Organosulfur Research Articles

Essential Oils for the Treatment and Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by excessive liver fat accumulation, is a common liver disease linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic dysfunction. The lack of effective treatments against NAFLD has led to an increasing focus on alternative and natural remedies. Essential oils, extracted from a variety of plants, have drawn interest due to their high content of active compounds and potential functions to support liver health. Ginger essential oil, known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cholesterol-lowering properties, promotes antioxidant enzymes and ameliorates liver fat accumulation in mice model of NAFLD. Nigella sativa oil with its diverse array of bioactive components, mitigates fatty liver by lowering tumor necrosis factor-alpha, malonaldehyde (MDA), and plasma lipids in vivo and in human trials that could contribute to NAFLD management. Garlic oil, rich in organosulfur compounds, has shown potential benefits in modulating oxidative stress and inflammation associated with NAFLD. Similarly, essential oils from turmeric, pepper, patchouli, and basil reduced lipid accumulation and inflammation and enhanced lipid metabolism in animal models of NAFLD. These findings underscore the use of essential oils as complementary medicines for NAFLD, opening avenues for further research and clinical applications.

Assessment of the chemical profile and potential biocontrol of Amphora coffeaeformis against foodborne pathogens and Culex pipiens L. to ensure food safety

AbstractThe extensive use of synthetic antibiotics and insecticides in controlling microbes and insect spreads led to a build‐up of resistance strains and caused negative impacts on human health through bioaccumulation in food and the environment. The present study assessed the antimicrobial activity of Amphora coffeaeformis (A. coffeaeformis) ethanolic extract against foodborne pathogenic microbes as well as assessed its ability to control Culex pipiens L. (C. pipiens) larvae. The gas chromatography–mass spectrum (GC/MS) and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that A. coffeaeformis extract was rich with phenolic compounds, organosulfur compounds, carboxylic acids, amino acids, organic quinoline, dipeptide and monosaccharide. The extract of A. coffeaeformis showed antibacterial capability against all tested bacteria, with minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) values ranging from 20.2 to 66.7 g/mL, as well as antifungal effects against all tested mycotoxigenic fungi, with MIC values ranging from 113.62, 68.95 and 49.37 μg/mL mg/mL. Furthermore, the extract showed high larvicidal activity against C. pipiens larvae at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. LC50 values decreased gradually with the treatment period. Likewise, the adult emergence and growth index were significantly negatively related to increasing extract concentrations. Moreover, the extract exhibited a noteworthy depletion in the reproductive potential and increased sterility index of C. pipiens females developed of treated larvae. Besides a reduction in egg hatching percent, increase pupal malformations, increase and adult abnormalities. C. pipiens biochemical markers; glutathione‐S‐transferase, carboxylesterase, acetylcholinesterase, α‐esterase and cytochrome P‐450 showed significant alteration after the extract exposure. Overall, these findings promise the application possibility of A. coffeaeformis extract as a biopreservator against foodborne pathogens and as bioinsecticides for mosquito control as well.

Remediation of phenanthrene by highly efficient CdS–SnS photocatalyst and its cytotoxic assessments

Cadmium sulfide-tin sulfide (CdS–SnS) nanoparticles are a novel kind of photocatalyst. These CdS–SnS nanoparticles are synthesized and characterized using UV–Vis, FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and DLS techniques, to understand their size distribution, crystalline nature, morphology, shape, optical properties, and elemental composition. This research offers insight into the efficient photocatalytic degradation of Phenanthrene (PHE) using CdS–SnS. The CdS–SnS NPs as photocatalyst can effectively photodegrade the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) such as phenanthrene under simulated solar and UV light. UV–vis spectra of these nanoparticles exhibit peaks at 365 and 546 cm−1 respectively, the mean size of the CdS–SnS NPs in DLS is determined to be 78 nm. The CdS–SnS stretching frequency was observed at wave numbers below 700 cm−1, the absorption peak at 1123 cm−1 indicates the presence of C–N stretch or CS bond of thiourea, while the peak at 1350.38 cm−1 corresponds to the tris-amine C–N stretch in FT-IR. Additionally, the peaks observed at 2026 cm−1 indicate the presence of isothiocyanate (NCS). 1456.23 cm−1 represents the asymmetric scissor deformation vibration. EDAX revealed the presence of elemental Cd and Sn oxides. The antimicrobial studies showed that the CdS–SnS NPs at the concentration of 150 μg/mL, exhibit maximum inhibition (15 ± 1.25 mm) against the strains Proteus mirabilis followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis and Clostridium spp. Among fungal strains Colletotrichum spp. exhibits the maximum zone of inhibition (9 ± 0.25). This research also observed the cytotoxic effects of CdS–SnS NPs on HepG2 and ZF4 cells. HepG2 cells exhibited 50% inhibition at 50 μg/mL and 70% inhibition at 100 μg/mL concentrations, while ZF4 cells exhibited 50% inhibition at 50 μg/mL and 78% inhibition at 100 μg/mL concentrations, respectively. The parameters like concentration of PHE, concentration of CdS–SnS NPs, pH, and sources of irradiation on batch adsorption were examined to maximize the efficiency of the photodegradation process.

Changes in bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of Gaziantep and Kastamonu garlic during black garlic production

Garlic (Allium sativum L.), a member of the Alliaceae family, has been widely used in cuisine and traditional medicine since ancient times. Black garlic is produced by fermentation of fresh garlic under controlled conditions for a certain period at high temperature (60-90°C) and high humidity (70-90%). According to the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT) data, Kastamonu and Gaziantep garlic varieties are the most cultivated garlic varieties in our country. Changes in protein, sugar content, antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS methods), total phenolic content, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content, and organosulfur compound profiles were investigated in samples taken from Kastamonu and Gaziantep fresh garlic at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of black garlic production under 65°C temperature and 70% humidity conditions. With these analyses, the differences between black garlic and fresh garlic and the changes in black garlic during the production process were revealed in detail. It was determined that the amount of total phenolic content and antioxidant capacities increased in the black garlic production processes of both regions compared to fresh garlic. While sucrose was fresh garlic’s dominant sugar, fructose was black garlic’s dominant sugar. Among the organosulfur compounds, allicin was dominant in fresh garlic and SAC in black garlic. It was determined that SAC was formed after the enzymatic conversion of ɣ-glutamyl-S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine and ɣ-glutamyl and the temperature and fermentation time used in black garlic production increased the formation of SAC. The protein content ranging between 5.8%-7.3% in fresh garlic was 13.1-14.2% in black garlic. Fresh and black garlic from the Gaziantep region was determined to have higher total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and organosulfur compound contents.

A new chapter in the never ending story of cycloadditions: The puzzling case of SO2 and acetylene.

A comprehensive study of the different classes of cycloaddition reactions ([3+2], [2+2], and [2+1]) of SO2 to acetylene and ethylene has been performed using density functional theory (DFT) and composite wavefunction methods. The [3+2] cycloaddition reaction, that was previously explored in the context of the cycloaddition of thioformaldehyde S-methylide (TSM) to ethylene and acetylene, proceeds in a concerted way to the formation of stable heterocycles. In this paper, we extend our study to the [2+2] and [2+1] cycloadditions of SO2 to acetylene, which would produce 1,1-oxathiete-2-oxide and thiirene-1,1-dioxide, respectively. One of the main conclusions is that cyclic 1,1-oxathiete-2-oxide can open through a relatively easy breaking of the SO single bond and rearrange toward sulfinyl acetaldehyde (SA). The SA molecule can easily undergo several internal rearrangements, which eventually lead to sulfenic acid and sulfoxide derivatives of ethenone, 1,2,3-dioxathiole, and CO plus sulfinylmethane. The most probable path, however, produces 2-thioxoacetic acid, whose derivatives (or those of the corresponding acetate) are usually obtained by Willgerodt-Kindler-type sulfuration of acetates. This product can in turn decompose, leading to the final products CO2 and H2CS. Comparison of this decomposition path with that of 2-amino-2-thioxoacetic acid shows that the process occurs through different H-transfer processes.

Profiling of organosulfur compounds and amino acids in novel variety of Allium sativum (Hisar garlic 17) by HR-LCMS-QTOF

Over the past few years, the biological properties of garlic have been utilized as an attractive natural alternative to many therapeutic drugs. The biological effects of garlic have been ascribed to organosulfur compounds, secondary metabolites derived from amino acids. The present study aimed to investigate the extracts of a novel garlic variety (Hisar garlic 17) after processing it as fresh, dry, heated, and aged in different solvents and then analyzed with highly sensitive and rapid technique i.e., High resolution liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer quadrupole time of flight (HR-LCMS-QTOF) Mass spectrometer to study the amino acids and organosulfur compounds. 47 amino acids and 11 organosulfur compounds were detected out of which 8 organosulfur compounds were found as secondary metabolites of amino acids. Among the 22 crucial α-amino acids, garlic extracts revealed the presence of 18 amino acids, either in their native state or associated with various complex compounds. The study reported major organosulfur compounds, including Alliin, S-allyl cysteine, S-methyl cysteine, N-gamma-Glutamyl-S-allylcysteine, and 2-Propenyl 1-(2- propenylsulfinyl)propyl disulfide. This study demonstrated that HG17 garlic is abundant in amino acids and organosulfur compounds, suggesting its potential utilization as a supplement in nutraceuticals.

Exploring Phytochemicals for Diabetes Management: Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Future Directions

In the realm of global health diplomacy, diabetes mellitus undoubtedly poses a significant challenge. Furthermore, there is a pressing need to explore alternative and complementary therapies. Phytochemicals, which are naturally occurring bioactive compounds found in plants, exhibit distinct biochemical properties, rendering them promising candidates for diabetes management. This review focuses on the potential of various classes of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, organosulfur compounds, and polysaccharides, in diabetes management. Each class demonstrates unique mechanisms of action, contributing to therapeutic effects such as enhancing insulin sensitivity, reducing carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption, regulating antioxidant stress, inflammation, and glucose metabolism. While successful preclinical trials provide valuable insights, further rigorous clinical trials are imperative to ascertain the therapeutic efficacy, optimal dosage, bioavailability, and potential interactions with concomitant medications. Understanding the functional pathways of plant-derived substances is crucial, as it enables the formulation of precise strategies for incorporating them as dietary supplements for individuals with diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Phytochemicals, diabetes mellitus, insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation.

The effect of Ni- and Mo-based materials on thermochemical sulfate reduction by glycerol under hydrothermal process conditions

Catalytic hydrothermal gasification (cHTG) is a sustainable and promising route to convert wet biomass into renewable methane, but the catalyst is deactivated by small amounts of soluble sulfate stemming from the biomass feedstock. Under hydrothermal conditions, sulfate can be converted to the strong catalyst poisons thiols or sulfides by thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). In this work, we explored the extent to which TSR occurs under conditions relevant to cHTG operation, along with the impact of various materials on the reaction. Our results indicated that within 60 min, an aqueous solution of 20 wt% glycerol and 10 mM potassium sulfate at 25 MPa started to produce organosulfur compounds at ca. 420–440 °C, with yields for the volatile ones of 3% and 6% at 440 °C and 490 °C, respectively. The main products were non-volatile organosulfur compounds (NVOSC), which were tentatively identified as sulfate esters of glycerol or of glycerol decomposition products. A smaller fraction of products consisted of volatile organosulfur compounds (VOSC). The VOSC identified from the TSR with glycerol were mostly alkyl thiophenes, as well as methanethiol, disulfides and trisulfides with no evidence of H2S formed. Ni-, Mo-, or NiMox-based materials did not show any catalytic effect on sulfate reduction, independent of the sulfidation of the material. Glycerol was proven to be much more reactive towards TSR than acetone, as no TSR products could be observed when acetone was used as a reducing agent. A reaction pathway for the formation of thiophenes from H2S and glycerol is proposed that consists of the dehydration of glycerol, the formation of CO and H2 from glycerol decomposition, hydroformylation of acrolein, and the Paal-Knorr synthesis with succinaldehyde and H2S as intermediates.

Reviewing the Therapeutic Potential of Plant-based Natural Products Against Multidrug-resistant Bacteria (MDR)

Abstract: The global health of individuals is severely threatened by drug-resistant microorganisms. Existing antibiotics available in the market, such as penicillin, cephalosporins, new β- lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincomycin, and quinolones, are losing their effectiveness due to overuse and inappropriate prescribing, among other factors. This situation underscores the urgent need to develop new antimicrobial agents. In response to this challenge, attention has been directed towards natural products derived from plants, which have been utilized for their medicinal benefits over an extended period. Various studies have demonstrated that plant-based natural products exhibit antibacterial action against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, making them potential candidates for the development of novel antimicrobial medicines. Plants belonging to classes, such as alkaloids, organosulfur compounds, terpenoids, coumarin, and polyphenols have been found to possess antimicrobial properties. This paper reviews the antimicrobial activity of plant-based natural products, whether used alone or in combination with conventional antibiotics. Additionally, the paper explores their mechanisms against drugresistant bacteria, the potential development of resistance against them, their current role in medicine, and their future perspectives.

Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of Selected Water-Soluble Ligands Based on 1,10-Phenanthroline Core.

Water-soluble ligands based on a 1,10-phenanthroline core are relatively poorly studied compounds. Developing efficient and convenient syntheses of them would result in new interesting applications because of the importance of 1,10-phenanthrolines. In this manuscript, we describe novel and practical ways to introduce a carboxyl and, for the first time, a phenol and dithiocarboxyl group under mild reaction conditions. This strategy enables highly efficient and practical synthesis of suitable organosulfur compounds with high added value, high chemoselectivity, and a broad substrate range. We present the selective conversion of a hydroxydialdehyde in the form of 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline-7,9-dicarbaldehyde into its derivative, unique hydroxydicarboxylic acid, by an oxidation procedure, giving 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline-7,9-dicarboxylic acid. A similar procedure resulted in the formation of 9-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline-2-carboxylic acid by oxidation of commercially available neocuproine. An alternative method of obtaining 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives possessing carboxylic acid group can be based on the hydrolysis of ester or nitrile groups; however, this synthesis leads to unexpected products. Moreover, we apply Perkin condensation to synthesize a vinyl (or styryl) analog of 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives with phenol function. This reaction also demonstrates a new, simple, and efficient strategy for converting methyl derivatives of 1,10-phenanthroline. We anticipate that the new way of converting methyl will find wide application in chemical synthesis.

Two-Generation Toxicity Study of the Antioxidant Compound Propyl-Propane Thiosulfonate (PTSO).

Propyl-propane thiosulfonate (PTSO), an antioxidant organosulfur compound present in the genus Allium, has become a potential natural additive for food and feed, as well as a possible biopesticide for pest control in plants. A toxicological assessment is necessary to verify its safety for livestock, consumers, and the environment. As part of the risk assessment of PTSO, this study was designed to explore its potential reproductive toxicity in mice following the OECD 416 guideline. The investigation spans two generations to comprehensively evaluate potential reproductive, teratogenic, and hereditary effects. A total of 80 CD1 mice per sex and generation were subjected to PTSO exposure during three phases (premating, gestation, and lactation). This evaluation encompassed three dose levels: 14, 28, and 55 mg PTSO/kg b.w./day, administered through the feed. No clinical changes or mortality attributed to the administration of PTSO were observed in the study. Some changes in the body weight and food consumption were observed, but not related to sex or in a dose-dependent manner. The two parental generations (F0, F1) exhibited normal reproductive performance, and the offspring (F1 and F2) were born without any abnormalities. The serum sexual hormone levels (progesterone -P-, testosterone -T-, estradiol -E2-, follicular stimulating hormone -FSH-, and luteinizing hormone -LH-) were in a normal range. Although significant changes were observed in the sperm analysis in the case of F0 group, no variation was found for F1 group, and no alterations in fertility were recorded either. The absolute organ weights and relative organ weight/body weight and organ weight/brain weight ratios, and the complete histopathological study, showed no significant alterations in males and females for all the generations considered. Considering all the results obtained, PTSO is not considered a reproductive or developmental toxicant in mice under the assayed conditions. These results support the good safety profile of PTSO for its potential application in the agrifood sector.

Organosulfur Compounds in Colorectal Cancer Prevention and Progression.

This work represents an overview of the current investigations involving organosulfur compounds and colorectal cancer. The molecules discussed in this review have been investigated regarding their impact on colorectal cancer directly, at the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical stages. Organosulfur compounds may have indirect effects on colorectal cancer, such as due to their modulating effects on the intestinal microbiota or their positive effects on intestinal mucosal health. Here, we focus on their direct effects via the repression of multidrug resistance proteins, triggering of apoptosis (via the inhibition of histone deacetylases, increases in reactive oxygen species, p53 activation, β-catenin inhibition, damage in the mitochondrial membrane, etc.), activation of TGF-β, binding to tubulin, inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis mechanisms, and inhibition of cancer stem cells, among others. In general, the interesting positive effects of these nutraceuticals in in vitro tests must be further analyzed with more in vivo models before conducting clinical trials.

Theoretical Insights into the Gas-Phase Oxidation of 3-Methyl-2-butene-1-thiol by the OH Radical: Thermochemical and Kinetic Analysis.

3-Methyl-2-butene-1-thiol ((CH3)2C═CH-CH2-SH; MBT) is a recently identified volatile organosulfur compound emitted from Cannabis sativa and is purported to contribute to its skunky odor. To understand its environmental fate, hydroxyl radical (•OH)-mediated oxidation of MBT was conducted using high-level quantum chemical and theoretical kinetic calculations. Three stable conformers were identified for the title molecule. Abstraction and addition pathways are possible for the MBT + OH radical reaction, and thus, potential energy surfaces involving H-abstraction and •OH addition were computed at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z//M06-2X/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z level of theory. The barrier height for the addition of the OH radical to a C atom of the alkene moiety, leading to the formation of a C-centered MBT-OH radical, was computed to be -4.1 kcal mol-1 below the energy of the starting MBT + OH radical-separated reactants. This reaction was found to be dominant compared to other site-specific H-abstraction and addition paths. The kinetics of all the site-specific abstraction and addition reactions associated with the most stable MBT + OH radical reaction were assessed using the MESMER kinetic code between 200 and 320 K. Further, we considered the contributions from two other conformers of MBT to the overall reaction of MBT + OH radical. The estimated global rate coefficient for the oxidation of MBT with respect to its reactions with the OH radical was found to be 6.1 × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 298 K and 1 atm pressure. The thermodynamic parameters and atmospheric implications of the MBT + OH reaction are discussed.

Engineering surface framework TiO6 single sites for unprecedented deep oxidative desulfurization.

Catalytic oxidative desulfurization (ODS) using titanium silicate catalysts has emerged as an efficient technique for the complete removal of organosulfur compounds from automotive fuels. However, the precise control of highly accessible and stable-framework Ti active sites remains highly challenging. Here we reveal for the first time by using density functional theory calculations that framework hexa-coordinated Ti (TiO6) species of mesoporous titanium silicates are the most active sites for ODS and lead to a lower-energy pathway of ODS. A novel method to achieve highly accessible and homogeneously distributed framework TiO6 active single sites at the mesoporous surface has been developed. Such surface framework TiO6 species exhibit an exceptional ODS performance. A removal of 920ppm of benzothiophene is achieved at 60°C in 60min, which is 1.67 times that of the best catalyst reported so far. For bulky molecules such as 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (DMDBT), it takes only 3min to remove 500ppm of DMDBT at 60°C with our catalyst, which is five times faster than that with the current best catalyst. Such a catalyst can be easily upscaled and could be used for concrete industrial application in the ODS of bulky organosulfur compounds with minimized energy consumption and high reaction efficiency.

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of the metabolites of the biodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene carried out by Tsukamurella paurometabola

Large amount of sulphur is released by the combustion of fossil fuels in the form of SoX which affects human health and leads to acid rain. To overcome this issue, it is essential to eliminate sulphur moieties from heterocyclic organo-sulphur compounds like Dibenzothiophene (DBT) present in the petrol. In this study Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy is used to analyze the desulfurizing activity of Tsukamurella paurometabola bacterial strain. The most prominent SERS peaks observed at 791, 837, 944 and 1032 cm−1, associated to C–S stretching, are solely observed in dibenzothiophene and its metabolite-I (DBTS) but absent in 2-Hydroxybiphenyl (metabolite-II) and extraction sample of supernatant as a result of biodesulfurization. Moreover, the SERS peaks observed at 974 (characteristic peak of benzene ring) and 1015 cm−1 is associated to C–C ring breathing while 1642 and 1655 cm−1 assigned to CC bonds of aromatic ring. These peaks are only observed in 2-Hydroxybiphenyl (metabolite-II) and extraction sample of supernatant as a result of biodesulfurization. Notably, these peaks are absent in the Dibenzothiophene and its metabolite-I which indicate that aromatic ring is carrying sulfur in this fraction. Moreover, multivariate data analytical tools like principal component analysis (PCA) and PCA-loadings are applied to further differentiate between dibenzothiophene and its metabolites that are Dibenzothiophene sulphone (metabolite-I) and 2-Hydroxybiphenyl (metabolite-II).

Organosulfur Compounds in Aged Garlic Extract Ameliorate Glucose Induced Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Attenuating Oxidative Stress, Cardiac Fibrosis, and Cardiac Apoptosis.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy has emerged as a major cause of cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, and heart failure due to uncontrolled glucose metabolism in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, there is still no consensus on the optimal treatment to prevent or treat the cardiac burden associated with diabetes, which urges the development of dual antidiabetic and cardioprotective cardiac therapy based on natural products. This study investigates the cardiotoxic profile of glucose and the efficacy of AGE against glucose-induced cardiotoxicity in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. The cellular metabolic activity of H9c2 cardiomyocytes under increasing glucose concentration and the therapeutic efficacy of AGE were investigated using the MTT cell cytotoxicity assay. The in vitro model was established in six groups known as 1. control, 2. cells treated with 25 µM glucose, 3. 100 µM glucose, 4. 25 µM glucose +35 µM AGE, 5. 100 µM glucose + 35 µM AGE, and 6. 35 µM AGE. Morphological and nuclear analyses were performed using Giemsa, HE, DAPI, and PI, respectively, whereas cell death was simultaneously assessed using the trypan blue assay. The antioxidant potential of AGE was evaluated by DCFH-DA assay, NO, and H202 scavenging assay. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase were also investigated. The antiglycative potential of AGE was examined by antiglycation assays, amylase zymography, and SDS PAGE. These results were then validated by in silico molecular docking and qRTPCR. Hyperglycemia significantly reduced cellular metabolic activity of H9c2 cardiomyocytes, and AGE was found to preserve cell viability approximately 2-fold by attenuating oxidative, fibrosis, and apoptotic signaling molecules. In silico and qRTPCR studies confirmed that organosulfur compounds target TNF-α, MAPK, TGF-β, MMP-7, and caspase-9 signaling molecules to ameliorate glucose-induced cardiotoxicity. AGE was found to be an antidiabetic and cardioprotective natural product with exceptional therapeutic potential for use as a novel herb-drug therapy in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy in future therapies.

MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE PROCESS HYDROTREATING OF DIESEL FUEL

Various technological processes are applied in the field of modern oil refining. Each of the processes in turn is implemented by many technological schemes and methods. These technological processes form the basis of many simple processes in oil refining and chemical production. In this way, learning processes are facilitated. They process oil and its products using various processes. This article describes the process of refining of the diesel fraction in a circulating medium comprising hydrogen gas at high pressure and temperature, to remove organosulfur compounds. Keywords: diesel fuel, hydraulic treating, filter, energy efficiency, energy saving

A Light Touch: Solar Photocatalysis Detoxifies Oil Sands Process-Affected Waters Prior to Significant Treatment of Naphthenic Acids.

Environmental reclamation of Canada's oil sands tailings ponds is among the single largest water treatment challenges globally. The toxicity of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) has been associated with its dissolved organics, a complex mixture of naphthenic acid fraction components (NAFCs). Here, we evaluated solar treatment with buoyant photocatalysts (BPCs) as a passive advanced oxidation process (P-AOP) for OSPW remediation. Photocatalysis fully degraded naphthenic acids (NAs) and acid extractable organics (AEO) in 3 different OSPW samples. However, classical NAs and AEO, traditionally considered among the principal toxicants in OSPW, were not correlated with OSPW toxicity herein. Instead, nontarget petroleomic analysis revealed that low-polarity organosulfur compounds, composing <10% of the total AEO, apparently accounted for the majority of waters' toxicity to fish, as described by a model of tissue partitioning. These findings have implications for OSPW release, for which a less extensive but more selective treatment may be required than previously expected.

New Heterocyclic Organosulfur Compounds Derived from Dithioacetals

AbstractThe dithioacetalization of lactaldehyde derivatives with ethane-1,2-, propane-1,3-, butane-1,4-, and pentane-1,5-dithiols in the presence of 4 mol% of scandium triflate has been described. A series of cyclic dithioacetals were obtained with yields ranging from quantitative to 37%. The dithioacetalization of lactaldehyde derivatives with butane-1,4-dithiol and pentane-1,5-dithiol groups are accompanied by the formation of 14- and 16-membered macrocyclic sulfur structures with yields of 3% and 18%, respectively. In the case of a cyclic dithioacetal derivative with three methylene groups, a diastereoisomeric pair of enantiomers was obtained, the structure of which was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Dithioacetals are useful building blocks in the synthesis of complex chemical structures. Macrocyclic compounds can be used to complex metal ions.

Biodesulfurization of organosulfur compounds by a trehalose biosurfactant producing Gordonia sp. isolated from crude oil contaminated soil.

Certain factors hinder the commercialization of biodesulfurization process, including low substrate-specificity of the currently reported desulfurizing bacteria and restricted mass transfer of organic-sulfur compounds in biphasic systems. These obstacles must be addressed to clean organic-sulfur rich petro-fuels that pose serious environmental and health challenges. In current study, a dibenzothiophene desulfurizing strain, Gordonia rubripertincta W3S5 (source: oil contaminated soil) was systematically evaluated for its potential to remove sulfur from individual compounds and mixture of organic-sulfur compounds. Metabolic and genetic analyses confirmed that strain W3S5 desulfurized dibenzothiophene to 2-hydroxybiphenyl, suggesting that it follows the sulfur specific 4S pathway. Furthermore, this strain demonstrated the ability to produce trehalose biosurfactants (with an EI24 of 53%) in the presence of dibenzothiophene, as confirmed by TLC and FTIR analyses. Various genome annotation tools, such as ClassicRAST, BlastKOALA, BV-BRC, and NCBI-PGAP, predicted the presence of otsA, otsB, treY, treZ, treP, and Trehalose-monomycolate lipid synthesis genes in the genomic pool of strain W3S5, confirming the existence of the OtsAB, TreYZ, and TreP pathways. Overall, these results underscore the potential of strain W3S5 as a valuable candidate for enhancing desulfurization efficiency and addressing the mass transfer challenges essential for achieving a scaled-up scenario.