Suitable Temperature Research Articles

An experimental study on optimum temperature of B20 POBD for higher efficiency and lower emissions of a DI diesel engine in lean and ultra‐lean combustion conditions

AbstractThe impact of inlet fuel temperature on the performance and emission characteristics of a 406 cc, single‐cylinder, air‐cooled, 4‐stroke, direct injection (DI) diesel engine was investigated to determine the suitable temperature of fuel for the best conditions of the engine in lean and ultra‐lean mixture combustion mode. B20 palm oil biodiesel‐diesel blend fuel (B20 POBD), as common renewable fuel and favorite biodiesel blend ratio used in the research, was provided and injected in the engine at varying temperatures in the range of 10–40°C and the engine parameters including the output power, specific fuel consumption (SFC), thermal efficiency, flue gas heat recovery efficiency and CO and NOx pollutant emissions were measured at different air–fuel ratios corresponded to lean and ultra‐lean mixtures. The results showed that there is an optimum temperature for fuel (about 20°C) in which maximum thermal efficiency and minimum SFC and CO emission are obtained. The minimum SFC and CO emission were 0.45 Kg/kWh and 610 ppm at the optimum temperature and output power of 1.5 kW, respectively. The effect of fuel temperature on SFC and CO increases as the output power decreases and for all fuel temperatures, the output power is inversely related to the air–fuel ratio. In addition, the elevated output power reduces the CO emission in all inlet fuel temperatures. Furthermore, an ultra‐lean mixture (very high A/F ratio) can dramatically decrease the thermal efficiency of diesel engines at all fuel temperatures, such that at the inlet fuel temperature of 17°C, increase in A/F ratio from 51 to 108 decreases the thermal efficiency from 16.8% to 0.12%. Finally, low engine output power leads to low levels of NOx emission, such that decrease in output power from 1.5 to 0.5 kW reduces the NOx emission from 522 to 204 ppm, respectively.

Energy and exergo-economic analysis of a parallel feed multi-effect system integrated with humidification–dehumidification system for brine recovery

Desalination technologies reject large amounts of brine with significant value back to sea. The concept of hybridization of different desalination technologies has proven that it can be effective in terms of reducing rejected brine and increasing the freshwater production rate as well as reducing the freshwater cost. In this work, brine recovery to improve water production through a simple modified configuration of integrating a multi-effect desalination (MED) system with humidification–dehumidification system (HDH). The rejected brine of the MED system is used as the feed for the HDH system without the need for preheating the rejected brine since it leaves the MED at a suitable temperature for HDH application. The study focuses on investigating the effect of different operating conditions on the increase in system freshwater production rate and recovery ratio as well as the exergetic efficiency. Parameters investigated include steam temperature, feed salinity, number of brine streams, cooling water flow rate, and ambient temperature. An exergo-economic analysis has also been conducted using the cost flow method to evaluate the freshwater production cost for the modified system. Results indicate that the integration of HDH can increase the water production rate by a maximum of 7.82% and produce fresh water at 2.08 $/m3 compared to 2.094 $/m3 when using the standalone system under the same conditions.

Simulation Of Acidic Water Purification Process In Refinery Based On Determining Appropriate Operating Conditions

Acidic process water produced by refineries contains some hazardous pollutants such as (H2S and NH3). Acid water extraction units remove both compounds from the water. The removed contaminants are sent to a sulphur recovery unit to produce sulphur and avoid any acid emissions contrary to environmental regulations. Water pollution is a problem that concerns all people in the world. In view of the importance of preserving the environment and water resources, in this research, the simulation of the acid water treatment unit in the refinery was studied using the Aspen Hysys software based on determining the appropriate operating conditions. The NRTL electrolyte activity coefficient model was used to predict the system's thermodynamic behaviour. The simulation results showed that the suitable temperature for the feed entering the tower is about 38°C and the convenient distance for the trays in the disposal tower is 0.54 mm. Under these conditions, the concentration of hydrogen sulphide 0.1694 and 0.2418 of ammonia in the acid gas exiting the tower reaches its maximum at a molar flow rate of the mixture of about 39.86 kgmol/h, according to the economic considerations of the operating tower.

Highly clonal Pythium aphanidermatum population infecting greenhouse plants in Japan

A highly controlled environment inside the greenhouse could provide suitable temperatures, nutrients, and light intensity for the crops. However, Pythium root rot continually threatens the productivity of numerous kinds of crops in hydroponic systems, including tomato, poinsettia, spinach, lettuce, and rose. It is caused by Pythium aphanidermatum, which grows well in the warmer temperatures inside the green house and is able to survive in low temperatures as well. In this research, we studied 165 isolates of P. aphanidermatum collected from three prefectures in Japan. We developed 10 reliable microsatellite markers to evaluate the genetic diversity of P. aphanidermatum. In total, 34 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were observed. The index of association suggested that the population was highly clonal. This result was supported by the low result of Fst (0.075) and the short genetic distance per locus visualized in the minimum spanning network. The clonal population suggested that asexual reproduction was dominant.

A Review on Entomopathogenic Facet of Fusarium verticillioides

Entomopathogenic fungi are a group of fungi infecting insects by penetrating their cuticle, growing inside their bodies and feeding on them which eventually kill insects. Insects become more important competitors of human food damaging or even destroying crops. Fortunately, most insect pests have some pathogenic microorganisms associated with them. Control of large-scale insect pest infestations without harming the environment can be achieved by developing entomopathogens and incorporating them into integrated pest management strategies as they can be an effective biological control tool. The fungi Fusarium verticillioides has been established as phytopathogenic but now it is proven entomopathogenic. It proliferates throughout the insect’s body, producing toxins like beauvericin and fumonisin. It effectively manages coleopteran and hemipteran pests under laboratory and field conditions. It can be effectively mass produced using specific media with suitable temperature and relative humidity. It is also compatible with insecticides. Thus, this review shades the light on merely explored EPF Fusarium verticillioides.

Thermal, structural and optical properties of tungsten-fluorophosphate glasses and glass-ceramics with high lead fluoride contents

Eu3+-doped lead fluorophosphate glass samples were prepared in the ternary system (40-x)NaPO3-xWO3-60PbF2 by the melt-quenching method. The influence of the NaPO3/WO3 ratio on the thermal and structural properties as well as on the ability of these compositions to crystallize as glass-ceramics containing lead fluoride phase β-PbF2 was investigated. Thermal properties and characteristic temperatures were determined by DSC and used to define suitable heat-treatment temperatures for selective crystallization. The corresponding crystalline phases and average crystallite sizes were determined by X-ray diffraction. Structural changes versus composition were also studied by Raman spectroscopy. UV-visible absorption spectra were used to determine the bandgap energies versus composition. Specific compositions exhibiting β-PbF2 crystallization were selected and Eu3+ emission spectra were used to check the Eu3+ environment and crystallization state as a function of heat-treatment conditions and glass composition. The results suggest that progressive β-PbF2 crystallization promotes a higher symmetry and lower phonon energy environment of Eu3+ resulting in longer excited state lifetimes only for WO3 richer compositions.

Molecular phenomena related to moisture uptake in amorphous solid dispersion loaded with bosentan monohydrate and copovidone

Amorphous bosentan alone lacks dissolution flux that could enhance its bioavailability. Its coamorphization with hydrophilic copovidone (1:1) enables to improve wettability and dissolution rate, but fine amorphous particles are prone to moisture uptake. Water sorbed on the surface of this amorphous solid dispersion can considerably alter its physical properties annihilating benefits of coamorphization. The gravimetric measurements of water uptake, the solid state 1H NMR spectroscopy and relaxometry enabled us to describe for the first time, phase changes initiated by hydration in amorphous bosentan systems. The properties of copovidone greatly impacted water uptake in bosentan solid dispersions. A nonlinear reduction of the Tg upon water sorption resulted in the transformation of the glassy state into the rubbery state at ambient temperature. The state diagrams were developed for optimization of manufacturing conditions, selection of suitable packaging material and storage temperature, ensuring long-term stability of amorphous bosentan products.

The Effect of Temperature and Moisture Content on Population Growth of Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), commonly known as the lesser mealworm, is a significant pest that infests stored grains and other amylaceous commodities. In addition, the species has also been recognized as a viable and environmentally friendly protein source. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive research on the developmental response of this species across various temperature and moisture conditions. This study investigates the impact of temperature and moisture content of the commodity on the population growth of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). In the first series of bioassays, the progeny production of A. diaperinus adults was recorded after 50 days of incubation under a range of temperatures from 25 to 40 °C in cracked soft wheat with 11.3% moisture content, while in the second series, the moisture content of the wheat was adjusted to 5, 10, 15, and 20%, at 30 °C. Our results show that temperature largely influences parental adult mortality of A. diaperinus. The most suitable temperatures for optimal larval development and adult survival were found to be within the spectrum of 25 to 32 °C. Moreover, we found that the moisture content of the wheat that served as rearing media was also a factor of significance, since a gradual decrease in the larval numbers was observed with an increase in the moisture content. The findings of this study provide data to further enhance the pest control strategies of A. diaperinus in poultry farms but also to establish mass rearing standards and facilitate the production of the species for efficient use as food and feed.

Analisis Viabilitas Isolat Bakteri Penambat Nitrogen Azotobacter 33 pada Bahan Pembawa dan Suhu Penyimpanan yang Berbeda

Azotobacter is a microorganism that enhances nitrogen availability for plants and has the potential to be used as a biofertilizer. Assessing the viability of microorganisms within a biofertilizer is crucial in determining its quality. The carrier medium and storage temperature influence the viability of Azotobacter bacteria. Therefore, this research aims to identify the most suitable carrier medium and storage temperature to promote the growth of Azotobacter as a biofertilizer before its field application. The study was conducted at the Soil and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. The viability of Azotobacter was tested using Zeolite and Molasses as carrier media, and stored at temperatures of 4°C and 27°C. The parameters observed were the bacterial population count on the 14th day and the 28th day after inoculation. The results showed that the Azotobacter viability analysis using Zeolite as the carrier medium, storage at 4°C resulted in a population count of 3.7 × 106 CFU/ml, in comparison stored at 27°C resulted in an increased population count of 5.3 × 107 CFU/ml on the 28th day after inoculation. On the other hand, the Azotobacter viability analysis using Molasses as the carrier medium, storage at 4°C the bacterial population count reached 8.5 × 108, and storage at 27°C resulted in a bacterial population count of 7.9 × 106 on the 28th day after inoculation. It can be concluded that both of carriers have a good ability. The viability of Azotobacter is better in Molasses as the carrier medium, with storage at 4°C and the viability of Azotobacter is optimal in Zeolite as the carrier medium, with storage at 27°C, maintaining a stable population density without a decrease in the population count.

Fundamental experiment and numerical simulation of pre‐ionized inert gas plasma MHD electrical power generation

AbstractThe experiments of pre‐ionized inert gas plasma MHD electrical power generation are conducted, and the performance and plasma behavior in the experimental generator are examined through time‐dependent r‐_ two‐dimensional numerical simulation. In the experiment, an enthalpy extraction ratio of 4.01% has been obtained with a disk‐shaped MHD generator with radio‐frequency pre‐ionization. In the numerical simulation, at an assumed inlet electron temperature around 5600 K (inlet ionization degree 0:10 × 10−4)_6600 K (1:36 × 10−4), the plasma structure is similar to the non‐uniform structure observed in the experiment. An enthalpy extraction ratio around 2_5% matches well with that in the experiment. At a suitable inlet electron temperature of 7000 K (3:15 × 10−4)_8000 K (1:79 × 10−3), although non‐uniform plasma structure still occurs, a high enthalpy extraction ratio over 10% is expected.

Design and Analysis of Ventilation System for Closed Poultry House in Tropical Climate Conditions

The climate significantly impacts the temperature in different parts of the world. A moderate environment makes it simple to construct a chicken farm. Nevertheless, raising the birds in tropical places where typical temperatures can exceed 40-45°C is difficult because they can only survive at temperatures between 30°C and 35°C. As a result, the current study aimed to design a chicken house with a ventilation and cooling system to prevent excessive heat. The effectiveness of ventilation systems in maintaining liveable and constant conditions at the chicken house was assessed using computational fluid dynamics modeling to mimic internal and external airflows. In this study, a water evaporator-based cooling system and an exhaust fan-based ventilation system were built within a poultry house. ANSYS CFD was utilized to create the design and examine the flow of the model. The findings of each model were generated individually, and these results were compared to those of the other models to determine which model could decrease the temperature within the chicken coop. The proposed model's maximum temperature was around 30-32°C. A poultry house can be constructed using this idea to maintain chickens at a suitable temperature range of 30-32°C.

Valorisation of Waste Heat in Existing and Future District Heating Systems

To recover thermal energy from different sources, its quality and possibilities for utilisation are essential. The wide range of engineering solutions includes a direct connection to the district heating (DH) system and the integration of low-quality heat using heat pumps to increase the temperature level of recoverable heat. Therefore, this article compares waste heat valorisation strategies for integration into existing DH networks, low-temperature DH, and ultra-low heat supply systems using the multi-criteria assessment method. In addition, a local scale assessment was performed to identify the waste heat role in existing RES-based DH systems. The results show that the highest waste heat valorisation rate could be reached when integrated into low-temperature DH systems due to high waste heat potential and suitable temperature conditions. However, a local scale assessment shows a significant impact on the already implemented solar technologies, as waste heat could cover around 70% of the summer heat load.

Development and thermophysical analysis of binary eutectics phase change materials for solar drying application

Background: In the past 30–40 years, conflicts over limited conventional energy sources and the negative climate change caused by them have attracted researchers and analysts to new, clean, and green energy technologies. Thereby reducing the consumption of conventional fuel and the negative impact on the climate. The production of alternative energy in the form of thermal energy storage using phase change materials (PCMs) is one of the techniques that not only reduces the gap between the supply and demand of energy but also increases the stability of the energy supply. The tendency of PCMs to melt and solidify over a wide temperature range makes them more attractive for use in many applications. The effective and efficient storage of solar energy by PCM has the potential to significantly advance the use of renewable energy. Methods: Organic non-paraffin compound beeswax (BW) mixed with other non-paraffin compounds stearic acid (SA), Palmitic acid (PA), Myristic acid (MA), and Lauric acid (LA) in different compositions with the help of magnetic stirrer at 50–60°C for 3–4 hours to prepare BWSA, BWPA, BWMA, and BWLA eutectic PCM. Results: Prepared eutectics melt and solidify in the temperature range 36–56°C and with latent heat in the range of 155–211 kJ/Kg. Conclusions: Due to suitable temperature and good latent heat storage range, it is a good choice as thermal energy storage, for solar drying applications.

Tailoring electrolytes for Sn-based anodes toward Li storage at a low temperature of -50°C

High-capacity storage in Li-ion batteries with graphite anodes remains a challenge at low temperature. By contrast, metal-based composite anode materials, including Sn metal, have shown good lithium storage capabilities at low temperature. However, the suitable low temperature electrolyte is still infancy to achieve high efficiency capacity of Sn-based anode in ultra-low temperature. Herein, a 2-methytetrahydrofuran (2Me-THF)-based low temperature electrolyte is proven to support the excellent lithium capability of Sn-based anode at ultra-low temperatures. The formulated 2Me-THF electrolyte exhibited small changes in viscosity and ionic conductivity with decreasing temperature. A SnO2-LiF-G (graphite) electrode with 1 M lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide-(2Me-THF) electrolyte maintained 80% of the room temperature reversible capacity at -30°C and delivered a reversible capacity of 650 mAh g−1, even at -50°C, under a current density of 100 mA g−1. Furthermore, a detailed characterization based on Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Time-of-flight Secondary ion Mass Spectrometry confirmed that the formed inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphase on the electrode surface effectively maintained the solid-liquid interfacial stability at low temperature. This work provided design concepts for ultralow temperature electrolytes for metal-based anodes, which were especially helpful for further promoting batteries for low temperature applications.

A review of recent advancements in Actinium-225 labeled compounds and biomolecules for therapeutic purposes.

In nuclear medicine, cancers that cannot be cured or can only be treated partially by traditional techniques like surgery or chemotherapy are killed by ionizing radiation as a form of therapeutic treatment. Actinium-225 is an alpha-emitting radionuclide that is highly encouraging as a therapeutic approach and more promising for targeted alpha therapy (TAT). Actinium-225 is the best candidate for tumor cells treatment and has physical characteristics such as high (LET) linear energy transfer (150 keV per μm), half-life (t1/2 = 9.92d), and short ranges (400-100 μm) which prevent the damage of normal healthy tissues. The introduction of various new radiopharmaceuticals and radioisotopes has significantly assisted the advancement of nuclear medicine. Ac-225 radiopharmaceuticals continuously demonstrate their potential as targeted alpha therapeutics. 225 Ac-labeled radiopharmaceuticals have confirmed their importance in medical and clinical areas by introducing [225 Ac]Ac-PSMA-617, [225 Ac]Ac-DOTATOC, [225 Ac]Ac-DOTA-substance-P, reported significantly improved response in patients with prostate cancer, neuroendocrine, and glioma, respectively. The development of these radiopharmaceuticals required a suitable buffer, incubation time, optimal pH, and reaction temperature. There is a growing need to standardize quality control (QC) testing techniques such as radiochemical purity (RCP). This review aims to summarize the development of the Ac-225 labeled compounds and biomolecules. The current state of their reported resulting clinical applications is also summarized as well.

Effects of storage temperature on viability and virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, 1955 and Steinernema feltiae Filipjev, 1934 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are a widely used biological control agent. The aim of the study was to detect efficacy and mortalities of some EPN stored at different temperatures and periods. Three EPN species were used in the study. They were Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) HBH hybrid strain, Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, 1955 TUR-S4 isolate and Steinernema feltiae Weiser, 1955 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) TUR-S3 isolate. The species were kept at 4, 15, 25 and 35°C for 7, 14 and 21 days. Subsequently, these species were applied at a dose of 15 Infective juveniles on Tenebrio molitor L., 1758 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae. The study was carried out in laboratory conditions in 2023. As a result, HBH and TUR-S4 kept at 25°C for 14 days and TUR-S3 for 21 days showed the highest virulence as 93.33%. Mortality rates of the EPN species kept at the specified temperatures were also determined. The results have showed that the highest mortality rates for the HBH, TUR-S4 and TUR-S3 isolates were 11.96% on the 14th day at 35°C, 19.81% on the 21st day at 25°C and 7.39% on the 21st day at 35°C, respectively. This study is an important step in determining suitable temperature conditions for storing and transporting EPN.

Preparation of foam glass ceramics from hazardous waste vitrification slag with the addition of Na2CO3

Hazardous waste vitrification has been recognized as an effective method for waste treatment, but there is still a need to explore the utilization of its vitrification slag. The feasibility of preparing foam glass ceramics from hazardous waste vitrification slag was verified in this study based on the thermodynamics analysis and the experimental exploration of the effect of the Na2CO3 addition on the transformation of hazardous waste vitrification slag (HWVS) during the roasting process. Thermodynamic calculations and TG-DSC analysis results inferred that the suitable theoretical roasting temperature for preparing foam glass ceramics from the HWVS/Na2CO3 should be 900 °C–1000 °C. The experimental results demonstrated that a good foam glass ceramics with bulk density of 0.50 g/cm3, compressive strength of 1.93 MPa, apparent porosity of 74.10%, and water absorption ratio of 0.30% can be obtained by roasting HWVS with 4 wt% Na2CO3 and 2 wt% trisodium phosphate at 950 °C for 1 h. During the preparation process of foam glass ceramics, the thermal decomposition of Na2CO3 generated a large number of bubbles, achieving foaming and expansion. Additionally, the appropriate content of the liquid phase generated during roasting acted as a consolidating agent during cooling, enhancing the strength of foam glass ceramics. These findings provide valuable insights for the resource utilization of vitrification slag.

Reproductive studies on the carpet clam Paphia textile (Paratapes textilis) (Gmelin 1791) (Family: Veneridae): a guide of aquaculture management along the Egyptian coasts of the Red Sea and Suez Canal

BackgroundMost aquatic biota's reproductive biology and life cycle are essential to the sustainable management and development of coastal ecosystems and aquaculture. The bivalve Paphia textile (Gmelin 1791), also known as Paratapes textilis, has an economic value in Indo-Pacific waters, including the Red Sea and the Suez Canal lakes, the Egyptian coasts. However, P. textile suffers from extensive fishing and exploitation.AimThe present work aims to study the Paphia textile's reproductive cycle on the Egyptian coasts of the Red Sea for the first time. It helps to manage and develop the coastal ecosystems and aquaculture.MethodologySamples were collected monthly from two saline lakes in the Suez Gulf from December 2019 to November 2020. As part of the comprehensive research study, sex ratio, condition index, sexuality, histological analysis of gonads, shell size, and gonad index were used to investigate the reproductive cycle.ResultsThe results reveal a male-biased sex ratio, possibly due to anthropogenic stressors. The Paphia textile is dioecious. No hermaphrodite cases were observed in the studied specimens. The condition index in winter and spring indicates periods dominated by mature individuals. Five reproductive maturity stages were assigned for both P. textile males and females. Due to the simultaneous development of several developmental stages monthly throughout the sampling year, warm water may be responsible for non-sequential gametogenic cycles. As measured environmental parameters correlate with maturity stages, temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll a play important role in gonad growth. The size at first sexual maturity at which 50% of the Paphia textile population reached maturity ranged from 28.60 to 31.50 mm for females, and between 31.70 and 34.10 mm for males. As the gonad index increases during the ripe stages, this index decreases during the resting, spawning, and spent phases.ConclusionsThe findings suggest the most suitable temperature for aquaculture spawning is between 20 °C and 30 °C in subtropical waters. Fishing should generally be prohibited at sizes less than 28.60 mm for better management and sustainability of this valuable aquatic resource on the Egyptian coasts of the Red Sea.

The influence of Bi2O3 on structural and enhancing physical properties of Li2O–Fe2O3–In2O3–P2O5 glasses

Glasses based on the Li2O–Fe2O3–In2O3–Bi2O3–P2O5 system were prepared as potential low-melting sealing glasses. The modifications of the glass structure were characterized by means of XRD and FTIR spectroscopy as a function of Bi2O3/P2O5 substitutions. The bulk density, together with other parameters, was also calculated. The amorphous nature was observed for all glass samples except the highest Bi-content. FTIR and Raman spectrum reveal that the prompt polymerization of the phosphate chains by increasing the Bi2O3 content and forming P–O–Bi bonds and the existence of different structural groups FeO6, FeO4, BiO6, PO4, PO3 and PO. The dilatometry measurements showed an increase in both transition (Tg) and softening (Ts) temperatures with Bi-content. Conversely, coefficients of thermal expansion decreased from 120 × 10−7/°C to 80 × 10−7/°C. The dissolution rate of the prepared glasses was tested, and the results showed significantly improved glass stability. Finally, the obtained glasses have a suitable working temperature, suitable thermal expansion values, and good thermal and chemical stability, making them a prospective candidate for low-temperature sealing materials.

N-doped coal-based carbon membrane coupling peroxymonosulfate activation for bisphenol A degradation: The role of micro-carbon structure and nitrogen species

Herein, a novel N-doped coal-based carbon membrane (N-CCM) was prepared by using melamine as N source with high-temperature pyrolysis assistance. Through reasonable regulation of membrane micro-carbon structure and N species by varying pyrolysis temperature, the N-CCM integrated with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation under membrane filtration (MFPA) process showed excellent bisphenol A (BPA) removal of 98.3%. The excellent performance of N-CCM MFPA process was mainly owing to the following reason: For one thing, the more orderly micro-carbon structure of N-CCM possessed high defect density and boundary active sites under suitable pyrolysis temperature (700 °C), contributing to PMS activation (enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and electron transfer). For another, pyrrolic N, pyridinic N and C=C were beneficial to PMS adsorption and facilitate the electrons transfer from BPA to PMS. While C–O and graphitic N were responsible for the generation of ROS (SO4•−, •OH and 1O2). Theoretical calculations showed that the bond length of O–O, O–H and O–S in PMS adsorbed on C atom near N sites was significantly lengthened, corresponding to the generated ROS. Overall, the co-effect of radical process (SO4•− and •OH) and non-radical process (1O2 and electron transfer) achieved efficient BPA degradation in system.