Suillus Luteus Research Articles

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Associated with Pinus densiflora Seedlings under Flooding Stress

Flooding is an environmental stress for plants that not only limits aeration and nutrient acquisition, but also disturbs underground plant-associated fungal communities. Despite frequent flooding, red pine (Pinus densiflora) seedlings thrive in streamside environments. However, whether the compatible ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) of red pine are affected by natural flooding is unclear. As EMF are vital symbionts for the development of many trees and allow them to overcome various environmental stresses, in this study, the EMF species associated with red pine seedlings in a streamside environment in Korea were investigated after flooding. The EMF species in 47 seedlings collected from the streamside site were identified by observing their different morphotypes using internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis, and a total of 10 EMF species were identified. The EMF species diversity was lower than that in samples collected from a nearby forest analyzed as a control. The dominant EMF species of streamside seedlings included Amphinema spp., Rhizopogon luteolus, Suillus luteus, and Thelephora terrestris. This study could serve as a basis for investigating the mechanisms by which advantageous EMF aid plant development under flooding stress.

Proteomic Insight into the Symbiotic Relationship of Pinus massoniana Lamb and Suillus luteus towards Developing Al-Stress Resistance.

Global warming significantly impacts forest range areas by increasing soil acidification or aluminum toxicity. Aluminum (Al) toxicity retards plant growth by inhibiting the root development process, hindering water uptake, and limiting the bioavailability of other essential micronutrients. Pinus massoniana (masson pine), globally recognized as a reforestation plant, is resistant to stress conditions including biotic and abiotic stresses. This resistance is linked to the symbiotic relationship with diverse ectomycorrhizal fungal species. In the present study, we investigated the genetic regulators as expressed proteins, conferring a symbiotic relationship between Al-stress resistance and Suillus luteus in masson pine. Multi-treatment trials resulted in the identification of 12 core Al-stress responsive proteins conserved between Al stress conditions with or without S. luteus inoculation. These proteins are involved in chaperonin CPN60-2, protein refolding and ATP-binding, Cu-Zn-superoxide dismutase precursor, oxidation-reduction process, and metal ion binding, phosphoglycerate kinase 1, glycolytic process, and metabolic process. Furthermore, 198 Al responsive proteins were identified specifically under S. luteus-inoculation and are involved in gene regulation, metabolic process, oxidation-reduction process, hydrolase activity, and peptide activity. Chlorophyll a-b binding protein, endoglucanase, putative spermidine synthase, NADH dehydrogenase, and glutathione-S-transferase were found with a significant positive expression under a combined Al and S. luteus treatment, further supported by the up-regulation of their corresponding genes. This study provides a theoretical foundation for exploiting the regulatory role of ectomycorrhizal inoculation and associated genetic changes in resistance against Al stress in masson pine.

Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Assemblages of Nursery-Grown Scots Pine are Influenced by Age of the Seedlings

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is the most widely distributed pine species in Europe and is relevant in terms of planted areas and harvest yields. Therefore, each year the demand for planting stock of Scots pine is exceedingly high, and large quantities of seedlings are produced annually throughout Europe to carry out reforestation and afforestation programs. Abundant and diverse ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis is critical for the success of seedlings once planted in the field. To improve our knowledge of ECM fungi that inhabit bare-root nursery stock of Scots pine and understand factors that influence their diversity, we studied the assemblages of ECM fungi present across 23 bare-root forest nurseries in Poland. Nursery stock samples were characterized by a high level of ECM colonization (nearly 100%), and a total of 29 ECM fungal taxa were found on 1- and 2-year-old seedlings. The diversity of the ECM community depended substantially on the nursery and age of the seedlings, and species richness varied from 3–10 taxa on 1-year-old seedlings and 6–13 taxa on 2-year-old seedlings. The ECM fungal communities that developed on the studied nursery stock were characterized by the prevalence of Ascomycota over Basidiomycota members on 1-year-old seedlings. All ecological indices (diversity, dominance, and evenness) were significantly affected by age of the seedlings, most likely because dominant ECM morphotypes on 1-year-old seedlings (Wilcoxina mikolae) were replaced by other dominant ones (e.g., Suillus luteus, Rhizopogon roseolus, Thelephora terrestris, Hebeloma crustuliniforme), mostly from Basidiomycota, on 2-year-old seedlings. Across all nurseries, negative correlations were identified for diversity metrics and soil N or C, indicating that mineral and organic fertilization contributes to the differences in the ECM fungal communities in nurseries. We discuss the ecological and practical implications of the composition and diversity of ECM fungi occurring on bare-root planting stock of Scots pine.

Hypoglycemic Activity of Total Flavonoids from Slippery Jack Mushroom, Suillus luteus (Agaricomycetes), In Vitro and In Vivo.

The hypoglycemic effects of total flavonoids from Suillus luteus (SLFLA) were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The glucose consumption experiment in HepG2 cells showed that SLFLA had hypoglycemic activity in vitro. Moreover, SLFLA could improve insulin resistance and exhibited good hypoglycemic activity in the insulin resistance model. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, SLFLA could effectively reduce blood sugar, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase levels. Damage to the liver, kidney, and pancreas in diabetic mice was mitigated after intragastric administration of SLFLA. These results suggested that SLFLA might be a promising functional food or medicine for T2DM treatment.

Identification of candidate genes conferring tolerance to aluminum stress in Pinus massoniana inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungus

BackgroundPinus massoniana Lamb. is an important afforestation tree species with high economic, ecological and medicinal values. Aluminum (Al) toxicity driven by soil acidification causes dieback of P. massoniana plantations. Previous studies showed that ectomycorrhizal fungi alleviate Al stress damages in Pinus, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and key genes induced by ectomycorrhizal fungi inoculation under Al stress in Pinus have not been explored. Herein, we applied Al stress for 60 days to P. massoniana seedlings inoculated with Suillus luteus (SL) and those non-inoculated. Then, we compared their growth parameters and transcriptome in order to detect candidate genes induced by SL conferring Al tolerance in P. massoniana.ResultOur results showed that SL inoculation confers Al stress tolerance in P. massoniana through improved growth performance, strong antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced malondialdehyde accumulation as compared to non-inoculated seedlings. Transcriptome sequencing further supported these findings as very few genes (51 genes) were transcriptionally altered by Al in SL inoculated plants as compared to non-inoculated plants (2140 genes). We identified three core genes (cox1, cox3 and Nd1) that were strongly up-regulated by Al in the SL inoculated plants but were down-regulated in the non-inoculated plants. We also identified 42 genes specifically regulated by SL inoculated plants under Al stress, which are involved in a wide range of biological processes such as antioxidative response, transporters, hormone signaling and plant pathogen infection responses.ConclusionsAltogether, our data suggest that SL inoculation induces priming of key stress response pathways and triggers specific genes that efficiently alleviate Al stress effects in P. massoniana. The candidate genes resources generated in this study are of utmost importance for functional characterization and molecular studies aiming at improving Al tolerance in plants.

EVALUATION OF TOXIC ELEMENT CONTENT AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF EDIBLE WILD MUSHROOMS

Mushrooms are used as a source of food and as medicine, but unfortunately, they may accumulate substances that adversely affect human health. The paper presents the content of toxic elements such as Hg, Pb, Cd and As determined in wild mushrooms (n = 48) divided into caps and stipes such as Armillaria mellea, Cantharellus cibarius, Coprinus comatus, Lycoperdon perlatum, Tricholoma portentosum, Suillus luteus, Xerocomus badius. Atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry techniques were used. The average Hg, Pb, Cd and As content in mushrooms were 0.350 ± 0.524, 0.762 ± 2.268, 0.478 ± 0.358 and 0.332 ± 0.471 mg kg-1 in dried caps and 0.208 ± 0.360, 0.559 ± 1.772, 0.280 ± 0.246 and 0.176 ± 0.263 mg kg-1 in dried stipe, respectively. The highest levels of toxic elements were found in L. perlatum – in the dried cap they reached the values of 1.575 ± 0.765, 6.657 ± 4.328, 0.807 ± 0.505, 1.349 ± 0.932 mg kg-1 and in the dried stipe 1.242 ± 0.410, 5.395 ± 3.860, 0.640 ± 0.326, 0.936 ± 0.340 mg kg-1 of Hg, Pb, Cd, and As, respectively. Estimation of the target hazard quotient showed that L. perlatum might pose a threat to human health associated with Hg (2.026 in cap and 1.596 in stipe) and As (1.735 in cap and 1.203 in stipe) intoxication. The hazard index value pointed out that L. perlatum and T. portentosum cap may be dangerous to health.

Fungal heavy metal adaptation through single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy-number variation.

Human-altered environments can shape the evolution of organisms. Fungi are no exception, although little is known about how they withstand anthropogenic pollution. Here, we document adaptation in the mycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus driven by soil heavy metal contamination. Genome scans across individuals from recently polluted and nearby unpolluted soils in Belgium revealed low divergence across isolates and no evidence of population structure based on soil type. However, we detected single nucleotide polymorphism divergence and gene copy-number variation, with different genetic combinations potentially conferring the ability to persist in contaminated soils. Variants were shared across the population but found to be under selection in isolates exposed to pollution and located across the genome, including in genes involved in metal exclusion, storage, immobilization and reactive oxygen species detoxification. Together, our results point to S. luteus undergoing the initial steps of adaptive divergence and contribute to understanding the processes underlying local adaptation under strong environmental selection.

ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY OF SUILLUS LUTEUS (L.) ROUSSEL EXTRACTS

Objective: Many drug discovery have used nature as an inspiration for the design of naturel products like compound classes. From ancient times edible mushrooms have been used both as food and medicine. People living in Turkey widely consume Suillus luteus (L.) Roussel wild edible mushrooms In this study, we were investigated antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of various extracts of S.luteus.

Atmospheric fallout impact on 210Po and 210Pb content in wild growing mushrooms

The atmospheric fallout impact on 210Po and 210Pb content in fruitbodies of wild growing mushrooms collected from different environments were investigated. The samples of morphologically different mushroom species, namely bay bolete (Imleria badia (Fr.) Vizzini), slippery jack (Suillus luteus (L.) Roussel), fairy ring mushroom (Marasmius oreades (Bolton) Fr.) and common earthball (Scleroderma citrinum Pers.) with their mycelium and soil substrate were collected. Their fruitbodies were separated into cap skin, cap flesh and stem. Also mycelium and soil substrate were collected. The results showed the highest 210Po and 210Pb activity concentrations were found in Marasmius oreades cap skin: 3.20 ± 0.12 and 21.1 ± 0.5 Bq kg−1 ww, respectively, which constituted 31.2 and 78.7% of their content in the total fruitbody mass. In the case of open space wild growing mushrooms, their whole caps contain a significantly higher amount of 210Po and 210Pb when compared to the stem, and their content in the whole cap was determined mainly by concentrations in the cap skin.

Traditional mycological knowledge and processes of change in Mapuche communities from Patagonia, Argentina: A study on wild edible fungi in Nothofagaceae forests

ABSTRACT Practices, perceptions, beliefs, and other forms of relationships between rural inhabitants and fungi have scarcely been studied in Patagonia. In this work, we analyze species richness, cultural importance, and modes of use of wild edible fungi in five Mapuche communities in northwest Patagonia of Argentina. Through an ethnobiological approach, we carried out semistructured interviews, walks in forests, and participant observations. Data were analyzed qualitative and quantitatively. Community members collected 17 species in environments with different degrees of human disturbance that they consumed fresh in situ, after some processing or stored for later consumption or trade. Indigenous morels such as Morchella aff. tridentina, M. aff. septimelata, and an unidentified species of Morchella had the greatest cultural importance at the regional level, followed by the exotic Suillus luteus and the native Cyttaria hariotti. Most of these species were frequently mentioned as having commercial value, continuity of use over time, and outstanding organoleptic properties. The remaining species currently have occasional use. The differential use of edible fungi, practices, transferences, and resignifications, as well as new technologies for storage, were analyzed. Regional knowledge about fungi reflects important features of Mapuche tradition but also the process of change in responding to complex and dynamic socioeconomic and ecological contexts.

SlZRT2 Encodes a ZIP Family Zn Transporter With Dual Localization in the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Suillus luteus.

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are important root symbionts of trees, as they can have significant effects on the nutrient status of plants. In polluted environments, particular ECM fungi can protect their host tree from Zn toxicity by restricting the transfer of Zn while securing supply of essential nutrients. However, mechanisms and regulation of cellular Zn homeostasis in ECM fungi are largely unknown, and it remains unclear how ECM fungi affect the Zn status of their host plants. This study focuses on the characterization of a ZIP (Zrt/IrtT-like protein) transporter, SlZRT2, in the ECM fungus Suillus luteus, a common root symbiont of young pine trees. SlZRT2 is predicted to encode a plasma membrane-located Zn importer. Heterologous expression of SlZRT2 in yeast mutants with impaired Zn uptake resulted in a minor impact on cellular Zn accumulation and growth. The SlZRT2 gene product showed a dual localization and was detected at the plasma membrane and perinuclear region. S. luteus ZIP-family Zn uptake transporters did not show the potential to induce trehalase activity in yeast and to function as Zn sensors. In response to excess environmental Zn, gene expression analysis demonstrated a rapid but minor and transient decrease in SlZRT2 transcript level. In ECM root tips, the gene is upregulated. Whether this regulation is due to limited Zn availability at the fungal–plant interface or to developmental processes is unclear. Altogether, our results suggest a function for SlZRT2 in cellular Zn redistribution from the ER next to a putative role in Zn uptake in S. luteus.

Effects of an ectomycorrhizal fungus on the growth and physiology of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings subjected to saline–alkali stress

This research investigates the mechanism of increased salinity tolerance of ectomycorrhizal fungi-inoculated P. sylvestris var. mongolica to provide a theoretical basis for the application of the fungus in saline soils. Growth effects due to inoculation of seedlings with Suillus luteus (a symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungus), were determined in four kinds of saline–alkali soils. Growth and physiological indicators, including photosynthetic characteristics, plant height, biomass, photosynthetic pigments, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme levels, and malondialdehyde (MDA), an organic marker for oxidative stress, and soluble protein levels were determined. Mycorrhizal colonization rate decreased with increasing saline–alkalinity and growth of inoculated seedlings was significantly enhanced. Biomass and chlorophyll contents also increased significantly. SOD and CAT activities were higher than in non-inoculated seedlings. However, MDA content decreased in inoculated seedlings. Soluble protein content did not increase significantly. Inoculation with a symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungus could enhance the saline–alkali tolerance of P. sylvestris var. mongolica. Growth and physiological performance of inoculated seedlings were significantly better than that of uninoculated seedlings. The results indicate that inoculated P. sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings may be useful in the improvement of saline–alkali lands.

The effects of co-colonising ectomycorrhizal fungi on mycorrhizal colonisation and sporocarp formation in Laccaria japonica colonising seedlings of Pinus densiflora

Forest trees are colonised by different species of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi that interact competitively or mutualistically with one another. Most ECM fungi can produce sporocarps. To date, the effects of co-colonising fungal species on sporocarp formation in ECM fungi remain unknown. In this study, we examined host plant growth, mycorrhizal colonisation, and sporocarp formation when roots of Pinus densiflora are colonised by Laccaria japonica and three other ECM fungal species (Cenococcum geophilum, Pisolithus sp., and Suillus luteus). Sporocarp numbers were recorded throughout the experimental period. The biomass, photosynthetic rate, and mycorrhizal colonisation rate of the seedlings were also measured at 45days, 62days, and 1year after seedlings were transplanted. Results indicated that C. geophilum and S. luteus may negatively impact mycorrhizal colonisation and sporocarp formation in L. japonica. Sporocarp formation in L. japonica was positively correlated with conspecific mycorrhizal colonisation but negatively correlated with the biomass of seedlings of P. densiflora. The co-occurring ECM fungi largely competed with L. japonica, resulting in various effects on mycorrhizal colonisation and sporocarp formation in L. japonica. A variety of mechanisms may be involved in the competitive interactions among the different ECM fungal species, including abilities to more rapidly colonise root tips, acquire soil nutrients, or produce antibiotics. These mechanisms need to be confirmed in further studies.

The content of copper, zinc, and nickel in the selected species of edible mushrooms

Abstract The aim of the research was to evaluate the accumulation level of copper, zinc and nickel in forest mushrooms – Bay Bolete (Xerocomus badius), Saffron Milk Cap (Lactarius deliciosus), Rough-Stemmed Bolete (Leccinum scabrum), Slippery Jack (Suillus luteus) and Parasol Mushroom (Macrolepiota procera). The analysed mushrooms were obtained from growth forests located in the Masovian Voivodeship in the following counties: Siedlce, Sokołów, Łosice and Łuków. Total content of metals was determined using the method of atomic emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma, after the earlier mineralisation of materials ‘by dry combustion’ in a muffle furnace at the temperature of 450°C, and after melting of ash in a 10% solution of HCl. In the soil samples taken from the places where the tested mushrooms occur, pH in 1 mol KCl·dm-3 and total content of copper, zinc and nickel were determined by the ICP-AES method after earlier mineralization in mixture of concentration HCl and HNO3 (3:1) in a microwave system. Test results were statistically analysed with the use of software STATISTICA 12 PL (STATSOFT, TULSA, USA). The analysed mushrooms had diverse content of the determined metals. The highest total average content of copper and zinc was present in Bay Bolete: 34.83 mg ∙ kg-1d.m. for Cu and 155.50 mg ∙ kg-1d.m. for Zn, and the highest average content of nickel was contained in Rough-Stemmed Bolete – 2.98 mg ∙ kg-1d.m.. The lowest average content of copper and zinc was determined in Rough-Stemmed Bolete: 11.98 mg ∙ kg-1d.m. for Cu and 91.90 mg ∙ kg-1d.m. for Zn, and lowest total average content of nickel was present in Bay Bolete – 1.05 mg ∙ kg-1d.m. No excessive accumulation of examined heavy metals was stated in the analysed mushrooms species.

An ectomycorrhizal symbiosis differently affects host susceptibility to two congeneric fungal pathogens

Abstract The role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in modulating host susceptibility to fungal pathogens is poorly known. Pinus sylvestris susceptibility to two congeneric fungal pathogens was compared between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. The ectomycorrhizal fungus was Suillus luteus, while the pathogens were Heterobasidion irregulare and H. annosum. H. irregulare is native to North-America and invasive to Europe, whereas S. luteus and H. annosum are native to Eurasia. Non-mycorrhizal plants were equally susceptible to both pathogens. Mycorrhizal plants were significantly less susceptible to H. annosum than non-mycorrhizal plants, whereas there were no differences when considering H. irregulare. The abundance of ectomycorrhizas was negatively and significantly correlated to the level of host susceptibility only to H. annosum. This study shows that the protective role of ectomycorrhizal fungi may differ when the host is challenged by congeneric fungal pathogens. Results add a further clue to explain and predict the invasiveness of H. irregulare in Europe.

DETERMINATION OF ELEMENTS IN WILD EDIBLE MUSHROOMS: LEVELS AND RISK ASSESSMENT

The paper is focused on monitoring of the content of selected elements (Al, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se and Zn) in three species of edible mushrooms: Cantharellus cibarius Fr., Suillus luteus (L.) Roussel and Imleria badia (Fr.) Vizzini from three areas in Slovakia (Prašice, Bobrov and Dobroč). Qualitative and quantitative determination of the observed elements was performed by ICP-OES and/or CV-AAS. All results were statistically evaluated at both descriptive and differential analysis level. Due to the fact that picking and subsequent consumption of edible wild mushrooms is popular in Slovakia, the data obtained were evaluated and compared to tolerable weekly intakes defined by WHO. Based on the content of the monitored elements, PTWI values were not exceeded in any of the species from the studied sites. In some cases, however, specific content values, especially Al, but also Cd and Hg were exceeded compared to the average concentrations of elements in mushrooms from uncontaminated areas. In general, it can be stated that regular and long-term consumption of the mushrooms does not pose any health risk to the consumers.

The Impact of Drying of Wild-Growing Mushrooms on the Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Water- Soluble Polysaccharides.

Water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPs) were isolated from freeze-dried and hot-air-dried fruiting bodies of five wild-growing edible species: Armillaria mellea, Lactarius deliciosus, Leccinum aurantiacum, Suillus luteus, and Boletus badius. The concentrations of WSPs ranged from 36.3 ± 0.7 mg/g dw to 105.9 ± 3.9 mg/g dw. The method of drying substantially affected the quantity of WSP. The loss of WSP depended on species and varied between ~ 19% and ~ 48%. The extracted WSP contained varied amounts of carbohydrate, protein, and phenolics. The samples exerted antioxidant properties measured with the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assay (11.5 ± 2.0 to 38.4 ± 3.6 μmol Trolox/g dw) and the Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay (9.1 ± 1.3 to 40.6 ± 1.4 μmol Trolox/g dw). In most cases, hot-air drying slightly increased the antioxidant potential of WSP.

MUSHROOM DIVERSITY IN SHAKI DISTRICT OF AZERBAIJAN

Mushroom diversity in Shaki district of Azerbaijan was studied during 2013-2018. Totally 346 specimens were collected and identified based on the morphologically main diagnostic features. Phenotypic characters, as well as microscopic features (size, shape, color of spores) were considered. In total 111 taxa (106 species, three forms and two variations) belonging to 67 genera, 32 families and 11 orders of Ascomycota and Basidiomycta were identified in view of the latest taxonomic and nomenclature changes. Two taxa Morchella esculenta var. rotunda and Suillus luteus f. albus represent new records for Azerbaijan. Ecological groups of mushrooms were reflected. Amanita fulva, A. pantherina, A. vaginata, Apioperdon pyriforme, Boletus edulis, B. reticulatus, Bovista plumbea, Caloboletus radicans, Cantharellus cibarius, C. subalbidus, Chlorophyllum rhacodes, Coprinopsis atramentaria, Hymenopellis radicata, Hypholoma fasciculare, Lactarius piperatus, Leccinum scabrum, Lepiota cristata, Lycoperdon umbrinum, Morchella esculenta, Mycena crocata, M. pura, Russula foetens, R. rosacea, Sarcoscypha coccinea, Suillus granulatus, S. luteus, Suillellus luridus and Tricholoma ustale were frequently found in the district. The rare species found in the studied area were Butyriboletus regius, Cortinarius triumphans, Clavariadelphus pistillaris, Crepidotus cesatii, Lactarius deliciosus, Morchella crassipes, Otidea onotica, Suillellus queletii and Tuber aestivum. Species variation was observed to increase along the elevation gradient, starting from the low mountain zone. Abundance of species decreases in the middle-upper mountain zone. Species distribution patterns along the elevation gradients are affected by mountain range peculiarities and climate warming. Numerous species have been recorded in more than one altitude. Use possibility of fungi is also elucidated.

Element Composition of Mushrooms in Contrasting Anthropogenic Loading

Environmental macro- and microelements in both unpolluted and polluted areas are cycled by the active participation of higher fungi. ICP-MS and fluorimetric Se analysis were used to determine, under conditions of contrasting anthropogenic loading (in the vicinity of a mineral fertilizer plant), the contents of 21 macro- and microelements in 7 species of mycorrhizal mushrooms: Russula vesca, Lactaiuspubescens, Leccinum scrabum, Leccinum aurantiacum, Helvella crispa, Suillus luteus andSuillus granulates; and in two species of saprophytes: Pubescens involutus and Morchella esculenta. Among the studied ecosystems, the new successional ecosystem of an abundant phosphogypsum storage site was characterized by the highest levels of Sr accumulation by mushrooms, whereas the artificial ecosystem of the plant’s territory was responsible for mushrooms accumulating high amounts of Al, Fe, Pb, V and Сd. The cumulative ecosystem area near the abundant phosphogypsum storage site demonstrated higher levels of Pb and lower levels of Al, Cr, Ni, V and Co in mushrooms than in the copse at the base of the functioning phosphogypsum storage sites. In conditions of contrasting anthropogenic loading, mycorrhizal fungi of the family Russulacea and saprophytes (P. involutus) demonstrated strong correlations between Al, V and Li; V and Sr; Se and Р; and Li and Fе. In these conditions saprophytes (P. involutus) were characterized by significantly higher accumulations of practically all the studied elements (especially heavy metals) and lower Se concentrations. In conditions of powerful anthropogenic loading, interspecies differences in the element compositions of mycorrhizal mushrooms showed the preferential accumulation of V, Pb, Zn, Fe, Li, and Mn by Helvella crispa; As and Si, by Leccinum scrabum; Cd, Se, and Mn, by Leccinum aurantiacum; Sr, Cr, and B, by R. vesca; Al, Co, and Ni, by L. pubescens; Si and B, by Suillus granulates. The ecological risks of consuming mushrooms collected in the vicinity of the mineral fertilizer plant differed by more than 100 times depending on mushroom species (the most significant were recorded for P. involutus) and place of growth; they decreased from the artificial (territory of the fertilizer plant) to cumulative (vicinity of phosphogypsum storage sites) and succession (territory of the abundant phosphogypsum storage site) ecosystems. Zn had the highest phosphogypsum/mushroom transfer coefficient; Sr, the lowest.

A New Genus Record for the Macrofungi of Turkey of a Fungicolous and Mycoparasitic Species, Hypomyces chrysospermus Tul. & C. Tul. (Hypocreaceae De Not.)

The study describes Hypomyces chrysosperum Tul. & C. Tul. as a new record for Turkey and Hypomyces (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul. (Hypocreaceae) as a new genus record for Turkey. This fungicolous and mycoparasitic Ascomycota was collected in the Gireniz Valley (Denizli) growing parasitically on Suillus luteus (L.) Roussel. Descriptions of both the host and parasite fungi are given, together with macroscopic photographs and microscopic drawings.