Suitable Wall Materials Research Articles

Fortified bread with encapsulated ingredients: impacts and potential applications.

Waste production is a major challenge in the food industry. The use of 'functional food' by adding bioactive compounds is a promising solution to reduce it. However, many bioactive compounds are unstable when subjected to industrial and environmental conditions. Microencapsulation technology is a useful method to preserve these molecules. This review categorizes microencapsulated functional bread additives, including enzymes, salts, alcohols, oils, herbal compounds, probiotics, and acids, and demonstrates various beneficial effects of these additives. Suitable wall materials and encapsulating techniques - including freeze drying, spray drying, the emulsion-congealing method, fluidized bed coating, and thin-film hydration methods - are discussed in terms of their effect on bread quality. The encapsulated bread ingredients and their impact on bread characteristics are investigated by examining relevant original and review studies from various electronic databases, irrespective of publication date. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Enhancing the stability of krill oil through microencapsulation with endogenous krill protein and chitosan and application in senior milk powder.

Krill oil (KO) exhibits several biological actions, particularly providing distinct advantages for cognitive health in the aged. Nonetheless, its inadequate water solubility, pronounced flavor, and vulnerability to oxidative degradation restrict its utilization in the food sector. Encapsulation provides a solution, and the study of natural, suitable wall materials is crucial. This study employs endogenous krill protein (KP) and krill chitosan (CS) as encapsulating agents. It utilizes a complex coacervation technique to encapsulate KO, thereby broadening its application and successfully incorporating it into senior milk powder. The microcapsules have the best properties when the KP + CS complex to krill oil ratio is 1:1. They are able to encapsulate 77.96 % of the oil, stay stable at high temperatures (with little mass loss), and stay stable over time (with a peroxide value increase of only 4.51 mmol/kg). Moreover, the release rate in simulated intestinal conditions reaches 83.26 %. When added at 0.8 % to senior milk powder, it imparts the highest nutritional value without significantly affecting the flavor. Thus, this study provides valuable insights for enhancing the stability of krill oil and its application in the food industry.

Microencapsulation of <i>Chromolaena odorata</i> Leaf Extract with Cellulose Esters for the Application as an Eco-Friendly Antibacterial Agent

The aim of this work is to develop an eco-friendly antibacterial agent in the form of microcapsules containing extract from Chromolaena odorata leaves using the solvent evaporation method. The wall materials for encapsulating were tested with various cellulose esters including cellulose acetate (CA), cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), and cellulose acetate propionate (CAP). The evaluation of microcapsules containing C. odorata leaf extract was focused on their encapsulation efficiency, size, shape, thermal stability, and antimicrobial activities. The results showed that CAB was a suitable wall material for the encapsulation of C. odorata leaf extract. The CAB microcapsules exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency, which was 65.82 ± 3.07. The size of CAB microcapsules was the smallest, at 1013.3 ± 66.5 nm. According to the thermogravimetric analysis, the prepared microcapsules were able to protect the extract of C. odorata leaves from the environment. Moreover, the CAB microcapsules containing C. odorata leaf extract showed the best antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Stapphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. The minimum bactericidal concentration of the microcapsules was 25.6 mg/mL in both bacteria. This study proved the potential application of C. odorata leaf extract as a biomaterial in diverse industries in the future.

Alternative green wall materials

Spray drying is still the most significant method for polyphenols encapsulation, which offers numerous advantages such as facilitating the handling of unstable polyphenols from liquid extracts, improving their solubility, and enhancing stability, degradation protection, controlling or delaying the release, and masking unappealing tastes or odours. The selection of the most suitable wall material is one of the most challenging tasks. Over the past decade, there has been a growing trend toward using new types of wall materials for polyphenols encapsulation by spray drying, either as additional compounds or as complete substitutes for traditional wall materials. This review aims to present the properties and applications of such alternative green wall materials. The term “alternative green” refers to the origin of materials derived from by-products and waste.

Protective Effects of Polysaccharides on Antifungal Activity of Bread Waste-derived Bioactive Peptides During Freeze Drying

Bioactive peptides (BPs) derived from agri-food side-streams display great potential as functional ingredients and nutraceuticals. However, BPs can be susceptible to environmental stressors and food processing conditions and typically exist as an aqueous mixture of various peptides, making their storage and use in foods very challenging. Microencapsulation offers a solution, utilizing suitable wall materials to create a protective matrix and transform them into powders for improved stability and application versatility. Here, we investigated the possibility of creating freeze-dried microencapsulated BP powders from bread waste using maltodextrin as the wall material to maintain their antifungal properties against Penicillum albocoremium, Eurotium herbariorum and Penicillium roqueforti fungi. The results were compared to those obtained from galactoglucomannans (GGM) and glucuronoxylans (GX) sourced from forest industry side-streams, aiming to explore their potential suitability as innovative materials for microencapsulating BPs. Maltodextrin microcapsules exhibited the highest inhibition rate on the tested fungi (10 − 44%), followed by GX (26 − 39%) and then GGM (9 − 14%) counterparts. Interactions between wall materials and BPs, as illustrated by FTIR analyses, were found to be the cause of variations in antifungal activities among BP microcapsules. The use of wall materials, especially wood hemicelluloses, facilitated freeze drying of BPs. However, their application in food products is restricted by the decline in the BP bioactivity resulting from the freeze drying process. For this reason, additional research on alternative drying methods is needed. The results of this study are expected to open new ways of production of stable functional ingredients from side-streams of the forest and food industries.

Encapsulation of black pepper oleoresin by applying different wall materials with spray- or freeze-drying techniques and quality determination

Black pepper oleoresin was processed to powder for handling convenience in logistics and applications. Various wall materials (gum Arabic, modified starch, maltodextrins, or blends of them) and drying techniques (spray drying or freeze drying) were applied. The main objective was to determine the proper method for producing black pepper oleoresin microcapsules. The results demonstrated that the suitable oleoresin concentration for feed emulsion formulation was 15% (w/w) concerning the wall material weight, while gum Arabic was deemed as the most suitable wall material of those investigated, based on feed emulsion stability and encapsulation efficiency. Freeze-drying had greater values for powder recovery and total piperine content; nonetheless, spray-drying was recommended, based on its higher encapsulation efficiency, product solubility, product stability during storage, and lower costs. Encapsulated oleoresin powders had a slower piperine retention percentage reduction than raw black pepper powder and free oleoresin during storage.

Carvacrol nanocapsules as a new antifungal strategy: Characterization and evaluation against fungi important for grape quality and to control the synthesis of ochratoxins

Fungi are a problem for viticulture as they can lead to deterioration of grapes and mycotoxins production. Despite the widespread use of synthetic fungicides to control fungi, their impact on the agricultural ecosystem and human health demand safer and eco-friendly alternatives. This study aimed to produce, characterize and assess the antifungal activity of carvacrol loaded in nanocapsules of Eudragit® and chia mucilage as strategy for controlling Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus carbonarius, and Aspergillus niger. Eudragit® and chia mucilage were suitable wall materials, as both favored the encapsulation of carvacrol into nanometric diameter particles. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis suggested a successful incorporation of carvacrol into both nanocapsules, which was confirmed by presenting a good encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analyses revealed adequate thermal resistance. All fungi were sensible to carvacrol treatments and B. cinerea was the most sensitive compared to the Aspergillus species. Lower concentrations of encapsulated carvacrol than the unencapsulated form were required to inhibit fungi in the in vitro and grape assays. Additionally, lower levels of carvacrol (unencapsulated or encapsulated) were used to inhibit fungal growth and ochratoxin synthesis on undamaged grapes in comparison to those superficially damaged, highlighting the importance of management practices designed to preserve berry integrity during cultivation, storage or commercialization. When sublethal doses of carvacrol were used, the growth of A. niger and A. carbonarius was suppressed by at least 45 %, and ochratoxins were not found. The nanoencapsulation of carvacrol using Eudragit® and chia mucilage has proven to be an alternative to mitigate the problems with fungi and mycotoxins faced by the grape and wine sector.

Physicochemical and biological properties of encapsulated Boesenbergia rotunda extract with different wall materials in enhancing antioxidant, mineralogenic and osteogenic activities of MC3T3-E1 cells

Boesenbergia rotunda(L.) comprises bioactive compounds with biological and pharmacological properties, especially flavonoid compounds with osteoblastogenesis-stimulating potential. However, the application ofB. rotundain the food and pharmaceutical industry is restricted by its low solubility and stability. Encapsulation becomes an alternative to overcome these restrictions. The purpose study was to encapsulateB. rotundaextract by freeze-drying and to investigate the effects of different wall materials (maltodextrin (MD), gum arabic (GA), and their combination (MDGA)) and extract contents on the physicochemical, bioactive properties and in vitro enhancement of osteogenesis of MC3T3-E1 cells of the obtained encapsulates. The results revealed that encapsulatedB. rotundacan reduce cytotoxicity, enhance biological activity, and maintain the stability of bioactive compounds. The MD was a good wall material for yield percentage. However, the values of moisture content Aw, and solubility among all the encapsulated powders were no significant differences, with all encapsulated powders having similar structures based on scanning electron microscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the extract was encapsulated by the selected wall materials. Combining the MD and GA encapsulation agents afforded the best protection of the bioactive compounds, increasing EE (MDGA-7 > MDGA-5), pinostrobin content, TPC, and antioxidant activities (MDGA-5 > MDGA-7). The MDGA-5 and MDGA-7 at 10–50 μg/mL were not toxic to cells and promoted MC3T3-E1 cell viability, while also enhancing the Alkaline phosphatase activity, and promoting matrix mineralization of pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells after 21 and 28 days. This result showed that MDGA was a suitable wall material for B. rotunda encapsulations and a potential source of bioactive ingredients that could applied in food or pharmaceutical products for osteoporosis prevention.

Comparison of Alginate Mixtures as Wall Materials of Schizochytrium Oil Microcapsules Formed by Coaxial Electrospray.

This work evaluated maltodextrin/alginate and β-glucan/alginate mixtures in the food industry as wall materials for the microencapsulation of Schizochytrium sp. oil, an important source of the omega-3 fatty acid DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). Results showed that both mixtures display a shear-thinning behavior, although the viscosity is higher in β-glucan/alginate mixtures than in maltodextrin/alginate. Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the morphology of the microcapsules, which appeared more homogeneous for maltodextrin/alginate. In addition, oil-encapsulation efficiency was higher in maltodextrin/alginate mixtures (90%) than in β-glucan/alginate mixtures (80%). Finally, evaluating the microcapsules' stability by FTIR when exposed to high temperature (80 °C) showed that maltodextrin/alginate microcapsules were not degraded contrary to the β-glucan/alginate microcapsules. Thus, although high oil-encapsulation efficiency was obtained with both mixtures, the microcapsules' morphology and prolonged stability suggest that maltodextrin/alginate is a suitable wall material for microencapsulation of Schizochytrium sp. oil.

Gelatin-maltodextrin microcapsules as carriers of vitamin D3 improve textural properties of synbiotic yogurt and extend its probiotics survival

Food fortification is one of the most essential processes to compensate for the deficiency of minerals and vitamins in customers’ body. Hence, this study aimed to fortify low-fat stirred yogurt via encapsulated vitamin D3 (VD3) in maltodextrin and gelatin matrix, characterize obtained microcapsules (encapsulation efficiency, zeta potential, particle size, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, release features, and explore the properties of resultant yogurt including its syneresis, prebiotic activity, sensory properties, and rheology. Encapsulation efficiency and loading efficiency of microcapsules were satisfactorily high (Up to 97% and 25%, respectively). Microscopy images of microencapsulated VD3 showed a smooth surface as well as spherical and slight cracks in the microcapsules. The microcapsules had strong negative zeta potentials (−27.29 mV), implying a considerable repulsive force between microcapsules and their good stability. The FTIR result showed strong interactions between VD3 and wall materials, confirming the presence of VD3 in the microcapsules. VD3 had an almost slow release in the gastric, while it was quickly released from microcapsules under simulated intestinal conditions. Fortification of yogurts with encapsulated VD3 led to an increase in textural parameters where syneresis value decreased and viscosity increased. The number of probiotics in fortified yogurts was also considerably higher than in the control sample. The sensory analyses revealed no major differences between the fortified and control samples, hinting that protein-polysaccharide microcapsules were suitable wall materials for VD3 microencapsulation, and these microcapsules could potentially have numerous applications in the food industry.

Circular Economy for Food Industry Waste: Development and Characterization of Spray-Dried Acid Whey Encapsulated in Millet Matrix

Acid whey (AW) has become a significant challenge for the dairy industry because of the large quantity produced and the difficulty in further processing and economical disposal. This study investigated the feasibility of spray drying AW using millet flour as encapsulating wall material and examined the effect of different millet concentrations on the physio-functional properties of the newly developed acid whey millet (AWM) powders. The results showed that the millet flours had a neutralizing effect on AW, which aided the spray drying of AW by increasing the glass transition temperatures, thereby reducing the stickiness of the powders. Millet flours added to AW improved the yield, color, and reconstitution properties of AWM powders. AWM powders had a high concentration of phenolic compounds and exhibited high antioxidant activity. The results from this study indicate that millet flour can be used as a suitable wall material for spray drying AW and developing powders with potential applications as functional food ingredients.

Effect of Microencapsulation Techniques on the Stress Resistance and Biological Activity of Bovine Lactoferricin-Lactoferrampin-Encoding Lactobacillus reuteri

Bovine lactoferricin-lactoferrampin-encoding Lactobacillus reuteri (LR-LFCA) has been found to benefit its host by strengthening its intestinal barrier. However, several questions remain open concerning genetically engineered strains maintaining long-term biological activity at room temperature. In addition, probiotics are vulnerable to harsh conditions in the gut, such as acidity and alkalinity, and bile salts. Microencapsulation is a technique to entrap probiotic bacteria into gastro-resistant polymers to carry them directly to the intestine. We selected nine kinds of wall material combinations to encapsulate LR-LFCA by spray drying microencapsulation. The storage stability, microstructural morphology, biological activity, and simulated digestion in vivo or in vitro of the microencapsulated LR-LFCA were further evaluated. The results showed that LR-LFCA had the highest survival rate when microcapsules were prepared using a wall material mixture (skim milk, sodium glutamate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, maltodextrin, and gelatin). Microencapsulated LR-LFCA increased the stress resistance capacity and colonization abilities. In the present study, we have identified a suitable wall material formulation for spray-dried microencapsulation of genetically engineered probiotic products, which would facilitate their storage and transport.

From Sweet Corn By-Products to Carotenoid-Rich Encapsulates for Food Applications

In the present study, carotenoids were recovered from processing sweet corn by-products (SCB). The total carotenoid content determined in the SCB extract was 1.19 mg/100 g DW, and the principal carotenoids identified by the HPLC technique were zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and lutein. Freeze- and spray-drying techniques were applied for the encapsulation of SCB extract; for this purpose, four different wall materials were used: two proteins (soy and pea) and two carbohydrates (maltodextrin and inulin). The physicochemical characteristics of eight encapsulates were determined to assess their stability. The obtained results indicate that, by using the freeze-drying method, better water activity, moisture content as well as encapsulation efficiency were achieved. Spray-drying resulted in better flowing properties. All obtained encapsulates were microbiologically safe for food applications due to the fact that the obtained results are in agreement with the requirements for consumer safety, i.e., for further food applications and scale-up processes. Chemometric classification and ranking techniques were applied to observe potential grouping among the investigated encapsulates and to select the most favorable encapsulates regarding the used wall materials and encapsulation techniques for the assessment of sustainability in food products. The most suitable wall material and encapsulation technique for the assessment of sustainability in food products was produced by freeze-drying pea protein as a wall material (FDP).

Environmental aspects of the production and use of autoclaved aerated concrete with low density

The purpose of the article is to investigate the state of carbon dioxide emissions generated as a result of wall materials production and the construction industry as a whole. The paper provides a comparative analysis of housing construction in Ukraine and in some CIS countries. Against the background of the indicators of low housing availability and low relative volumes of housing construction, the issue of high energy consumption remains valid. The absolute and relative volumes of greenhouse gas emissions from economic activity of the population of Ukraine are given. The projected consequences for Ukraine from continued CO2 emissions on the same level and temperature rise are estimated. It is deemed that the most suitable wall material for countries with emerging economies is autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC); since it is a structural and thermal insulating material, it can solve the problem of housing construction.
 The paper shows the key priority of low energy consumption and makes emphasis on lowering the density of the produced aerated concrete, reducing mineral additives and cement production expenses.

Numerical investigation of optimal wall materials for effective thermal performance in warm and hot climatic regions

Purpose Heat gain in buildings occurs due to heat transfer through the building fabric or envelope, especially the walls and roof. The purpose of this paper is to identify and recommend the suitable wall materials for better thermal performance in buildings in warm and hot climatic zones of India. As India lies between the tropic of cancer and the equator, the solar radiation from the sun falls more on the walls than the roofs of the buildings. Thus, it is imperative to protect the walls from heat gain to promote thermal comfort in naturally ventilated buildings and reduce the energy loads due to artificial cooling systems in air-conditioned buildings. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, an investigation of heat flow characteristics in steady-state and the transient state for five different uninsulated wall structures using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software has been carried out. The climate conditions at Madurai, India have been considered for this study. Findings The findings of the study revealed that aerated autoclaved concrete (AAC) and hollow clay blocks (HCB) for external walls in naturally ventilated buildings in warm climatic regions could improve the building’s thermal performance index and reduce peak indoor operative temperature by about 6°C–7°C. The results of steady-state and transient state analysis were found to be in good agreement with the results of the reviewed literature. Research limitations/implications Over the past few decades, only very few architects and builders have been successful in influencing their clients to accept alternate materials such as AAC blocks, HCB, stabilized earth blocks, adobe blocks, fly-ash bricks as an alternate to conventional bricks in an attempt of highlighting their benefits, such as; materials that are easily available, more energy-efficient, can withstand the extreme weather conditions, promote thermal comfort and cost-effective. This paper provides strong evidence that AAC and HCB blocks are the most appropriate materials for improving the thermal performance of envelope walls in regions where the outdoor temperatures are above 40°C. Originality/value This paper has made an attempt to identify the appropriate wall materials for effective thermal performance in warm and hot climates. A comparative analysis between five different wall types under the existing solar conditions has been analyzed using CFD simulation study in steady-state and transient conditions under summer conditions and the appropriate wall materials have been suggested. There has been no attempt carried out so far to analyze the thermal performance of different walls using 24 h transient approach in CFD.

Preparation of surfactant-free emulsions using amaranth starch modified by reactive extrusion

The use of emulsions at industrial scale involves simple, efficient and versatile applications. Currently, it is preferred the exploitation of biopolymers such as modified starch that may be used as suitable wall materials, avoiding toxic surfactants during preparation. Therefore, in this work, modified amaranth starch with improved physicochemical and morphological properties was obtained by reactive extrusion from a selected extruder outlet time. Additionally, surfactant-free emulsions based on modified starch were prepared at a registered optimal time. The evolution of particle size distributions was monitored by combining Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and light microscopy. For starch modification, results showed that 80 s was the best outlet time from the extruder in order to produce a homogeneous material (particle size: 553 nm; fractal dimension: 2.73). For emulsions, a thoroughly characterisation indicated that DLS and fractal analyses converged at 270 s as optimal preparation time, showing a well-dispersed and stable system (particle size: 342 nm; fractal dimension: 2.85). Thus, this contribution provides a strategy for the obtention of modified amaranth starch having appropriate hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance and Tg values for emulsions stabilisation. On the other hand, the technique applied for emulsions preparation resulted in controllable size and shape of particles. This work proposes a complete sequential process that could be helpful to overcome the challenges faced by a number of industries.

Optimization of cinnamaldehyde microcapsule wall materials by experimental and quantitative methods

AbstractMicroencapsulation is a widely‐investigated technique used for the unstable material preservation since the wall materials prevent the core materials from loss and deterioration. To improve the stability of cinnamaldehyde (CAL), different microcapsule wall systems are fabricated by spray‐drying, and then characterized by experimental methods to determine the most suitable wall materials. Surface morphology, encapsulation efficiency, effective loading capacity, as well as moisture absorption property are evaluated, and the results suggest that a three‐matrix system of methyl cellulose (MC)/sodium alginate (SA)/MC or MC/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC)/SA wall formulation is more suitable for CAL microencapsulation. Moreover, a novel quantitative method is also proposed to verify the most stable wall material microencapsulation. The quantitative results show that the highest activation energy (53.00 ± 2.24 kJ/mol) is observed for the MC/CMC/SA‐encapsulated CAL microcapsule. Taken together, the results suggest that MC/CMC/SA wall formulation shows excellent barrier properties and is superior to other wall materials in preventing microencapsulated CAL deterioration. This study will be efficient in designing an ideal capsule for CAL microencapsulation.

Microencapsulation of Garlic Extract by Complex Coacervation Using Whey Protein Isolate/Chitosan and Gum Arabic/Chitosan as Wall Materials: Influence of Anionic Biopolymers on the Physicochemical and Structural Properties of Microparticles

The aim of this study was to encapsulate garlic extract by complex coacervation method using whey protein isolate (WPI)/chitosan (CH) and gum Arabic (GA)/CH as wall materials. Two anionic biopolymers (GA and WPI) were used to find the most suitable wall materials to interact electrostatically with cationic CH. The complex coacervates were freeze-dried to obtain microparticles powders. The microparticles were examined for the nitrogen adsorption/desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), sorption isotherms, zeta potential, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, solubility, moisture content, hygroscopicity, size distribution, and water activity. X-ray diffractograms evidenced microparticles with amorphous structure. WPI/CH and GA/CH microparticles showed surface area of 2.23 and 2.40 m2 g−1 and mean pore diameter of 5.20 and 5.37 nm, respectively. The nitrogen adsorption/desorption assay showed that microparticles presented mesopores and macropores that resulted in quick completion of microparticles surface monolayer with nitrogen. The sorption characteristics of microparticles followed the type II isotherm and Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) model was the best model to fit the experimental data. FTIR spectrum of microparticles reveals physical interactions between garlic compounds and functional groups of wall materials, indicating that garlic compounds were intact and encapsulated. TGA results indicated that the wall materials were effective in protecting the garlic sensitive compounds. The negative carboxyl groups (–COO−) of GA were better than WPI for coacervation with positive amino groups (NH3+) of chitosan in terms of less hygroscopicity, smaller particle size, and higher retention of garlic phenolic compounds.

Inclusion of tributyrin during enzymatic synthesis of cyclodextrins by β-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Bacillus circulans

Tributyrin is a precursor of butyric acid, which is beneficial to intestinal health. Due to its unpleasant odor and poor solubility, tributyrin is usually used after inclusion complexation with suitable wall materials. In this paper, tributyrin was creatively added to the enzymatic synthesis of cyclodextrins catalyzed by β-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Bacillus circulans STB01. The tributyrin formed inclusion complexes directly during enzymatic cyclodextrins synthesis and increased the yield of cyclodextrins from 25.84% to 44.01%. This process was investigated by determining inclusion complex stability constant and by using molecular modeling and 1H NMR. The inclusion complexes stability constants of tributyrin with α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin were 25.11, 58.56 and 6.93 L/mol, respectively. β-Cyclodextrin had the largest stability constant and the most significant increase in yield (72.80%). Molecular modeling of the three-dimensional structures of the tributyrin-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes indicated that the morphology of the complexed groups was related to the size of the cyclodextrin cavity. Finally, the supramolecular structures were verified with 1H NMR through the chemical shift changes of protons at key positions. This study created a new method and a new inclusion wall material, instead of single pure cyclodextrin for complexing guest molecules. These advances are important because they may expand the application of cyclodextrins due to significant cost reduction.

Microencapsulation of Elsholtzia ciliata Herb Ethanolic Extract by Spray-Drying: Impact of Resistant-Maltodextrin Complemented with Sodium Caseinate, Skim Milk, and Beta-Cyclodextrin on the Quality of Spray-Dried Powders.

Spray-drying is the most popular encapsulation method used for the stabilization and protection of biologically active compounds from various environmental conditions, such as oxidation, moisture, pH, and temperature. Spray-drying increases the bioavailability of the natural active compounds and improves the solubility of low-soluble compounds. The aim of this work was to study the effects of different wall materials and optimize wall material solution’s composition on physicochemical properties of microcapsules loaded with phenolics, extract rich in volatile compounds and essential oil from Elsholtzia ciliata herb. For encapsulation of elsholtzia and dehydroelsholtzia ketones, more suitable wall materials were used—beta-cyclodextrin and sodium caseinate. Four phenolics—sodium caseinate, skim milk, beta-cyclodextrin, and resistant-maltodextrin—were used. A D-optimal mixture composition design was used to evaluate the effect of wall material solution’s composition using sodium caseinate (0.5–1 g), skim milk (6–10 g), resistant-maltodextrin (8–12 g), and beta-cyclodextrin (0.5–1 g) for the encapsulation efficiency, drying yield, and physicochemical properties. The optimal mixture composition was 0.54 g of sodium caseinate, 10 g of skim milk, 8.96 g of resistant-maltodextrin, and 0.5 g of beta-cyclodextrin. These encapsulating agents had a good performance in the microencapsulation of E. ciliata ethanolic extracts by the spray-drying technique. It is proven that the produced microparticles have a good potential to be included in various pharmaceutical forms or food supplements.