Suitability Of Groundwater For Drinking Research Articles

Hydrogeochemical and water quality index (WQI) evaluated in Beedanahalli watershed T narasipura taluk mysore district, Karnataka, India


 
 
 Beedanahalli Watershed, hydrogeochemical experiments were conducted to evalu- ate the quality and suitability of groundwater for drinking. Thirty-one groundwater samples were taken in 2022’s pre and post-monsoon seasons. Groundwater’s physiochemical characteristics, including pH, EC, TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, and NO3-, were measured. The overall hydrochemistry of the groundwater samples in both seasons is shown in Gibb’s (1970) diagrams as occurring in the rock dominance field. Assessment of groundwater quality is important in the current situation. The primary goals of the current study are to evaluate and classify the groundwater quality for drinking. To evaluate the subsurface water in the study area, 14 distinct physiochemical parameters were examined. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) was attracted to make a comparative analysis of the values. The water quality index is one of the finest ways to determine whether groundwater is safe to drink (WQI). The extracted components show that topography, agronomic, rainfall, domestic sewerage, and production drain water were among the factors that caused the sources to exceed the allowable limit. The recent study indicated that some groundwater samples had extremely poor water quality, showing that the region is mostly affected by rock weathering and salt evaporating from the bedrock into the water supplies, posing a major threat to the natural ecosystem.58% and 51% of groundwater samples taken before and after the monsoon, respectively, were determined by the WQI index to be appropriate for drinking.
 
 

Groundwater Suitability for Drinking, Irrigation and Aquaculture: Case of Areas Adjacent to Lake Dayet Erroumi, Khemisset, Morocco

Groundwater Suitability for Drinking, Irrigation and Aquaculture: Case of Areas Adjacent to Lake Dayet Erroumi, Khemisset, Morocco

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking and Irrigation from Shallow Aquifers of PG1 Watershed in Chandrapur District of Maharashtra

An endeavor has been made to understand the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater from shallow aquifers of the PG1 watershed (latitudes 19°38’30” to 19°50’30” N and longitudes 79°04’00” to 79°11’00” E). The appropriateness of groundwater has also been checked for various purposes. The groundwater from the study area is alkaline and slightly saline. The Ca2+ ˃ Mg2+ ˃ Na+ ˃ K+ and HCO3- ˃ SO42- ˃ Cl- ˃ NO3- was the ascendancy of cations and anions. The earth metals (Ca + Mg) exceeded the alkali metals (Na + K). The positive correlation interpreted from the interrelationship of Na+ vs Cl- exhibited a silicate weathering process for the liberation of ions in groundwater at the rock-water interface. In addition to the non-lithological source, anthropogenic inputs were inferred, indicating the agricultural fertilizers and domestic wastewater. All the groundwater samples from the study area are suitable for drinking and domestic use. The groundwater from the study area is also suitable for irrigation with negligible exceptions.

Hydrogeochemical Studies to Assess the Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes: The Upper East Region of Ghana Case Study

Groundwater is increasingly being used to help meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2 and 6 in many parts of the world, including Ghana. Against this background, hydrogeochemical and multivariate statistical studies were conducted to determine the physicochemical characteristics and suitability of groundwater in some agrarian communities in the Upper East Region of Ghana for drinking and irrigational farming. Additional analyses were also performed to identify potential health risks associated with the groundwater use and to better understand the hydrogeochemical processes controlling groundwater evolution for its effective management. The results showed that the groundwater is typically fresh; moderate to very hard in character; undersaturated with calcite, dolomite, halite, and gypsum; and supersaturated with quartz and amorphous silica. The physicochemical characteristics of the groundwater are controlled by both anthropogenic and natural activities/processes, such as fertilizer application, irrigation return flows, rock weathering, and forward/reverse cation exchange. The total dissolved solids (TDS) (165–524 mg/L), electrical conductivity (EC) (275–873 μS/cm), sodium percentage (Na%; 9.05–17.74%), magnesium ratios (MR) (29.25–53.3%), permeability index (PI) (36.6–74.6%), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) (0.20–0.51) point to the possibility of using the groundwater for irrigation, however, with some salinity control. The water quality and health risk analysis also revealed that the groundwater can be used for drinking; however, the high concentrations of fluoride, which can cause noncarcinogenic health issues such as dental and skeletal fluorosis in both adults and children, must be reduced to the WHO required level of 1.5 mg/L.

WHAT WE DRINK IS IT SAFE? AN ASSESSMENT OF DRINKING WATER IN KOCH BIHAR DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL

The groundwater quality of Koch Bihar District (West Bengal, India) has been assessed to determine the suitability of groundwater for drinking. Eight parameters have been taken into account for calculating the water quality index (WQI): pH, total hardness (TH), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), carbonate (CO32-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-), chloride (Cl), iron (Fe) and sulfate (SO42-). Secondary data on water quality were collected from Central Ground Water Commission (2018), and the samples of water have been collected from the various locations and analyzed accordingly. The physico-chemical data were evaluated following the standards of BIS and WHO guidelines. The calculated WQI ranges from 23.62 to 95.12. In terms of groundwater quality for drinking purposes, Tufanganj-1 and Koch Bihar-1 seem to be the worst blocks. The magnesium (Mg) concentration exceeds the acceptable limit of 30 mg/l in Mathabhanga I, Mathabhanga II, Koch Bihar II, Dinhata II, and Sitai Block and Koch Bihar II exceeds its permissible limit (100mg/ l). The Iron (Fe) value exceeds the acceptable limit of 0.5 mg/l in Koch Bihar II. The Total Hardness (TH) value exceeds the acceptable limit (200 mg/l) in Mekhliganj, Mathabhanga-I, Koch Bihar-I, Koch Bihar-II, Tufanganj II, Dinhata II, Sitai. However, no sample crosses the maximum acceptable limit for pH, carbonate, chloride, and sulfate. It is suggested that water drawn from such sources be disinfected adequately before being used for drinking or other domestic purposes.

Groundwater Suitability for Drinking and Irrigation Using Water Quality Indices and Multivariate Modeling in Makkah Al-Mukarramah Province, Saudi Arabia

Water shortage and quality are major issues in many places, particularly arid and semi-arid regions such as Makkah Al-Mukarramah province, Saudi Arabia. The current work was conducted to examine the geochemical mechanisms influencing the chemistry of groundwater and assess groundwater resources through several water quality indices (WQIs), GIS methods, and the partial least squares regression model (PLSR). For that, 59 groundwater wells were tested for different physical and chemical parameters using conventional analytical procedures. The results showed that the average content of ions was as follows: Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg 2+ > K+ and Cl− > SO42− > HCO32− > NO3− > CO3−. Under the stress of evaporation and saltwater intrusion associated with the reverse ion exchange process, the predominant hydrochemical facies were Ca-HCO3, Na-Cl, mixed Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4, and Na-Ca-HCO3. The drinking water quality index (DWQI) has indicated that only 5% of the wells were categorized under good to excellent for drinking while the majority (95%) were poor to unsuitable for drinking, and required appropriate treatment. Furthermore, the irrigation water quality index (IWQI) has indicated that 45.5% of the wells were classified under high to severe restriction for agriculture, and can be utilized only for high salt tolerant plants. The majority (54.5%) were deemed moderate to no restriction for irrigation, with no toxicity concern for most plants. Agriculture indicators such as total dissolved solids (TDS), potential salinity (PS), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) had mean values of 2572.30, 33.32, 4.84, and −21.14, respectively. However, the quality of the groundwater in the study area improves with increased rainfall and thus recharging the Quaternary aquifer. The PLSR models, which are based on physicochemical characteristics, have been shown to be the most efficient as alternative techniques for determining the six WQIs. For instance, the PLSR models of all IWQs had determination coefficients values of R2 ranging between 0.848 and 0.999 in the Cal., and between 0.848 and 0.999 in the Val. datasets, and had model accuracy varying from 0.824 to 0.999 in the Cal., and from 0.817 to 0.989 in the Val. datasets. In conclusion, the combination of physicochemical parameters, WQIs, and multivariate modeling with statistical analysis and GIS tools is a successful and adaptable methodology that provides a comprehensive picture of groundwater quality and governing mechanisms.

Shallow Groundwater Quality and Human Health Risk Assessment in Holte, a Town in Southern Ethiopia

Groundwater quality and human health risk assessment are critical for the long-term usage of household water supplies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate groundwater quality and human health risk in Holte, a town in the Derashe Special Woreda in southern Ethiopia. Water samples from seven shallow groundwater wells were taken and examined for hydrogeochemical properties. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was developed to assess the suitability of groundwater for drinking. Groundwater hydrochemistry types and evolutionary processes were investigated. The results suggested that the typical pH of groundwater samples had an average pH of 7.99. The values of electrical conductivity (EC), bicarbonate (HCO3) and total dissolved solid (TDS) in all samples were above the recommended upper limit of World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water. Based on the hydrochemical findings, the orders of cationic abundance and anionic abundance in the groundwater were Ca²⁺ < Mg²⁺ < K⁺ < Na⁺ and F⁻ < SO₄²⁻ < Cl⁻ < HCO₃⁻, respectively. According to the Piper Tri-linear Diagram, the majority of groundwater samples were found to have Mixed Ca-Na-HCO3. The Gibbs fields results showed that evaporation dominated groundwater quality, whereas chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals dominated the remaining samples. The calculated WQI result showed that 57.1% (4 handpumps) of groundwater samples from the town had acceptable water quality, but 42.9% (3 handpumps) had poor water quality. The finding of this study suggests that groundwater quality parameters should be tested and monitored on handpumps at sample locations 1, 2, and 3 in the town to minimize human health risks and ensure long-term socioeconomic development.

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics, Quality Assessment and Health Impact Analysis of Groundwater for Drinking in the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh

Groundwater is the major source of water supply for drinking in the Chittagong University (CU) campus. A comprehensive analysis, in terms of physico-chemical, geochemical, trace metals and biological parameters, was performed to ensure the suitability of groundwater for drinking. According to Piper, Chadha, Pie and Schoeller diagrams, Ca-Mg-HCO3 type water was found both in winter and summer seasons. Gibb’s plot specified that majority of the samples fell in the rock dominance. The multivariate analysis indicated that the hydrochemistry was governed by both the geogenic and anthropogenic sources. Comparison of physico-chemical factors, ionic compositions and trace metals results with standard values suggested that majority of the parameters were within the acceptable limit, except pH and Fe, for both seasons. Additionally, drinking water quality index (WQI) showed that groundwater could be categorized as ‘excellent to good’ rank in the 92% and 84% samples of summer and winter seasons, respectively. Though coliform were found in very few samples, however, no carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk was observed. Collectively, CU campus groundwater is fit for drinking purpose. However, reduction of iron and removal of coliform are recommended. The present study may provide local authorities with insights into making rational decisions for sustainable groundwater management.

Hydrogeochemistry of High Fluoride Groundwater to Understand the Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in Granulite Belt Part of Bhopalpatnam Area, Bijapur District, Chhattisgarh, India

Present study describes the hydrogeochemistry of Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh, with the aim to understand fluoride concentration by geochemical behavior of groundwater, from recharge to discharge through factors such as rock weathering, aquifer lithology, cation exchange etc. Sixty-two representative groundwater samples from Bijapur District were collected during two different seasons pre-monsoon and post-monsoon (2016) and analyzed for major cations and anions. Results clearly demonstrate that the seasonal effect imposes a serious impact on the concentration of ions due to the dilution of water in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. High concentration of fluoride is observed during pre-monsoon (3.58 mg/L) and post-monsoon (3.12 mg/L) periods which are higher than the BIS permissible limit i.e. 1.5 mg/L. Gibbs diagram shows rock-water interaction dominance and evaporation dominance, which are responsible for the change in the quality of water in hard rock aquifer of the study area. Suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purpose also assessed this study. Considering the findings from the present study, the study area needs special attention to ensure the supply of potable water to maintain sustainable life.

Spatial analysis of groundwater suitability for drinking and irrigation in Lahore, Pakistan.

This study used a total of 474 groundwater samples analyzed from 2014 data to evaluate the distribution of groundwater quality in the Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) jurisdiction of Lahore city, Pakistan. The study further assessed the variations in suitability of groundwater for drinking (emphasis on arsenic and fluoride) and irrigation using spatial correlation technique in GIS. The hydrochemical analysis revealed a predominance of Mg-Ca-HCO3-SO4 and Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO4 type. Distribution analysis indicated relatively higher salinity (TDSmax = 1667mg/L), total hardness (THmax = 558mg/L), and alkalinity (HCO3-max = 584mg/L) in the south-eastern region of the city, while the central part displayed the highest levels of SO4 and NO3. Also, the eastern region (north-south) of Lahore had significantly elevated As concentrations (up to 86μg/L). The order of exceedance in terms of arsenic was Gunj Bakhsh town (17.4%), Nishter town (16.4%), Iqbal town (9.8%), Aziz Batti and Shalimar town (8.1%), and Ravi town (3%). The groundwater was classified as average saline to highly saline, except few samples in Aziz Batti/Shalimar town that were in non-saline group. Otherwise, the various indices classified the groundwater for irrigation as generally acceptable. With the various irrigation quality indices displaying discernible variations for the entire study area, it was observed from the distribution maps that the groundwater suitability for irrigation is relatively excellent in the areas away from industries and landfill locations. Also, the chloride analysis shows 98.7% of the groundwater samples belong to the very fresh and fresh water class. Thus, continued monitoring and studying the changes in groundwater quality in Lahore is imperative.

Assessment of Physico-chemical Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking and Agriculture Purposes in Bonoua and Samo (South-East Côte d’Ivoire)

Assessment of Physico-chemical Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking and Agriculture Purposes in Bonoua and Samo (South-East Côte d’Ivoire)

Evaluating Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes Using Conventional Techniques

Evaluating Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes Using Conventional Techniques