Suitable Transport Research Articles

Experimental and numerical study of catalytic combustion and pore-scale numerical study of mass diffusion in high porosity fibrous porous media

Pore structure has a significant effect on transport phenomena inside porous media. This effect can be considered in simulations by using suitable transport coefficients. Some correlations are reported in the literature, which can be applied for simple pore geometries. In the present study, a pore-scale simulation approach is presented to determine mass diffusion coefficient considering molecular and Knudsen diffusion in a fibrous porous medium as a complex porous geometry. The methodology is employed for species in catalytic combustion of Methane inside a fibrous porous structure. The effect of Solid Volume Fraction (SVF), fibers orientation, and diameter are discussed in different temperatures. It is found that SVF plays the dominant role in mass diffusion, specifically above 600K. Mass diffusion coefficients obtained in the present study and flow permeability, conduction and radiation heat transfer coefficients from the previous study are used to simulate methane combustion inside the fibrous structure on the macro scale. An experimental setup is developed for validation. The results indicated that the simulation could well predict the temperature distribution, also 6.4% error in estimating the Methane conversion rate was observed. Due to the low Peclet number, the concentration of CH4 and O2 decreased unexpectedly before entering the catalytic zone.

Walking and perceived lack of safety: Correlates and association with health outcomes for people living with HIV in rural Zambia

IntroductionGeographic inaccessibility disproportionately affects health outcomes of rural populations due to lack of suitable transport, prolonged travel time, and poverty. Rural patients are left with few transport options to travel to a health facility. One common option is to travel by foot, which may present additional challenges, such as perceived lack of safety while transiting. We examined the correlates of perceived lack of safety when walking to a health facility and its association with treatment and psychosocial outcomes among adults living with HIV. MethodsData were collected from 101 adults living with HIV in Eastern Province, Zambia. All participants were receiving antiretroviral therapy at one of two health clinics. Perceived lack of safety was measured by asking respondents whether they felt unsafe traveling to and from the health facility in which they were receiving their HIV care. Outcomes included medication adherence, perceived stress, hope for the future, and barriers to pill taking. Linear and logistic regression methods were used to examine the correlates of perceived safety and its association with health outcomes. ResultsBeing older, a woman, having a primary education, living farther from a health facility, traveling longer to reach a health facility, and owing money were associated with higher likelihood of feeling unsafe when traveling by foot to health facility. Perceived lack of safety was associated with medication nonadherence, higher level of stress, lower level of agency, and more barriers to pill taking. ConclusionsPerceived lack of safety when traveling by foot to a health facility may be a barrier to better treatment and psychosocial outcomes, especially among rural patients. Practitioners and policymakers should consider implementation of differentiated HIV service delivery models to reduce frequent travel to health facilities and to alleviate ART patients’ worry about lack of safety when traveling by foot to a health facility.

Influence of Charge and Heat on the Mechanical Properties of Scaffolds from Ionic Complexation of Chitosan and Carboxymethyl Cellulose.

As one of the most abundant, multifunctional biological polymers, polysaccharides are considered promising materials to prepare tissue engineering scaffolds. When properly designed, wetted porous scaffolds can have biomechanics similar to living tissue and provide suitable fluid transport, both of which are key features for in vitro and in vivo tissue growth. They can further mimic the components and function of glycosaminoglycans found in the extracellular matrix of tissues. In this study, we investigate scaffolds formed by charge complexation between anionic carboxymethyl cellulose and cationic protonated chitosan under well-controlled conditions. Freeze-drying and dehydrothermal heat treatment were then used to obtain porous materials with exceptional, unprecendent mechanical properties and dimensional long-term stability in cell growth media. We investigated how complexation conditions, charge ratio, and heat treatment significantly influence the resulting fluid uptake and biomechanics. Surprisingly, materials with high compressive strength, high elastic modulus, and significant shape recovery are obtained under certain conditions. We address this mostly to a balanced charge ratio and the formation of covalent amide bonds between the polymers without the use of additional cross-linkers. The scaffolds promoted clustered cell adhesion and showed no cytotoxic effects as assessed by cell viability assay and live/dead staining with human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. We suggest that similar scaffolds or biomaterials comprising other polysaccharides have a large potential for cartilage tissue engineering and that elucidating the reason for the observed peculiar biomechanics can stimulate further research.

Robust Box Approach for Blood Supply Chain Network Design under Uncertainty: Hybrid Moth-Flame Optimization and Genetic Algorithm

In this paper, a blood supply chain network (BSCN) is designed to reduce the total cost of the supply chain network under demand and transportation costs. The network levels considered for modeling include blood donation clusters, permanent and temporary blood transfusion centers, major laboratory centers and blood supply points. Other goals included determining the optimal number and location of potential facilities, optimal allocation of the flow of goods between the selected facilities and determining the most suitable transport route to distribute the goods to customer areas in uncertainty conditions. This study addresses the issue of blood prishability from blood sampling to distribution to customer demand areas. Given that the model was NP-hard, the MFGO algorithm were used to solve the model with a priority-based solution. The results of the design of the experiments showed the high efficiency of the MFGO algorithm in comparison with the PSO algorithm in finding efficient solutions. Also, the mean of the objective function in robust approach is more than the one in the deterministic approach, while the standard deviation of the first objective function in the robust approach is less than the one in the deterministic approach at all levels of the uncertainty factor.

Analysis of bayesian method in queuing system customer service locket Semarang Tawang railway station

Jamming is one of the serious problems in Indonesia caused by the increase of vehicles. The government has been made solution for this situation for example was public transportation. The train is one of the suitable public transportation because of the ticket price was cheap. Tawang Railway Station Semarang was the biggest railway station in Semarang. In the specific day such long holiday or celebration day, many people have chosen train to take them. This make a queuing situation on the counter of station especially on customer service locket which provide information about the station and more. Queue theory models provide the random of arrival and service time. The Bayesian theory suits to handle the problem of queuing that has been working for several times to repair the prior information with new information of sample and also can make a combination of the distribution after assumption steady state. Based on the analysis of the queue models for customer service are (G/G/c):(GD/∞/∞) from the posterior distribution with combination from prior distribution and likelihood sample. The prior distribution used in this research is Poisson. The likelihood sample used Uniform Discrete and Negative Binomial distribution. The posterior distribution is a combination of Uniform Discrete and Beta distribution. Queue models can be used to count the size of the system performance. Based on the calculations and analysis with RGui, it can be concluded that the queuing system of customer service locket have been good because its steady state and busy probability is higher than jobless probability.

Carrier transport layer free perovskite solar cell for enhancing the efficiency: A simulation study

The recently developed perovskite solar cell (PSC) has revolutionized photovoltaic technology due to the impressive growth in its efficiency. For the sake of enhancing the power conversion efficiency (PCE), the photo absorber-free layer is stacked in between the best suitable carrier transportation layers (CTLs). But the main challenge is that its interfaces enhance recombination, hysteresis and offer poor stability due to the decisive effect of the CTLs. To counteract such complications, a CTL-free MAPbI3 based PSC is proposed to nullify the impact under the optimization of the perovskite absorbing layer's thickness (PAL). Furthermore, the acceptor and donor doping concentration enhance the efficiency with a density of 3.25 × 1025 m−3 in the PAL. The present simulation is exhibiting a very high short circuit current density (JSC) of 17.53 mA cm−2, an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of about 0.852 Volt, a high fill factor (FF) of 82.67%, and an excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.35%, respectively. Thus, the present simulation simultaneously unwraps a new space for the less defective PSC in the near future.

Логистические основы организации отдыха выходного дня для населения Архангельской городской агломерации

Weekend rest is an important part of a person's recreational cycle. Northerners need a good rest to maintain their health. The choice of a place for vacation is associated with restrictions on the time of movement, since its period should not be longer than 2–3 days. The purpose of the research is to select the most suitable transport areas for residents of the Arkhangelsk urban agglomeration, taking into account the landscape and tourist resources. Based on the study of vehicles and the geographical location of tourist services, three sectors were identified, limited by five–hour transport accessibility from the cities of the Arkhangelsk agglomeration. The most promising for priority development is the southern sector, the centers of which can be the villages of Kholmogory and Emetsk. Excursion, relaxation, ecological and sports tourism can be offered there at any time of the year. The transit position of the main roads of the region gives this sector the advantages of attracting tourists from other regions. The western and eastern sectors have significant recreational potential, but their use is constrained by poor transport accessibility. The western sector with the center in the city of Onega is promising for the development of seaside relaxation tourism in summer and sports tourism in winter. The eastern sector with two centers in the villages of Pinega and Karpogory is promising for ecological, sports and excursion tourism throughout the year.

Indigenous Australian perspectives on incorporating the social determinants of health into the clinical management of type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and social disadvantage are related. In Australia, this association is most pronounced among Indigenous Australians (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples). Indigenous Australians are among the most socially disadvantaged in the country, having the worst social determinants of health (SDoH). SDoH are typically addressed at a population level, and not on an individual or a clinical level. However, the SDoH-related needs of individuals also require attention. The adverse link between type 2 diabetes and SDoH suggests that simultaneous consideration at an individual, clinical level may be beneficial for type 2 diabetes care and self-management. Identifying and addressing SDoH-related barriers to type 2 diabetes self-management may augment current care for Indigenous Australians. This study aimed to combine the perspectives of Indigenous Australians with type 2 diabetes and Indigenous health workers to explore the SDoH-related barriers and facilitators to self-managing type 2 diabetes, and how SDoH could be incorporated into the usual clinical care for Indigenous Australians with type 2 diabetes. Under the guidance of a cultural advisor and Indigenous health workers, seven Indigenous Australians with type 2 diabetes and seven Indigenous health workers from rural and remote north Queensland, Australia, participated in a series of semi-structured, in-depth face-to-face interviews and yarning circles. A clinical yarning approach to data collection was used, and both an inductive and a deductive data analysis were applied. Data were analysed, and themes were identified using NVivo v12. Study participants described a holistic view of health that innately includes SDoH. Specific to type 2 diabetes care, participants identified that culturally responsive service delivery, suitable transport provision, an infinite flexible approach to accommodate for individuals' unique social circumstances, appropriate client education and appropriate cultural education for health professionals, support mechanisms and community support services were all essential components. These were not seen as separate entities, but as interrelated, and all were required in order to incorporate SDoH into care for Indigenous Australians with type 2 diabetes. SDoH are implicit to the Indigenous Australian holistic view of health. Consequently, an approach to type 2 diabetes care that complements this view by simultaneously considering SDoH and usual type 2 diabetes clinical management could lead to enhanced type 2 diabetes care and self-management for Indigenous Australians.

ANALISIS METODE BAYESIAN PADA SISTEM ANTREAN PELAYANAN LOKET TIKET STASIUN TAWANG SEMARANG

Jamming is one of the serious problem in Indonesia caused by the increase of vehicle. The government has made solution for this situation for example was public transportation. Train is one of the suitable public transportation because of the ticket price was cheap. Tawang Railway Stasion Semarang was the biggest railway station in Semarang. In the specific day such long holiday or celebrating day, many people have chosen train to bring them. This make a queuing situation on the counter of station. Queue theory models provide the random of arrival and service time. The Bayesian theory suits to handle the problem of queuing that has been working for several times. Based on the analysis of the queue models for customer service, self-print tickets, cancellation and ordering are (G/G/c):(GD/∞/∞) from the posterior distribution with combination from prior distribution and likelihood sample. The combination of prior distribution and likelihood sample used in this research is Poisson distribution for all ticket counter except the arrival for cancellation counter which Normal distribution. The likelihood sample used Poissonn distribution for all ticket counter, except for self-print tickets which Diskrit Uniform Distribution. Queue models can be used to count the size of the system performance. Based on the calculations and analysis, it can be concluded that the queueing system to the customer service, self-print tickets, cancellation and ordering have been good because its steady state and busy probability is higher than jobless probability. Keywords: Tawang Railway Station, Queue, Bayesian, size of the system performance

Clinical Presentation, Management, and Outcomes of Patients with COVID-19 Disease: A Report from a Large Tertiary Hospital in Iran

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess clinical characteristics, management, and in-hospital outcomes of COVID-19 among oil refinery workers in a single referral center. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a non-COVID single referral center from March to August 2020. At the Naft Grand Hospital, a COVID-19 specimen collection and molecular detection unit was established, and staff were trained how to collect suitable samples (sufficiently deep swabs), store, pack, and transport them. The diagnosis of COVID-19 infection (SARS-CoV-2) was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: Overall, 500 patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection were included, among whom the most common comorbidities were hypertension (52.2%) and diabetes (45.6%). Moreover, 298 patients (59.6%) had one to three comorbidities; 148 patients (29.6%) had four to six comorbidities, and two patients (0.4%) suffered from seven and more comorbidities. Out of these, 23 patients (4.6%) had cancer, and 206 (41.2%) suffered from other diseases. Most of the patients (390, 78.8%) received Kaletra, and 387 (78.02%) were treated with Azithromycin. Overall, PCR results were positive in 377 (75.4%) patients; computed tomography scan (CT-scan) was positive in 413 (82.6%), and CRP test rendered positive results in 335 patients (67%). Conclusions: Most referred cases were survivors with mild to moderate symptoms, and a few of them were unfortunately non-survivors. This could be due to the appropriate responses to treatment and institutional isolation of people with mild COVID-19 symptoms. Thus, good and evidence-based clinical care combined with intense public health interventions will save the lives of thousands, if not millions, worldwide.

Optimal Biomass Transportation Model

The transportation represents a key proportion of the operational cost for the biomass industries worldwide. As biomasses are mainly carried by trucks for parts of the transportation, the focus of this paper is on the transport of treated and untreated biomass (rice husk, empty fruit bunch, and woody biomass) by large, medium and small trucks. The objectives were to formulate biomass transportation model for transporting treated and untreated biomass resources and to obtain optimal result for selecting the best transportation mode. By screening of biomass types, locations for treated and untreated biomass resources and screening of suitable transportation mode used, the important model parameters were obtained and linear programming for minimizing overall transportation costs was formulated. General Algebraic Modelling System (GAMS) software was used to solve the optimization formulations. From the optimization result obtained by using GAMS, large truck was selected to be the best transportation mode for treated, untreated and hybrid biomass since it showed minimal overall transportation cost.

Bus Trans Semarang: Service Improvement During the New Normal Era

Public transportation is an effort towards sustainable transportation. The City of Semarang has public transportation such as the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), called the Bus Trans Semarang. The opening of the Bus Trans Semarang in 2009 continues to grow and increase the number of passengers. However, the number of passengers is still far below the expected target, even though the Bus Trans Semarang service continues to be improved. The decrease in the number of passengers further exacerbated by the existence of restrictions on community activities in Semarang City due to the pandemic COVID-19. Bus Trans Semarang services during the COVID-19 Pandemic need handled or minimized to reduce the risk of spreading COVID-19 to passengers when using the Bus Trans Semarang. This study aspires to determine what service variables are based on passenger preference that needs improvement, especially in the new normal era. The hope is that by knowing these variables, services can be made on the Bus Trans Semarang to increase public transportation use while reducing private vehicles’ use. Thus, Bus Trans Semarang can be suitable public transportation since users’ safety and comfort are essential for the success of public transportation in breaking the COVID-19 chain. This study uses the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) of passengers. This study produces service variables expected by passengers, namely ease of mode change with other types of vehicles, timeliness of arrival at bus stops or terminals, and health protocol expectations on the Bus by both officers and passengers.

Estimating the urban environmental impact of gasoline-ethanol blended fuels in a passenger vehicle engine.

A large portion of urban emissions in developing countries come from old gasoline vehicles driven in metropolitan areas. The present study aimed to develop models to estimate the environmental impact of different contents of gasoline and ethanol mixtures (pure gasoline; 25, 50, 75% ethanol blended to gasoline; and 100% ethanol) in a flex-fuel engine. We tested the blended fuel using three different speeds and recorded the GHG emissions and engine output data. The data mining approach was used to develop environmental impact predictive models. The ethanol content in gasoline; the engine rotational speed 900, 2000, and 3000 rpm; and λ were used as attributes. The classification target was the environmental impact concerning the CO2 emission ("low," "average," and "high"). We employed the Random forest algorithm to develop predictive models. The mean values of CO2 concentrations for all studied fuel content were above 2.47% of the volume. The trees' models (accuracy 73%, κ =0.61) showed three alternatives for predicting the environmental impact based on the ethanol blend, the engine rotation, λ, and the air-fuel ratio. Such models might help policymakers develop educational campaigns to reduce short- and medium-term urban commuter traffic pollution in countries that lack suitable urban transportation.

Promotional Effect of Pd Addition on the Catalytic Activity of Composite Pt-Pd/AlSBA-15–β Catalyst for Enhanced n-Heptane Hydroisomerization

Hierarchical AlSBA-15–zeolite materials were utilized as a supports for preparing hydroisomerization catalysts. Detailed consideration was given to: (i) the effect of the zeolite type introduced into AlSBA-15–zeolite composites (where zeolite is β, mordenite or ZSM-5) as well as (ii) the promotion effect of Pd addition. The composites showed higher activity in isomerization as compared to Pt/AlSBA-15. The enhanced isomerization efficiency were explained by the appropriate metallic and acidic function as well as suitable transport properties. The modification of the hydrogenating function by Pd incorporation increases the hydroisomerization efficiency of Pt-Pd/AlSBA-15–β catalyst. Over bimetallic Pt-Pd/AlSBA-15–β, the high yields of isomers (68 wt%) with respect to 50 wt% for a control catalyst. The most promising Pt-Pd/AlSBA-15–β catalyst allows to improve research octane number from 0 to the 74 value.

Key Factors and Methods for Successful Live Transport of Wild Caught Shrimp (Pandalus borealis)

ABSTRACT The Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) is an important fishery resource of the Northern hemisphere. Caught by large offshore trawlers, this species is mainly landed as a cooked and frozen product. However, for boats fishing close to the shore, the landing of live shrimp could be a preferable option, as higher prices could be attained for this type of product. We hypothesize that landing and transport of live shrimp is feasible, if key factors for survival and suitable transportation methods are identified. To increase our understanding of post-harvest handling and its effect on shrimp survival, we conducted a set of dry (out of water) and wet (in water) transport experiments. Different cooling methods and temperatures were tested as well as the use of the sedative AQUI-S®. Additionally, a set of pilot studies was conducted to determine the time frame for post-harvest recovery and to identify a favorable water temperature to ensure optimal revitalization. A post-transport recovery period of 48 hours at water temperatures below 8°C was found to be appropriate and was applied to experimental animals before simulating different transport conditions. Live shrimp, transported dry for 24 hours at −0.5°C, showed a significantly lower mortality rate (14.4%) compared to shrimp transported dry at 2°C (67.8%). Transport of shrimp in water (3.0°C) at two different densities (~80 and ~165 kg/m3) did not reveal any significant difference in mortality after a 4-day period, with an overall survival of 92.5%. Although survival was not improved by post-transport treatment with AQUI-S®, our results show that it is possible to deliver vital live shrimp to the market, given optimal post-harvest revitalization and careful choice of transportation method.

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: fast track versus efficacy

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: fast track versus efficacy

PROTOCOL: Evidence and gap map: studies of the effectiveness of transport sector interventions in low- and middle-income countries.

PROTOCOL: Evidence and gap map: studies of the effectiveness of transport sector interventions in low- and middle-income countries.

Interfaces and pattern resolution of inkjet-printed organic light-emitting diodes with a novel hole transport layer

In this paper, the effects of the combination of solvents on the uniformity of a dried emitting layer and on device performance were studied. Green emitter inks with various solvents were prepared, and it was seen that good film uniformity of printed layers could be obtained with a solvent mixture with different boiling points, which reduced the coffee ring effect on a dried surface. During the inkjet process, the drop injection condition aiming was also controlled for better drop-to-drop spacing and reduction of the line-edge roughness. Printed patterns of a small molecular/polymer hybrid emitting layer, composed of the chlorobenzene-dichlorobenzene solvent mixture, showed significantly reduced roughness of the microscopic surface and improved efficiency of the inkjet device, at levels nearly comparable to those of spin-coated patterns. A suitable hole transport layer (HTL) was also further developed as an interfacial material, prior to the solution processing of the emitter. The cross-linkable HTL was composed of triphenylamine as the cross-linking unit and a fluorene-based compound. At the optimized condition of the solvent formulation, printed droplets within 100 µm× 300 µm pixels formed a uniform stripe without remarkable coffee-ring defects and line-edge surface roughness.

Improvement in performance of carbon-based perovskite solar cells by adding 1, 8-diiodooctane into hole transport layer 3-hexylthiophene

HTL-free carbon-based perovskite solar (PSCs) batteries have the advantages of low cost, simple preparation steps, and high stability, and have broad application prospects. However, the direct contact between the carbon electrode and the active layer causes the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device to be generally lower than that of other metal electrode perovskite solar cells. Therefore, it is necessary to add a hole-transport layer between the perovskite layer and the electrode to improve the charge transport efficiency and optimize the performance. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) has excellent photoelectric properties and is regarded as one of the suitable hole transport materials for perovskite solar cells. In this paper, P3HT is used as the hole transport layer of the device. Compared with the traditional organic hole-transport layer Spiro-OMeTAD, the P3HT has the advantages of low cost and easy manufacture. However, in the current devices with using P3HT as the hole transport layer, due to the characteristics of the surface morphology and molecular ordering of the P3HT film, the carrier mobility in the film itself is low, resulting in unsatisfactory device performance. Studies have shown that the surface morphology and molecular arrangement of the P3HT film can be changed by doping, and the migration rate of charge-carriers inside the film can be accelerated, thereby improving the photovoltaic performance of the solar cell. In this paper, a printing process is used to print carbon paste on the hole transport layer as the electrode of the device, and spin coating is used to prepare the transport layer. And through the method of doping 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) in P3HT to optimize the device performance, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the carbon-based perovskite solar cell is improved, the mobility of holes is improved, and the transportation of electrons is blocked. The reduced interface recombination, the improved interface contact between the carbon electrode and the device, the increased short-circuit current <i>J</i>sc and the fill factor FF lead the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device to increase from 14.06% to 15.11%. We test the light stability of the device under the 1000-h continuous illumination in a nitrogen atmosphere, and the conversion efficiency of the device remains above 98%, indicating that the addition of DIO into P3HT improves not only the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device, but also the stability.

Intelligent Transportation Systems in Smart Cities Application to Taichung City Bus, Taiwan

Intelligent transportation system is more and more important in smart cities, especially in developed countries. In Taichung City, Taiwan, buses are the major form of public transportation. When a passenger boards and alights from a bus, they need to swipe their electronic ticket. In this article, the electronic ticket transaction records were used for many analytical purposes, such as understanding passenger behaviour/patterns and finding the coefficient of variation for some bus routes, and even used for an online analysis website database. These analytical results may find the pressure point and gap of bus supply and demand, and make the Taichung City Government enhance intelligent transportation system performance and design more suitable public transportation policy in the future.