Suitable Water Research Articles

Characterization of Water Repellent and Flame Retardant Finished Cotton Canvas Fabric for Bivouac Tents

Water repellency and flame retardancy have applications in many fields, such as automotive interiors, indoor decorations, upholstery, outdoor clothing and tents. Cotton, having superior qualities, is considered one of the best raw materials for tent manufacture. The study has undertaken the application of different water repellent and flame retardant chemicals on 100% cotton canvas fabric to be used as bivouac tents. The purpose was to find suitable water repellent and flame retardant chemicals that can be applied in a single bath or in a two-step process to give the desired repellency and retardancy effect. Initially, two screening sets were carried out, which aided in the identification of best-performed chemicals to be used in the combined application of water repellent and flame retardant. In the combined application, the fabric was finished using two approaches. In the first approach, both repellent and retardant chemicals were prepared in a single bath, and in the second approach, the fabric was first finished with flame retardant chemicals and then finished with water repellent chemicals. In both the approaches, the finished fabric was evaluated by a cone test, a hydrostatic pressure head test and a flammability test against locally set requirements. It is concluded that the procedure of single bath water repellent and flame retardant finishes (SBWRFR1b) showed reduced pickup percentage (60%) and resulted in better water repellency and flame retardancy properties, in comparison to other procedures and series of recipes.

The energy, water supply, and ecology coordination for middle-long-term reservoirs scheduling with different connection modes using an elite mutation strategy-based NMOSFLA

Abstract Conventional reservoir operation emphasizes power generation (PG) with ignoring downstream river ecosystem and water supply benefits for sustainable development. Compared with the model defining water supply and ecological flow requirements as constraints, a novel long-term multi-objective scheduling model in complex parallel reservoir system (LTMOSCPRS) is developed to assess and achieve win–win and sustainable development for energy, water supply, and ecological benefits. The suitable and ideal ecological water requirements are calculated based on the requirement level index. Afterward, the novel multi-objective shuffled frog leaping algorithm (NMOSFLA) including renewed frog grouping, local search, and external elite frog set mutation strategies is proposed. Results indicate that three optimization objectives expose a mutual competing relationship. The benefit of the river ecosystem will increase at a loss of PG and water supply guarantee rate (WSGR). Therefore, the parallel reservoir system should be adjusted to improve the benefits of WSGR and ecological water spill and shortage (EWSS) with minimizing the loss of PG, simultaneously. Finally, the NMOSFLA is verified to outperform other compared methods at the solution diversity and convergence which is evaluated by multiple indicators. Overall, the NMOSFLA provides efficient reservoir operation schemes for decision-makers to select optimal trade-off schemes and feasible ways to solve the LTMOSCPRS.

Groundwater recharge evaluation due to climate change using WetSpass-M distributed hydrological model in Bilate river basin of Ethiopia

Sporadic change in climate is altering the hydrologic processes affecting the groundwater recharge (GWR) systems across the planet. Distributed groundwater recharge (DGWR) is studied in the Bilate river basin of Ethiopia to predict the current and future for long-term groundwater utilization, planning and management. Precipitation and temperature were acquired from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) Africa platform using RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios for the periods 1986–2015, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100. WetSpass-M distributed hydrological model was used to analyze the seasonal and annual GWR under varying amplitude and dispersion. Particularly in the spring and summer, due to increase in temperature and scanty rainfall GWR is severely affected. Average minimum and maximum temperatures are anticipated to rise by 0.11 °C–0.61 °C and 0.75°C–2.15 °C respectively during mid-RCP4.5 and long-term RCP8.5 scenarios. For the baseline period, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 for both mid-term and long-term periods, the maximum annual GWR was predicted to be 442.5 mm/yr, 371.6 mm/yr, 347.6 mm/yr, 319.6 mm/yr, and 327.41 mm/yr, respectively. The maximum annual GWR is decreased by 83.3 mm–138.7 mm in the RCP4.5 scenario during the years 2041–2071, but in the RCP8.5 scenario during the years 207–2100, the maximum annual GWR is decreased by 26.1 mm–72.3 mm, while the mean annual GWR is decreased by 26.1 mm–72.3 mm. There have been numerous studies about how climate change (CC) may affect GWR, but this study focuses specifically on forecasting precipitation and temperature to determine GWR in the basin. The results could be crucial for suitable water management use by interpreting the direct and indirect effects of climate change on recharge systems.

Illuminating the G-Quadruplex: A Review on Fluorescent Probes for Detecting Polymorphic G-Quartet DNA Structures

Abstract:Modulating crucial biological processes such as gene regulation, aging, and relationship to globally important human health issues such as cancer has significantly brought considerable attention to G-quadruplex over the past few decades. As the impact of Gquadruplex emerges on so many biological roles, cancer prognosis and pathogenesis have not been fully understood, and selective small molecular binders with suitable chemical, photophysical and biological properties are potentially applicable biophysical tools for tracking Gquadruplex functions. The chemical properties include suitable water solubility, liphophilicity, etc., and the photophysical properties include excitation, emission, stoke-shift, lifetime, quantum yield, and measurable, selective changes of former photophysical parameters within the ideal spectral window upon interaction with the target. The biological properties include; toxicity, cellular infiltration, and selective binding with G-quadruplex over non-specific targets (e.g., duplex DNA, RNA, non-specific biomolecules etc.) in the complex cellular matrix. The development of G-quadruplex-selective probes, therefore, continues to be an important but challenging task for molecular therapeutic, diagnostic, imaging, and sensing applications. In this review, we have classified and summarized several classes of probes; carbocyanine, porphyrins, ethidium, carbazoles, acridines, tripodal or tetrapodal probes, pyrimidine carboxamides, tianguleniums, anthraquinones, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, BODIPY dyes, berberines, acetones and their derivatives for the variation of selectivity, photophysical, and biological properties with respect to the structural modifications, which ultimately provide helpful guidance for designing novel probes with optimal characteristics.

Genetic Mechanism of Tissue-Specific Expression of PPAR Genes in Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) at Different Temperatures.

In this study, we used PCR to measure the levels of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor genes PPARα1, PPARα2, PPARβ, and PPARγ in the intestine, liver, gill, heart, kidney, brain, muscle, spleen, skin, and stomach of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) cultured under different temperature conditions (14, 20, 23, 25, and 28 °C). We used split-split-plot (SSP) analysis of variance, additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis, and genotype main effects and genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis to evaluate the genotype × tissue interaction effects on gene expression. The results of the SSP analysis of variance showed that temperature and tissue × gene have highly significant (p < 0.01) effect on the expression of S. maximus PPAR genes. The AMMI analysis results revealed that the expression of PPAR genes at the appropriate temperature (14 °C) mainly depended on genotype × tissue interaction and tissue effects. Under stress temperatures, genotype effects, tissue effects, and genotype × tissue interaction, all had significant effects on the expression of PPAR genes. The contribution of the genotype effect slowly increased with increasing temperature; it increased faster at 20 °C and then slowly declined at 25 °C. The contribution of the tissue effect slowly increased from 14 to 20 °C, where it sharply decreased, and then it stabilized after a slight fluctuation. The contribution of the genotype × tissue interaction effect showed a fluctuating upward trend throughout the experiment, and it had a significant impact on PPAR gene expression. The key temperature at which the three effects changed was 20 °C, indicating that it is the limit temperature for active lipid metabolism under high-temperature stress. The GGE biplot analysis results showed that under suitable water temperature, the expression difference of PPAR genes in the liver was the largest; at 20 and 23 °C, the expression difference in the gill was the largest; and at 25 and 28 °C, the expression difference in the brain was the largest. Overall, our results suggest that the mechanism responsible for PPAR gene expression under the three high temperatures (23, 25, and 28 °C) was relatively consistent, but it differed from that at 20 °C.

Molecular dynamics simulation and machine learning for predicting hydrogen solubility in water: Effects of temperature, pressure, finite system size and choice of molecular force fields

Understanding hydrogen solubility in groundwater is critical for predicting the long-term performance of underground hydrogen storage in geological formations. Nevertheless, the effect of finite-size, force fields on hydrogen solubility were not investigated in previous molecular dynamics(MD) studies and available experimental data were limited to a narrow temperature range. This paper proposed a combined MD and machine learning(ML) methods to study hydrogen solubility over a wide temperature range of 273–433 K. Comparison of different models revealed that TIP4P/2005 water model and hydrogen model of Yang & Zhong (J.Phys.Chem.B,109(2005),11862–11864) was successful in reproducing the experimental results. A minimum value of hydrogen solubility presents at 330 K. Finite-size effects were quantified and suitable hydrogen and water models were identified. Eight ML models were developed based on density, temperature, pressure, and excess chemical potential. They justified that the pressure is the most influential variable, whereas temperature has a non-linear effect on hydrogen solubility.

A hybrid CART-GAMs model to evaluate benthic macroinvertebrate habitat suitability in the Pearl River Estuary, China

Benthic macroinvertebrates are an important part of the aquatic food chain in estuaries. Therefore, understanding their associated habitat requirements is critical in maintaining estuarine ecosystem stability, which has until now been evaluated using habitat suitability evaluations. Although most habitat suitability index (HSI)-based methods can determine the target species preferences for a few specific habitat factors, benthic macroinvertebrates are influenced by multiple habitat factors in estuaries. However, applying too many habitat factors can result in data redundancy, thereby reducing model efficiency. Additionally, nonlinear relationships between species and habitat factors and interactions between different habitat factors are often difficult to evaluate. Previous studies have not focused on methods that can simultaneously address these two issues. Accordingly, this study introduced CART-GAMs, a classification and regression tree model (CART) and a generalized additive model (GAM) hybrid, which can evaluate the suitability of multiple habitat factors relevant to benthic macroinvertebrates in estuaries. First, to remove irrelevant variables (i.e., data redundancy), CART was used to identify critical habitat factors that have significant impacts on benthic macroinvertebrates. GAMs were then used to quantify the nonlinear relationships between critical habitat factors and species. Finally, response curves fitted by GAMs were used to determine species habitat preferences (i.e., suitable critical habitat factor ranges). This study applied the CART-GAMs model to the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) to test its effectiveness. The results showed that CART identified four critical water quality factors, that is, salinity (SAL), total phosphorus (TP), pH, and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) from the 12 measured factors, subsequently reducing data redundancy by 66.7%. Using critical water quality factors, GAMs explained 66.2% of the variance in Margalef’s diversity index (dM) of benthic macroinvertebrates. Additionally, the GAM response curves showed that dM was positively correlated with SAL and negatively correlated with TP and TN. The response curve between dM and pH is unimodal. Finally, this study determined suitable water quality factor ranges for benthic macroinvertebrates (SAL = 21.15‰ ∼ 32.32‰, TP = 0.05 ∼ 0.2 mg/L, pH = 7.7 ∼ 8.2, and TN = 0.4 ∼ 1.5 mg/L). This study demonstrates that the hybrid CART-GAMs model can effectively evaluate estuarine habitat suitability with multiple habitat factors, while providing a reference for estuary habitat management.

Characterization of the groundwater quality in Udham Singh Nagar of Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand

The Udham Singh Nagar district is affluent in fertile land and water resources and even favoured for industrial advancement, resulting in a rapid increase of industrialization and urban growth, which are the inevitable causes of groundwater contamination. In recent years the increased rate of urbanization and Integrated Industrial Estate (IIE) in Pantnagar, Kashipur and Sitarganj area (of the district) have increased the demand for groundwater. Proper groundwater resource planning and monitoring on a regional scale are required to cope with the pace of rapid urbanization and industrialization along with dire irrigation needs. To suffice this strategy, the spatial distribution of water quality shall determine the sustainable approach to be implemented in an area. This research aims to assess the hydrochemical quality of the groundwater in Udham Singh Nagar district (areal extent 3055 Km2), Uttarakhand. The groundwater samples collected from the aquifer have shown anomalous values of Total Hardness (TH), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Magnesium (Mg2+), Iron (Fe), and Lead (Pb2+) on undergoing major elemental analysis, which confirms degradation in the groundwater quality. Moreover, the Piper Trilinear Diagram (PTD) has identified groundwater's hydrochemical facies and characterization. Based on the interpretation of TDS, most groundwater samples < 500 mg/L of dissolved solids, making it desirable for drinking. Therefore, this phenomenon attributes to suitable drinking water present in the aquifer of Udham Singh Nagar district, Uttarakhand.

Groundwater Quality for Irrigation Purposes in the Diass Horst System in Senegal

Due to surface water scarcity and variability in rainwater events in the Thies region, Senegal, farmers mostly rely on groundwater resources to improve yield production, although water quality in the hydrosystem and its suitability may be an issue. The objective of this study is to evaluate suitability of the Maastrichtian and Paleocene aquifers located the central western part of Senegal in the Thies region for irrigation purposes. For this purpose, chemical analyses were carried out on the major ions on the Maastrichtian and Paleocene aquifers through a network of 62 sample locations (39 from the Maastrichtian and 23 from the Paleocene) sampled in June 2019. Different water suitability assessment indices were used to evaluate the potential for irrigation, including sodium absorption ration (SAR), percentage of sodium (Na%), permeability index, Kelly ratio (RK), and salinity potential (SP) together with Wilcox and USSL diagrams as methods. The results indicate, that the Ca-Mg-HCO3 water type is dominant in the Maastrichtian aquifer, while in the Paleocene aquifer, HCO3-Ca-Mg and Cl-Ca-Mg are the main water types. The combination of these computed index values indicates that the percentage of suitable water for irrigation purposes accounts for 89.7% and 86.9% of the samples for the Maastrichtian and the Paleocene aquifers, respectively. On the other hand, water samples unsuitable for irrigation purposes range between only 10.3% and 13.1% for the two aquifers.

Distribution of Irrigated and Rainfed Agricultural Land in a Semi-Arid Sandy Area

Under water resource and terrain constraints, a certain scale threshold of irrigated and rainfed agricultural areas exists in semi-arid sandy areas. If this threshold is exceeded, water and soil resources will be unbalanced, and the ecological environment will deteriorate. Accurate assessment of the suitable scale of cultivated land in semi-arid sandy areas is of great significance for sustainable utilization of cultivated land resources and regional ecological security. Most existing research methods are based on water resource constraints and rarely consider terrain factors. Therefore, based on the principle of water balance and with the Horqin Left Wing Rear Banner as the research area, this study adopted a multi-objective fuzzy optimization model and relative terrain index analysis method to explore the appropriate spatial ratio of irrigation and rainfed agriculture. The results show that the area of irrigated agriculture in the study area is 77,700 hm2, and the appropriate scale is 91,700 hm2. The current area of dry farming is 184,600 hm2, and the suitable scale is 117,100 hm2. The results also show that the utilization efficiency of water and soil resources in irrigated agriculture was not optimal, rainfed agriculture exceeded its suitable scale, and water and soil resources were seriously unbalanced. However, the region of cultivated land that exceeds the appropriate scale is mostly located in an area with poor terrain, less precipitation, and other unsuitable conditions for cultivation, which is prone to abandonment, resulting in deterioration of the ecological environment. Therefore, the spatial layout of agricultural land use in the study area should be adapted to local conditions, and the water-saving structure of irrigated agriculture should be optimized to achieve the maximum comprehensive benefits. Dry farming should be controlled on a reasonable scale, and the part exceeding the appropriate scale should be returned to grassland to ensure sustainable development.

Using Waste Brine from Desalination Plant as a Source of Industrial Water in Copper Mining Industry

One of the main challenges of seawater desalination is a large volume of waste brine production that is commonly discharged into the sea and may threaten the marine ecosystem. This is critical in regions where conventional water resources are scarce and desalinated seawater is an alternative to meet water demand. Especially in regions where the mining industry is a key player in the economic development. The novelty of this research consists in the determination of the potential use of waste brine, discharged from the reverse osmosis process, as a source of industrial water in copper mining industry. To enable the waste brine applicability, there should be reduced calcium and magnesium ions concentration for improving copper recovery in the froth flotation process. The flotation tests were conducted in a batch cell with synthetic minerals composed of chalcopyrite, kaolinite, and quartz using different water qualities. The results showed that treated waste brine significantly improved copper recovery compared to untreated waste brine and seawater. Similar copper recovery was achieved when flotation test was performed with tap water and treated waste brine. Therefore, treated waste brine could provide a suitable water quality required in the froth flotation process as an alternative non-conventional water resource.

The Effects of Water Depth on the Growth of Two Emergent Plants in an In-Situ Experiment

With the degradation of the global lake ecosystem, aquatic plants are more and more widely used in lake ecological restoration. The effects of water depths on the growth and photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics of two emergent plants (Typha orientalis and Zizania caduciflora) were studied in eutrophic Lake Gehu by in-situ experiments. The results showed that water depth had no significant effect on germination of emergent plants. The water depth changed the morphological characteristics of emergent plants. Plant height, tiller number, leaf length, leaf width, the number of leaf, and the root-shoot ratio decreased with increasing water depth, whereas the number of dead leaves increased with increasing water depth. The biomass of emergent plants was highest when water depth was 40 cm. Water depth had a significant effect on the photosynthetic fluorescence of the emergent plant. Fv/Fm tended to decrease first and then increase with increasing water depth. When the water depth was 20 cm, the ETRmax of emergent plants was significantly higher than that of plants at the other water depths. These results show the suitable water depth range for T. orientalis and Z. caduciflora is 20–60 cm. A deeper water depth for a long time is not conducive to the growth of emergent plants.

Double soil moisture detector for irrigation management using Arduino

The decision for the researchers and farmers regarding the exact time to irrigate plants is quite difficult; also many soil moisture sensors have been made using Arduino microcontroller for small farms in one depth, where this sensor doesn’t give a complete vision for the farmers and the researchers in the effective root zone, for that this is research aims to develop a double soil moisture detector using Arduino microcontroller to give the growers an idea about the moisture content in the effective root zone, up to 40 cm depth, to determine the right time to start or end watering plants. The device has been assembled using two soil moisture sensors, with 20 cm in between, and programmed using IDE. The device has been tested and developed under different conditions of soil moisture. Generally, it was a good tool to detect the soil moisture in the effective root zone and a good tool to decide the time of watering plants with suitable water quantity.

Meta-analysis of ecosystem services associated with oyster restoration.

Restoration of foundation species promises to reverse environmental degradation and return lost ecosystem services, but a lack of standardized evaluation across projects limits understanding of recovery, especially in marine systems. Oyster reefs are restored to reverse massive global declines and reclaim valuable ecosystem services, but the success of these projects has not been systematically and comprehensively quantified. We synthesized data on ecosystem services associated with oyster restoration from 245 pairs of restored and degraded reefs and 136 pairs of restored and reference reefs across 3500km of U.S. Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coastlines. On average, restoration was associated with a 21-fold increase in oyster production (mean log response ratio=3.08 [95% confidence interval: 2.58-3.58]), 34-97% enhancement of habitat provisioning (mean community abundance=0.51 [0.41-0.61], mean richness=0.29 [0.19-0.39], and mean biomass=0.69 [0.39-0.99]), 54% more nitrogen removal (mean=0.43 [0.13-0.73]), and 89-95% greater sediment nutrients (mean=0.67 [0.27-1.07]) and organic matter (mean=0.64 [0.44-0.84]) relative to degraded habitats. Moreover, restored reefs matched reference reefs for these ecosystem services. Our results support the continued and expanded use of oyster restoration to enhance ecosystem services of degraded coastal systems and match many functions provided by reference reefs.

Change in rapid salting kinetics and characteristics of hen egg yolks

A study of the dynamics of egg yolk salting clarified the diffusion of salt and the resulting changes in yolk quality and thereby provided guidance for better control of the final product. The effects of different salt contents in the salting solution (between 16 and 24%) on the mass transfer kinetics and egg yolk quality were analyzed during rapid salting. The results for the egg yolks showed that the changes in weight and water concentration decreased with increasing salt mass fraction, while the NaCl change increased. An increase in the salt content in the salting solution increased the effective diffusion coefficient ( D e ) of NaCl. Low-frequency nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) spectroscopy showed that higher salt content in the solution improved the amount of water transferred. The salted egg yolks treated in the 20–24% salting solutions had higher hardness, cohesiveness, oil yield and sandiness than those treated in other salting solutions. The samples salted in 16% solution had the highest values of the egg yolk index and CIELAB colorspace dimensions a* and b*. An analysis revealed statistically significant correlations between oil yield, sandiness, texture and color with D e . Taking oil yield and sandiness as the main indexes and comprehensively considering other sensory characteristics showed that 20% NaCl was the most suitable salt water solution for the rapid salting of hen egg yolks. ● The mass transfer and quality change of egg yolks increased with the salt content. ● The effective diffusion coefficient ( D e ) increased with salt content from 20 to 24%. ● T 23 , egg yolk index, springiness, cohesiveness, a* and b* decreased with salt content. ● T 22 , oil yield, sandiness, hardness, chewiness and L* increased with salt content. ● Oil yield, sandiness, texture and color were significantly correlated with the D e .

Polyculture of sea grape (Caulerpa lentillifera) with different stocking densities of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): Effects on water quality, shrimp performance and sea grape proximate composition

The polyculture of sea grape with whiteleg shrimp is considered as one of the strategic approaches to sustainable shrimp production. This is the first study to investigate the effects of integrating sea grape (Caulerpa lentillifera) with different densities of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) on water quality, shrimp performances and sea grape proximate composition. The experiment was executed in indoor tank systems, comprising five treatments in randomly designed triplicate tanks, with five levels of shrimp densities (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 individuals m−3) integrated with sea grape (1 kg m−3) for 56 days. The results showed that the polyculture of sea grape with shrimp significantly enhanced sea grape biomass and proximate composition in terms of protein, lipid and ash contents while maintaining adequate levels of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite (NO2−), nitrate (NO3−), and phosphate (PO43−) in the rearing tanks at high shrimp densities. Shrimp growth rates (weight gain, daily weight gain, and specific growth rate) tended to decrease at higher density levels, but there were no statistical differences (p > 0.05) among treatments at stocking densities ranging from 200 to 400 individuals m−3. Although shrimp survival was significantly reduced as stocking densities increased from 400 individuals m−3 upward; the lowest and highest shrimp yields were obtained at densities of 100 and 400 individuals m−3, respectively. Feed conversion ratios were higher at higher shrimp density; however, no significant difference was not observed between 300 and 400 individual m−3 groups. These findings indicated that polyculture of sea grape with whiteleg shrimp can perform up to 400 individuals m−3 while maintaining suitable water quality parameters and sustaining improved production efficiency in the culture unit.

Photocatalytic TiO2@MIL-88A (Fe)/polyacrylonitrile mixed matrix membranes: Characterization, anti-fouling properties, and performance on the removal of natural organic matter.

Photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs), coupling photocatalysts and membranes in a single system, have shown a considerable potential to reduce membrane fouling, which is one of the major drawbacks of using membranes to treat water and wastewater. In this study, the visible light-activated photocatalysts were incorporated into the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) casting solution to synthesize the photocatalytic composite membranes. The physicochemical properties and the morphology of the membranes and photocatalysts were characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-visible DRS), photoluminescence (PL), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), porosimetry, and contact angle analyses. The performance of the synthesized photocatalytic mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) in treating water containing humic acid, as one of the major components in natural organic matter (NOM) existing in drinking water sources, was investigated. Under visible light irradiation, the PAN/TiO2@MIL-88A (Fe) MMMs simultaneously adopted photocatalysis and membrane separation in the PMR and thereby enhanced humic acid removal and anti-fouling properties. The best synthesized photocatalytic membrane could remove 92.4% of the humic acid once exposed to visible light. The optimum membrane had suitable water permeability, a high flux recovery ratio (99.5%), and a 13.5% decline in the humic acid flux after a 10-h run, considerably lower compared to the corresponding decline of the pristine membrane (37.5% over the same period). The remarkable properties of the PAN/TiO2@MIL-88A (Fe) membrane, including its high anti-fouling specification, confirm the appropriateness of the synthesized MMM for treating water involving humic acid.

Investigation of Blockage Upstream Box Coverage on the Scour Pattern in the Open Channel

Under sub-critical flow conditions, the presence of blockage (solid wastes and weeds) upstream of box coverage and the scours pattern downstream of the coverage was explored in this study. The upstream blocking was simulated using 48 runs in an artificial trapezoidal cross-section with three square box coverages of side dimensions 8.80, 10.40, and 12.90 cm, four water flows of 2, 5, 8, and 11 L/s, and four blockage ratios of 0, 10, 20, and 30% relative to the coverage cross-section area. To estimate the scour hole characteristics, a 2.00 m long, 0.60 m bed width, and 0.30 m deep sand basin filled with D50 = 0.50 mm bed material was constructed directly downstream of the coverage outlet. In each run, the water level, velocity, and scoured hole parameters downstream of the coverage were measured. According to the analysis, the Non-blocked coverage has less scour depth and length than the partially blocked coverage, where the maximum scour depths and length of the Non- blocked coverage for cases 1, 2, and 3 at the discharge of 11 l/s were 73, 72, and 17 % respectively, and 77.56, 77.34, and 83.66 % respectively relative to the maximum scour depth and length of partially blocked coverage at the discharge of 11 l/s and blockage ratio 30 %. The depth and length of the scour hole downstream coverage are increased with the increment of the coverage's blockage ratio and discharge and are reversely proportional to the inlet area of coverage. Increased relative scour depth and length by 3.60 percent and 11.80 percent respectively, by increasing the downstream Froude number of flow (Frd) by 0.01 while the coverage’ relative wetted area (Ar) is constant. The study suggested applying coverage with a suitable area and water discharge, and protection techniques downstream of the coverage to reduce the influence of coverage and blockage on the open channel's hydraulic efficiency and the scour pattern downstream of the coverage. Also, install a trash rack upstream of the covering and remove aquatic weeds and solid wastes periodically upstream and inside the coverage.

Analisis Kualitas dan Status Mutu Air Daerah Irigasi Rawa Kakap Komplek Kabupaten Kubu Raya

Daerah Irigasi Rawa (DIR) of Kakap Komplek has a potential land area of 10,725.43 Ha and a functional land area of 2,367.2 Ha. DIR Kakap Komplek is divided into 3 regions, namely Daerah Rawa (DR) Kapuas Kecil 1, DR Kapuas Kecil 2, and DR Kapuas Kecil 3. To make the DIR Kakap Komplek area a rice barn for Kubu Raya Regency, an irrigation system with sufficient water discharge is needed. and suitable irrigation water quality. Good irrigation water quality will increase plant growth and increase production yields. The problem that arises is how the suitability of the quality and status of water quality in DIR Kakap Komplek, Kubu Raya Regency based on Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 22 of 2021. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the irrigation water quality of DIR Kakap Komplek Kakap District, Kubu Raya Regency was suitable for irrigation purposes. The research method used is descriptive method with a quantitative approach. The results of the water quality test showed that the values of TDS, TSS, NO3, Faecal Coliform and DHL were below the quality standard. Meanwhile, the values of pH, BOD, DO, COD, PO4, and MBAS are above the required quality standards. So it can be said that the quality of irrigation water in DIR Kakap Komplek still does not meet the overall quality standard parameters that have been set.

Predicting Irrigation Water Quality Indices Based on Data-Driven Algorithms: Case Study in Semiarid Environment

Ascertaining water quality for irrigational use by employing conventional methods is often time taking and expensive due to the determination of multiple parameters needed, especially in developing countries. Therefore, constructing precise and adequate models may be beneficial in resolving this problem in agricultural water management to determine the suitable water quality classes for optimal crop yield production. To achieve this objective, five machine learning (ML) models, namely linear regression (LR), random subspace (RSS), additive regression (AR), reduced error pruning tree (REPTree), and support vector machine (SVM), have been developed and tested for predicting of six irrigation water quality (IWQ) indices such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), percent sodium (%Na), permeability index (PI), Kelly ratio (KR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), and magnesium hazards (MH) in groundwater of the Nand Samand catchment of Rajasthan. The accuracy of these models was determined serially using the mean squared error (MSE), correlation coefficients (r), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE). The SVM model showed the best-fit model for all irrigation indices during testing, that is, RMSE: 0.0662, 4.0568, 3.0168, 0.1113, 3.7046, and 5.1066; r: 0.9364, 0.9618, 0.9588, 0.9819, 0.9547, and 0.8903; MSE: 0.004381, 16.45781, 9.101218, 0.012383, 13.72447, and 26.078; MAE: 0.042, 3.1999, 2.3584, 0.0726, 2.9603, and 4.0582 for KR, MH, SSP, SAR, %Na, and PI, respectively. The KR and SAR values were predicted accurately by the SVM model in comparison to the observed values. As a result, machine learning algorithms can improve irrigation water quality characteristics, which is critical for farmers and crop management in various irrigation procedures. Additionally, the findings of this research suggest that ML models are effective tools for reliably predicting groundwater quality using general water quality parameters that may be acquired directly on periodical basis. Assessment of water quality indices may also help in deriving optimal strategies to utilise inferior quality water conjunctively with fresh water resources in the water-limited areas.