Suitable Application Method Research Articles

베이킹 소다와 식초를 이용한 보육시설에서의 칫솔 살균 방법

This study was conducted to compare the effect of toothbrush sterilization using sodium bicarbonate and vinegar. The concentrations of the sodium bicarbonate were set to 1%, 3%, and 5% and the sterilization times were set to 10, 30, and 60 minutes. Additionally, the concentration of vinegar was set to 0.5%, 1%, and 2%, while the sterilization time was set to 5, 15, and 30 minutes. The test bacteria used were Streptococcus mutans, which cause cavities, and Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, which cause food poisoning and hygiene problems. The mean value and the significance of the number of bacteria remaining on the toothbrush were examined using the SPSS program and the optimal conditions were identified using Design expert. The results revealed that sodium bicarbonate effectively sterilized the samples when applied at 3% or 5% for 30 minutes, as did 1% or 2% vinegar applied for 30. However, the sterilization rate of sodium bicarbonate was 86–89%, which was more effective than the vinegar sterilization rate of 76–79%. In addition, considering the discomfort caused by the smell of vinegar, the most suitable method for application in child care facilities is sterilization in 3% or 5% solution of sodium bicarbonate for 30 minutes.

Product Wheels for Scheduling in the Baking Industry: A Case Study

<p>This paper illustrates current challenges and suggests solutions within the area of scheduling in the baking industry. The analysis applies the product wheel heuristic approach of King (2009) and tests the production cycles generated using actual sales and production data from a manufacturer of frozen baked goods. The product wheel method showed to be a suitable method for application at the baked goods manufacturer and generated a 23% reduction in setup and inventory cost at the case company. Despite the benefits, the product wheel method proved difficult to apply in a high variety setting, where an operations research model may have achieved more significant results.</p>

Comparative assessment of urea briquette applicators on greenhouse gas emission, nitrogen loss and soil enzymatic activities in tropical lowland rice

Suitable method of application of urea briquette in flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) not only increases nitrogen use efficiency, but at the same time sustain yield and reduce greenhouse gas emission in general and nitrous oxide emission in particular. Keeping this hypothesis, seven different treatments including manual and mechanical mode of application with two different type of applicators were tested in field in consecutive wet (2015) and dry (2016) seasons. Three row briquette applicator (TRBA) and top dressing applicator (TDA) were used in combination for basal and top dressing application along with prilled urea broadcasting and without application as well. It was observed the use of TRBA at basal with first top dressing by TDA and manual placement of urea briquette at second top dressing (TRBA+TDA) yielded highest @ 6.71tha−1 and 5.47tha−1 in the wet and dry seasons, respectively, with the highest agronomic use efficiency (36.3kgkg−1). Average emission of methane from all treatments were higher (19.2–27.1%) during wet season than the dry season and vice versa in case of nitrous oxide (3.6–11.8%). Among the treated plots, TRBA+TDA recorded the lowest emission of nitrous oxide. The largest amount of ammonia was lost through volatilization after basal application of urea, followed by top dressing at the end of maximum tillering stage and panicle initiation stage. As a whole, volatilization loss of N was lowest in control (3.3–3.4mgNH3-Nm−2d−1), followed by mechanical (27.6–33.9mgNH3-Nm−2d−1) and manual (49.1–55.3mg NH3-Nm−2d−1) method of urea briquette application. The population of nitrite oxidizers and heterotrophs were highest in prilled urea broadcasting. Soil dehydrogenase activity was the highest in urea briquette manual placement+top dressing applicator (UBMP+TDA, 148.0μg–160.0TPFg−1soild−1) treatment, while the urease activity was less was in urea applicator treated plots. Subsurface application of larger size urea (urea briquette) and applicator based precise placement of urea reduced the lossess of nitrogen through ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission, thus enhanced nitrogen use efficiency. Apart from that, issue of adequate skilled labour for precise depth of application could be tackled by effectively adopting mechanical placement of urea briquette. The mechanical placement of briquette (relatively larger size particle) in tropical flooded rice is more precise and less labour intensive, hence this is an efficient environment friendly approach of N management.

Band-application of phosphorus with farm manure improves phosphorus use efficiency, productivity, and net returns of wheat on sandy clay loam soil

Phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) is very low in alkaline calcareous soils; however, it can be improved by using suitable application methods along with farm manure (FM). The present field study was conducted to optimize phosphorus (P) levels and application methods in order to maximize wheat yield, PUE, and net returns on calcareous soils with and without FM application. Five P soil solution levels, i.e. 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30 mg P L-1, were maintained according to the Freundlich model through the application of 0, 36, 61, 104, and 142 kg P2O5 ha-1, respectively. The calculated P (0, 36, 61, 104, and 142 kg P2O5 ha-1) was applied by broadcasting, band-placement, and top-dressing, with or without 300 kg ha-1 well-rotted FM. The results revealed that the band-placement technique at 104 kg P2O5 ha-1 improved PUE and wheat output with and without FM application. Furthermore, wheat grain and straw P uptake was high at 142 kg P2O5 ha-1. In addition, protein content and Olsen P were high at 142 kg P2O5 ha-1. The band-placement technique at 104 kg P2O5 ha-1 increased net returns and the cost/benefit ratio. FM application further augmented the productivity, PUE, and net returns under various P levels and application techniques. In conclusion, band-placement of P at 104 kg P2O5 ha-1 with FM improved yield, PUE, and net returns of wheat sown on sandy clay loam calcareous soils.

Influence of Array Interspacing on the Force Required for Successful Microneedle Skin Penetration: Theoretical and Practical Approaches

Insertion behaviour of microneedle (MN) arrays depends upon the mechanical properties of the skin and, MN geometry and distribution in an array. In addressing this issue, this paper studies MN array insertion mechanism into skin and provides a simple quantitative basis to relate the insertion force with distance between two MNs. The presented framework is based on drawing an analogy between a beam on an elastic foundation and mechanism of needle insertion, where insertion force is separated into different components. A theoretical analysis indicates that insertion force decreases as interspacing increases. For a specified skin type, insertion force decreased from 0.029 to 0.028 N/MN when interspacing at MN tip was increased from 50 μm (350 μm at MN base) to 150 μm (450 μm at MN base). However, dependence of insertion force seems to decrease as the interspacing is increased beyond 150 μm. To assess the validity of the proposed model, a series of experiments was carried out to determine the force required for skin insertion of MN. Experiments performed at insertion speed of 0.5 and 1.0 mm/s yielded insertion force values of 0.030 and 0.0216 N, respectively, for 30 μm interspacing at MN base (330 μm interspacing at tip) and 0.028 and 0.0214 N, respectively, for 600 μm interspacing at MN base (900 μm interspacing at tip). Results from theoretical analysis and finite element modelling agree well with experimental results, which show MN interspacing only begins to affect insertion force at low interspacing (<150 μm interspacing at MN base). This model provides a framework for optimising MN devices, and should aid development of suitable application method and determination of force for reliable insertion into skin.

Surface cleaning and disinfection: insight into the situation in Germany and Europe

Abstract Introduction Routine disinfection of frequently touched environmental surfaces and floors has been a controversial issue in hospital hygiene strategies. In view of the rise in multi-resistant micro-organisms and with more attention being paid to nosocomial infections and outbreaks occurring in community settings, environmental disinfection is being increasingly recognised as an important contribution to infection prevention. Discussion Environmental concerns regarding the use of chemical disinfectants and the lack of epidemiological data are frequently mentioned as an argument against routine disinfection. While the exact extent of the impact of contaminated surfaces on the rate of infections is difficult to establish, there is sufficient evidence for the possibility of cross-contamination from surfaces to patients and staff, and vice-versa, to make surface disinfection indispensable. Effective disinfection is dependent on risk assessment, on the use of products with tested efficacy, on suitable application methods and on the evaluation and monitoring of disinfection. The German Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention Commission (KRINKO) addresses these aspects in its very detailed recommendation ‘Hygiene Requirements on the Cleaning and Disinfection of Surfaces'. The German Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH) develops test methods and compiles a list of tested and certified disinfectant products to ensure product effectiveness. Public health authorities in Germany support the use of certified disinfectants. On a European level, much effort is put into the development of internationally acceptable practice-relevant test protocols for efficacy testing of disinfectants. Conclusion Surface disinfection should be viewed as part of a bundle of strategies in hospital hygiene. In order to ensure effective disinfection, the use of properly tested disinfectant products is essential. VAHaims to create a platform for tested disinfectants that is recognised European-wide. In addition, detailed recommendations on the prerequisites for effective surface disinfection processes, such as issued by KRIKNO, should be provided.

Modification of the renneting process in Berridge substrate by transglutaminase

The influence of enzymatic cross‐linking on the rennet coagulation of Berridge substrate was investigated in the rennet gel samples prepared by three different methods using a microbial Tgase. Protein cross‐linking was carried out at each of three stages: before the addition of rennet, simultaneously with rennet and after the addition of rennet. The results showed that the cross‐linking of milk proteins before the addition of rennet inhibited the primary enzymatic phase of rennet coagulation. It was observed that enzymatic cross‐linking affected both the primary and the secondary phases of rennet coagulation. The most suitable application method was the addition of transglutaminase at the 5th minute after the addition of rennet.

Papel da via subcutânea nos cuidados paliativos domiciliários

Introduction: From 60 to 70% of palliative care patients become unable, during the disease course, to take drugs using the oral route (OR). Since palliative care should ideally be home-based, the most simple and suitable application method should be provided. The subcutaneous route (SR) is easier than the endovenous route to use at home: there’s no need of health professionals, it is less painful and can be used for longer periods. Case Description: 45-year-old woman, public servant until March 2005; Graffar level IV and Family APGAR score of 9; lived with her husband until that date, and since then also with her mother. No children. No relevant personal history; she had a family history of pancreas cancer in her dead father. In March 2005, she visited her family doctor for weight loss, asthenia, abdominal pain and vomiting. After the investigation, she had been diagnosed sigmoid colon cancer with hepatic metastases. In May, she was referred to Portuguese Oncology Institute (POI) of Porto, where she was performed a colectomy and colostomy. Between June and October, due to uncontrolled pain and/or vomiting, she seeked the emergency service (ES), despite her physical disabilities. In October, she went to the continuous care unit of POI. By her choice, she is currently at home with a health assistant. Whenever OR can not be applied due to frequent vomiting, SC was choosen to achieve control of symptoms. Discussion: Based on this case report, the author highlights situations of palliative care in which patients can stay at home with controlled symptoms, using SR, and shows that an earlier home-based health assistant could have avoided the frequent patient visits to ES. Since one of the family doctor’s functions is to deliver home health care to terminal patients, he or she must be familiar with this drug administration route.

Effect of Orange Oil Extract on the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermesformosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), accidentally brought into the United States, has become a major urban pest, causing damage to structures and live trees. Because of increasing restrictions on the use of conventional termiticides, attention is focused on finding safer alternative methods for termite management. Oil from citrus peel, referred to here as orange oil extract (OOE), contains -92% d-limonene, and it is generally known to be toxic to insects. In laboratory experiments, 96 and 68% termites were killed in 5 d when OOE at 5 ppm (vol:vol) was dispensed from the top or bottom, respectively, with termites held at the opposite end of a tight-fitting plastic container. Apart from high mortality, workers exposed to vapor consumed significantly less filter paper than controls. However, when termites were exposed to OOE vapor, even at 10 ppm, in the void of a model wall, there was very little mortality. Termites did not tunnel through glass tubes filled with sand treated with 0.2 or 0.4% OOE. Sand treated with OOE was extracted each week for 8 wk to determine the remaining amount of d-limonene. Results indicated that there was a sharp decline in the quantity of d-limonene during the first 3 wk to a residual level that gradually decreased over the remaining period. With a suitable method of application and in combination with other control practices, OOE can be effectively used for the control of subterranean termites.

Effect of Orange Oil Extract on the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), accidentally brought into the United States, has become a major urban pest, causing damage to structures and live trees. Because of increasing restrictions on the use of conventional termiticides, attention is focused on finding safer alternative methods for termite management. Oil from citrus peel, referred to here as orange oil extract (OOE), contains ≈92% d-limonene, and it is generally known to be toxic to insects. In laboratory experiments, 96 and 68% termites were killed in 5 d when OOE at 5 ppm (vol:vol) was dispensed from the top or bottom, respectively, with termites held at the opposite end of a tight-fitting plastic container. Apart from high mortality, workers exposed to vapor consumed significantly less filter paper than controls. However, when termites were exposed to OOE vapor, even at 10 ppm, in the void of a model wall, there was very little mortality. Termites did not tunnel through glass tubes filled with sand treated with 0.2 or 0.4% OOE. Sand treated with OOE was extracted each week for 8 wk to determine the remaining amount of d-limonene. Results indicated that there was a sharp decline in the quantity of d-limonene during the first 3 wk to a residual level that gradually decreased over the remaining period. With a suitable method of application and in combination with other control practices, OOE can be effectively used for the control of subterranean termites.

Evaluation of live-culture-producing lacticin 3147 as a treatment for the control of Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of smear-ripened cheese

A live Lactococcus lactis culture, producing the two-component broad spectrum bacteriocin lacticin 3147, was assessed for ability to inhibit the food pathogen Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of smear-ripened cheese. In initial experiments, the addition of Listeria to a lacticin 3147-containing fermentate produced with L. lactis DPC4275 (a transconjugant strain derived from L. lactis DPC3147) resulted in at least a 4 log reduction of the pathogen in 30 min. Two separate trials were performed in order to assess the most suitable method for application of the potential protective culture to smear-ripened cheese. In the initial trial, the L. lactis was sprayed onto the surface of the cheese either before or after Listeria was deliberately applied. Application of the culture following Listeria challenge, yielded up to a 1000-fold reduction of the pathogen in contrast to the pretreatment where Listeria numbers were unaffected. In a further trial, three applications of the live lacticin 3147-producing culture was used on a cheese surface containing Listeria. Listeria numbers were found to be up to 100-fold lower than in the cheese treated with L. lactis DPC4268 (control). While application of the live lacticin 3147 producer did not give complete elimination of the pathogen the results nonetheless demonstrate the potential of the bioprotectant for improving the safety of smear-ripened cheeses and particularly those that contain low level contamination with Listeria. The application of lacticin 3147 as a live-culture can serve as a bioprotectant for the control of L. monocytogenes on the surface of smear-ripened cheese.

311 冷風切削加工における切削温度に及ぼす加工条件の影響

Cutting fluids used in metal cutting are sources of pollution and health hazards. Therefore, eco-friendly machining such as dry cutting, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), cold air cutting and etc. have been proposed. In those reports, however, the effective application techniques of eco-friendly machining such as kinds and quantity of lubricant, cutting tool, cutting conditions have been determined experimentally. The purpose of this study is to show the suitable application methods of eco-friendly machining. So, in this paper, transitional cutting temperature and cutting force that have the influence on tool wear were examined from points of intermittent cutting distance, cutting speed, feed rate and supply of cold air. The results obtained are as follows. Cutting temperature rose rapidly during 30 times cutting distance to feed rate in start of cutting. The peak of cutting temperature fell with the decrease of feed rate. In this experiment, the cutting temperature fell about 10-40 degrees C by supply of cold air.

Suppression of nitrification and N 2O emission by karanjin––a nitrification inhibitor prepared from karanja ( Pongamia glabra Vent.)

Importance of paper summary: Nitrification inhibitors slow down nitrification and thereby increase N use efficiency, mitigate N 2 O emission and reduce nitrate leaching to groundwater. DCD is a widely used inhibitor and has been found efficient in nitrification inhibition and N 2 O mitigation, while karanjin, a lesser-known nitrification inhibitor, has not been tested for N 2 O mitigation. In the current laboratory study, in 30 days, karanjin was found to be a highly efficient nitrification inhibitor (62–75%) and a N 2 O mitigator (92–96% reduction in total N 2 O emission), indicating a bright prospect for its further development as a nitrification inhibitor and mitigator of N 2 O emission. Since the study was done in the laboratory scale, efforts have to be made to make karanjin equally effective on large-scale application under field condition. Research stress could be pinpointed at developing suitable application methods for higher efficiency under different crops and soil conditions, increasing its efficiency through derivatization and blending with other inhibitors.

Band incorporation of fluazinam (Shirlan) into soil to control clubroot of vegetable brassica crops

Commercially suitable methods for application of fluazinam were evaluated in field trials conducted in Victoria and Western Australia. Incorporation of fluazinam into the soil in bands 23 cm wide along the transplant row (to a depth of about 15–20 cm) immediately before transplanting was the most effective method of application. Plants grown in soil treated in this way developed significantly less clubroot than when fluazinam was applied using either a spot drench (100 mL/plant) or a continuous spray over the plants immediately after transplanting. The banded soil incorporation treatment consistently increased the marketable yield of broccoli and cauliflower. In one trial, banded soil incorporation increased the marketable yield of both crops by at least 80% compared with the other commercial methods of application currently in use. The banded soil incorporation treatment was more reliable and effective in a range of soil types than the high volume drenches currently used. This method of application remained effective, significantly reducing clubroot severity, when the volume of water used to apply fluazinam was reduced by 80% from 2500 to 500 L/ha.

First data on resistance mechanisms of Varroa jacobsoni (OUD.) against tau-fluvalinate

In 1991, the first losses of efficacy of tau-fluvalinate against the honeybee ectoparasite Varroa jacobsoni Oud. were recorded in Sicily. Since then, diminished efficacy with available pyrethroid treatments has been encountered in many regions of Italy. The aim of this study was to investigate the type of resistance in V. jacobsoni to the pyrethroid tau-fluvalinate by focusing on metabolic resistance mechanisms (detoxication). After developing a suitable application method, two synergists were used: piperonyl butoxide (PBO), as an inhibitor of the microsomal monooxygenases of the cytochrome P450 complex and S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF), which blocks esterases. A significant decrease in the LC50 values of the susceptible and of the resistant mite strains after the application of PBO was observed. A slight decrease of the LC50 values was also observed after the application of DEF. However, this decrease was not significant. These results indicate that the resistance of Varroa mites to tau-fluvalinate can partly be explained by an increased detoxication due to the monooxygenases in the P450 system, which is blocked by PBO. Esterases seems to play a negligible role. Whether glutathione-S-transferases are involved, is still unknown, but other mechanisms, such as the modification of the binding sites and/or reduced uptake might be involved as well.

Theoretical meteor radiants for macroscopic Taurid Complex objects

The calculation of theoretical meteor radiants is discussed for comets and asteroids whose orbits pass within, but at present do not necessarily intersect, that of the Earth, in particular from the perspective of developing a suitable method for application to Taurid Complex orbits. The main question addressed here is how to allow for dynamical evolution between epochs when an orbit isnot Earth-intersecting (as at present in most cases for macroscopic bodies) and those when itis (i.e., when meteors can actually be observed). This should be understood in terms of evolution in the past, such that meteoroids released some time ago have evolved differentially from the putative parents, allowing meteors to be detected now. Theoretical radiants for macroscopic Taurid objects are then presented and compared with observations of the nighttime and daytime Taurid meteor showers. These are found to be broadly similar in form, given the sparsity of some of the data, adding weight to the hypothesis that this sub-jovian complex contains kilometre-plus asteroids. A similar conclusion results for the group of objects in similar orbits to (2212) Hephaistos.

水田水稲作におけるPCPの施用法と流亡, 消失

In order to obtain basic information for creating the way of alleviating the toxicity of PCP granule to fish and shell-fish, we have performed the investigation about distribution and persistence of PCP granule in water and soil in cases of some different application methods on transplanted rice paddy fields in 1964.PCP granule incorporated into soil before transplanting of rice seedlings remained longer and more deeply distributed in soil than one applied on the surface of soil after transplanting. This tells us that the incorporation method should be more effective in protecting fish and shell-fish from toxicity that may occur owing to a heavy rainfall.On the other hand, effect of weeding was found to be highest in a case where PCP was incorporated into soil at the time of rough-puddling before transplanting, but the damage of rice seedlingss and their recovery was found to be lighter and faster, respectively, in a case of surface application after transplanting, than in other methods.Generally speaking, the most suitable application method of PCP granule or PCP and fertilizer mixtures should be taken into consideration from two points of veiw; first, security to fish and shell-fish and, secondly, effectiveness as a herbicide.

A RADIUM APPLICATOR FOR USE IN THE ESOPHAGUS

One of the chief requirements in the use of radium for carcinoma of the esophagus is a suitable method of application. The instrument illustrated (fig. 1) has been designed to simplify the technic of application, and to prevent discomfort to the patient while being treated. It consists of a radium capsule large enough to hold five 10 mg. radium needles. This is attached to a tapered spiral spring tipped with a perforated metal olive. At the upper end is a flexible piano wire. The threads are the same as in the bulbs of the Sippy esophageal dilator, and olives may be attached at any of the three points shown in the illustration, if desired, thus all or part of the instrument being used, as required. The groove at the base of the spiral is to aid in fastening a rubber filter over the capsule. A fountain pen bladder makes an