapid response time of 4.5 s, unique specificity, a low detection limit of 24 nM, and a large Stokes shift. DCQN was used for the facile and accurate determination of the sulfite level in real food with high sensitivity and good recoveries (93–105%). In particular, the sulfite present in food samples can be in situ visually detected by DCQN in terms of chromogenic reaction along with fluorescence turn-on indicator. Moreover, DCQN was incorporated into agar hydrogel to serve as a convenient, cheap and portable device for the fast and visual on-site detection of sulfite in food. Furthermore, DCQN was used to achieve in situ tracking and imaging of sulfite in MCF-7 cells and zebrafish with a high contrast ratio and high sensitivity.

Electrochemically simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid, sulfite and oxalic acid on Pt-Pd nanoparticles/chitosan/nitrogen doped graphene modified glassy carbon electrode: A method for drug quality control

Methods that can directly and sensitively quantify a set of correlative substances lack of chromophores in pharmaceuticals are persistently desired. Here, by facile preparation of Pt-Pd nanoparticles/chitosan/nitrogen-doped graphene (N-Gra) nanocomposite, we establish an electroanalytical method for simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid (AA), sulfite and oxalic acid (OA) that are closely involved with Vitamin C injection, a widely-used clinical drug. One-step electrodeposition of Pt-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles on chitosan/N-Gra decorated glassy carbon electrode was proposed to construct a well-performing electrocatalyst possessing notable electrochemical activity to the electrooxidation of both sulfite and OA. The electrocatalytic ability was evidenced by the increased current response and decreased oxidation overpotential. More importantly, sufficiently electrochemical resolution of multiple oxidative peaks allowed simultaneous quantitation of the three species of interest. The peak currents measured by differential pulse voltammetry were linear to the analytical concentration of AA, sulfite, and OA, yielding good linear ranges of 2 ~ 400 μM, 8 ~ 600 μM, and 1.5 ~ 500 μM, respectively. Correspondingly, the limit of detection was 0.97 μM, 5.5 μM, and 0.84 μM. This work opens a vista for multiplex assays of pharmaceuticals, including drug principal ingredient, toxic preservative, and decomposed impurity without chromatographic separation, and thus holds promise for the overall quality control for clinical drug.

Rational Design of A NIR Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe with Large Stokes Shift for Sulfite Detection

Sulfite (SO3 2−), as an SO2 derivative and important reactive sulfur, plays a vital role in the food industry and various physiological processes. So, it is urgent to seek out an effective method for SO3 2− detection. This work, inspired by the increase of electron-donating groups or electron-withdrawing groups in the molecular structure has a significant effect on the shift of fluorescence emission spectrum, and the nucleophilic addition reaction of SO3 2− to C=C double bond can make a noticeable change in fluorescence spectra. Two cyanine-based fluorescent probes BBHy and NBHy were reasonably designed and synthesized. Among them, near-infrared emitting NBHy with large Stokes shift (277 nm) and fluorescence intensity change in the presence of SO3 2− was selected, and then NBHy displayed superior recoveries for SO3 2− detection in food samples. Besides, NBHy was also successfully applied for SO3 2− sensing in living cells through dual-channel fluorescence imaging, which confidently confirmed the feasibility of our probe design.

Efficient chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer on the interface of europium doped ceria for sulfite detection in PM2.5

Abstract Chemiluminescence (CL) was a recognized excellent analytical method for SO32−. Designing a CL sensing platform not only with selectivity but also with high sensitivity is of great significance for the SO32− detection in complex samples. Herein, a novel chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET) strategy was designed by doping europium (Eu) into CeO2 NPs. On the interface of Eu/CeO2, SO32− was oxidized to generate the high-energy intermediate SO2* and the energy released was absorbed by Eu/CeO2 nanoparticles to realize CRET. The energy donor (SO2* generated by the reaction of Eu/CeO2 nanoparticles and HSO3-) and the receptor (Eu/CeO2 nanoparticles) are assembled together which simplifies system and improves the energy efficiency. The CRET system with rapid response (1 s) and high sensitivity (0.007 μM) was successfully exploited for the selective detection of SO32− even in PM2.5 samples. The study provides a new clue to design simple CL sensors with high selectivity and high sensitivity.

A novel ratiometric fluorescent probe for differential detection of HSO3- and ClO- and application in cell imaging and tumor recognition.

By connecting 1,8-naphthalimide and indole sulfonate, a ratio fluorescent probe capable of differential detection of hydrogen sulfite and hypochlorite was synthesized for the first time. It was able to achieve the qualitative detection of HSO3- and ClO- with high sensitivity and selectivity, respectively. It provides a multi-purpose probe and is based on different emission channels without mutual interference. The probe has the advantages of larger Stokes shift (ClO-: 115nm, HSO3-: 88nm), longer λem (ClO-: 515nm, HSO3-: 548nm) and better water solubility (DMF/PBS = 1:99, v/v). In addition, the probe is a ratio fluorescence probe, which can detect fluorescence intensity with two different emission waves. It provides internal self-calibration, reduces interference from the background and increases detection accuracy. In vitro cytotoxicity and imaging experiments show that the probe can effectively perform the detection of exogenous HSO3- and ClO- in cells. It can also achieve the detection of HSO3- and ClO- in the plasma environment. Because the probe can detect endogenous ClO-, it also has a good prospect for biological application in identifying tumor cells. Graphical abstract.

Regioisomeric AIE-active luminogens with a substituent aldehyde group for controllable and reversible photochromic behavior and sensitive fluorescence detection of hydrogen sulfite

Three simple AIE-active molecules displayed obvious photoactive behaviors in both solution and solid states and selective sensing of hydrogen sulfite.