Sugars Sucrose Research Articles

Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): Influence of Sugars on Feeding Response of Larvae

Sucrose (0.01-1 M) and 13 other naturally occurring sugars (0.1 M) were evaluated on cellulose acetate-cellulose nitrate membrane filter disks as feeding stimulants for larvae (third in star) of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman. Five sugars—sucrose, maltose, fructose, glucose, and trehalose—stimulated larval feeding. All of these, with the exception of trehalose, had previously been shown to be strong phagostimulants for adult beetles.

Boron fertilization and carbohydrate relations in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal shortleaf pine.

Eight-week-old shortleaf pine seedlings (Pinus echinata Mill.) with and without ectomycorrhizae formed by Pisolithus tinctorius were treated for two to eight weeks with 25 microg borate ml(-1) solution applied either to the soil, or as a foliar spray, or in both ways. Control seedlings were fertilized only with modified Hoagland's solution containing 0.03 microg ml(-1) borate. Five sugars (pinitol, fructose, glucose, myoinositol and sucrose) were quantitated in both mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal roots by gas-liquid chromatography. Fertilization with boron increased the total carbohydrate content of mycorrhizal roots except in seedlings receiving foliar applications of boron. Foliar + soil fertilization yielded a 24% increase in total carbohydrates in mycorrhizal roots, whereas foliar fertilization alone decreased the total carbohydrate content. Carbohydrate content of nonmycorrhizal roots was significantly increased only by soil fertilization with boron. Individual sugars were affected less by boron fertilization in nonmycorrhizal roots than in ectomycorrhizal roots. However, significant increases in sugars in response to boron fertilization were observed in both ectomycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants.

Sucrose, Motor Activity, and Learning

The effects of sugar (sucrose) on the behavior of 30 preschool children (20 boys and 10 girls, mean age 5 years 4 mos) and 15 elementary school children (6 boys and 9 girls, mean age 7 yrs 2 mos) were investigated by psychologists from Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, and the Univ of Mississippi Med Cntr, Jackson, MS.

Preparation and properties of polymers of carboxylated polybutadiene containing sucrose

This paper describes the attachment of sugar (sucrose) to low molecular weight carboxylated polybutadiene (esterification) to produce a new class of synthetic polymers. The products were characterized by I.R. and N.M.R. spectroscopy. Their thermal and thermooxidative characteristics are discussed from DSC and TGA in nitrogen and air. The polyurethanes obtained were studied.

Economic Injury Level of the Sugarcane Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on Sweet Sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

The sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), reduced sweet sorghum sugar yield up to 46% in artificial infestation field trials. A significant relationship between D. saccharalis damage and yield loss indicated an economic injury level of 10% bored internodes. Stalk weight, percent sucrose, and total sugars were negatively correlated to D. saccharalis damage. Increased fiber content, resulting in less juice, was positively correlated to percent bored internodes. Information from damage levels, along with survival records, indicated that the economic threshold was reached when 5% of the sweet sorghum plants contained small D. saccharalis larvae in their leafsheaths.

Nutritional factors determine germ tube formation inCandida albicans

Following a short (3 h) period of carbon starvation, exponential phase yeast cells of Candida albicans rapidly (T50 45 min) formed germ tubes in a glucose/ammonium ion solution. The presence of both a sugar (glucose, sucrose or galactose) and a nitrogen source (ammonium ion or an amino acid metabolized via glutamate) was critical for morphogenesis.

Effects of sugar (sucrose) on children's behavior.

Effects of sugar (sucrose) on children's behavior.

Hyperexcitability in cattle fed ammoniated roughages

Cattle fed roughages treated with anhydrous ammonia (NH 3) developed a syndrome of hyperexcitability. The most characteristic symptom of the disorder was sudden galloping in circles. Studies were undertaken to determine the conditions of cereal straw ammoniation leading to the development of the syndrome in cattle fed the roughage. Of the variables tested in this research, the temperature reached by the roughage during ammoniation appeared to be most closely linked with occurrence of the disorder. Hyperexcitability was not observed when straw temperatures remained below 70°C during treatment. Roughages with a high content of reserve carbohydrates prior to ammoniation appeared to be particularly liable to cause hyperexcitability when fed after ammoniation. Toxins appear to be formed by chemical reactions involving ammonia, reducing sugars and heat. The non-reducing sugar sucrose did not appear to be involved in the formation of toxins in ammoniated straw. Environmental stresses such as cold, drought or disease during the crop's reproductive phase largely determine the extent of translocation of reserve carbohydrates from the stem and leaves to the grain. The degree of crop failure can probably be used as an index of predisposition of the straw to become toxic after (thermo-) ammoniation. Ammoniation of immaturely harvested crops also produces high-risk fodder. In these experiments, no symptoms were observed when straw was ensiled with urea as the source of ammonia. Drenching cattle fed a “problem batch” of straw with magnesium oxide did not prevent hyperexcitability. Cattle fed “toxic” straw do not appear to adapt to the toxins, nor does treated material lose its toxic properties during prolonged storage. Untreated and pasteurised milk from cows fed straw that had been ammoniated at 90°C and previously implicated in the disorder caused hyperexcitability in calves. The potential danger to human health requires further study.

Nitrate Nutrition and Temperature Effects on Wheat: Soluble Components of Leaves and Carbon Fluxes to Amino Acids and Sucrose

Lawlor, D. W., Boyle, F. A., Young, A. T., Kendall, A. C. and Keys, A. J. 1987. Nitrate nutrition and temperature effects on wheat: Soluble components of leaves and carbon fluxes to amino acids and sucrose.—J. exp. Bot. 38: 1091-1103. Amounts of some metabolites and the incorporation of 14C02 into photosynthetic products were measured in the third leaf of wheat, grown with two rates of nitrate supply at two temperatures, to analyse the effects of environmental conditions on the fluxes of carbon. Ribulose tephosphate and 3-phosphoglyceric acid content per unit area were greater under nitrate deficiency and decreased with leaf age, but did not differ consistently with temperature. Sucrose content of young leaves was larger in cool than in warm conditions and with low nitrate, and decreased with age to similar values in all treatments. Starch accumulated with leaf age, slightly more in cool than warm conditions, and with nitrate deficiency. Glutamate (plus glutamine), aspartate (plus asparagine), glycine and serine content of leaves were greatest with added nitrate in cool temperature; changes with leaf age and conditions are discussed. The 14C content of assimilation products after exposure to 14C02 (for up to 10 min at 20 °C) under steady-state conditions was slightly greater in plants grown in the warm than in the cool temperature and with additional nitrate. Additional nitrate increased the proportion of 14C in, and flux of carbon to, amino acids, particularly serine and glycine, and decreased it in sugar phosphates and sucrose. Cool growth temperatures increased the proportion of 14C in amino acids (pre dominantly glycine and serine) and decreased that in sucrose. Changes in the balance of carbon fluxes between amino acids and carbohydrates are discussed in relation to glycolate pathway metabolism and alternative routes of amino acid synthesis. Key words— Wheat, temperature, nitrate supply, carbon flux, sucrose, amino acids. Correspondence to: Physiology and Environmental Physics Department, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. AL5 2JQ, U.K.

Influence of Sugars on the Feeding Response of Japanese Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Sixteen naturally occurring carbohydrates were evaluated as feeding stimulants in agar/cellulose media for adult female Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman. Four sugars—sucrose, maltose, fructose, and glucose—were strong phagostimulants. Three other sugars—arabinose, xylose, and raffinose—induced weak, but significant, feeding responses.

Formulas for Calculation of Extraction Volumes for Commonly Used Pesticide Residue Extraction Procedures

Formulas are presented for the calculation of extraction volume for pesticide residue procedures that use a single extraction with acetone, acetonitrile, or methanol, with or without prior dilution of these solvents with water. These formulas account for the volume change on mixing and for the volume contribution from the soluble sugars sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Results using these formulas are in agreement with the observed volumes of such mixtures within 0.3% throughout the following ranges, expressed as percent water in the mixtures: 15-38% for acetone, 4.8-59% for acetonitrile, and 9.3-33% for methanol.

The selection and modification of brewer's yeast strains

In order to achieve a beer of high quality, the yeast culture must be effective in removing the desired nutrients from the growth medium (i.e. the wort), it must impart the required flavour to the beer and finally, the micro-organisms themselves must be effectively removed from the fermented wort after they have fulfilled their metabolic role. Brewer's wort contains the sugars sucrose, fructose, glucose, maltose and maltotriose, together with dextrin material. In the normal situation, brewer's yeast strains are incapable of fermenting the dextrin material; however, yeast strains capable of fermenting at least a part of this dextrin material and producing a palatable beer are now available. One of the important factors known to affect the fermentation rate is the intracellular yeast glycogen concentration which has been found to be influenced by storage conditions. The glycogen level at pitching significantly affects the fermentation rate of the yeast culture.

Chemical Composition of Australian Mangroves II. Low Molecular Weight Carbohydrates

Summary Low molecular weight carbohydrates (LMWC) occurring in both young and old leaves of 22 mangrove species from Northern Queensland (Australia) were identified using gas liquid and gas capillary chromatography. The cyclitol, pinitol, was the most prevalent compound in all members of the Rhizophoraceae and in the mangrove fern Acrostichum speciosum. In addition, Aegialitis annulata stored chiro-inositol. Another cyclitol, quebrachitol, occurred in Excoecaria agallocha. Mannitol, a polyol, was dominating in Aegiceras corniculatum, Lumnitzera littorea, Lumnitzera racemosa, Sonneratia alba and Scyphiphora hydrophylacea. The sugars sucrose, glucose, and fructose were not generally stored in high concentrations (except Xylocarpus granatum, 300 mol · m−3 plant water). Those species which contained no cyclitols or mannitol were low in their LMWC content. LMWC concentrations were higher in young leaves than in old ones in nearly all species under investigation. Polyols and cyclitols may have taxonomically associated distributions and may play a role in osmotic adjustment.

Chemoreception in Luidia clathrata (Echinodermata: Asteroidea): qualitative and quantitative aspects of chemotactic responses to low molecular weight compounds

Chemoreception was studied in Luidia clathrata (Say), collected from Old Tampa Bay, Florida, USA, in June 1983. L. clathrata has chemotactic responses to compounds associated with its preferred dietary items. This seastar responded most strongly to L-cysteine, L-cystine, L-isoleucine and L-glutamic acid, compounds associated with fleshy animal foods. Sugars (sucrose, maltose and lactose), compounds associated with plant and detrital foods, were also stimulatory, but less so than the aminoacids. The seastar showed a strong response to the freshtissue component, betaine. The excretory product ammonium, indicative of metabolic activity of live prey, elicited a weak response. Chemotactic responses were concentration-dependent. Concentration-response curves for L-cysteine, L-isoleucine, and L-glutamic acid are steeply sloped and have response-dose50 values within the range of 1×10-8 and 1×10-5 M. L. clathrata is adapted to sensing concentration gradients at levels which could be expected in its environment. Distance chemoreception is an important component of both search behavior and food discrimination for this seastar.

Growth rate, sugar consumption, chlortetracycline production and anhydrotetracycline oxygenase activity inStreptomyces aureofaciens

The relationship between the activity of ATC oxygenase, CTC production and growth rate was investigated in a low-producing strain ofStreptomyces aureofaciens, closely related to the wildtype strain, and in a higher-producing variant. Different growth rates were achieved by using glucose, fructose and sucrose as carbon sources. Activity of the enzyme and CTC yield in both strains were inversely proportional to the rate of sugar utilization but in the higherproducing variant sugar utilization was slower than in the low-producing strain. The expression of ATC oxygenase was less sensitive to “catabolite repression” in the higherproduc ing strain. BT, a stimulator of CTC production, markedly inhibited growth of the higher-producing variant in a medium with slowly utilized sugars (fructose and sucrose) but had little effect on growth of the lowproducing strain. It also increased the level of ATC oxygenase in both strains under all experimental conditions. It could be established that there was no obligatory relationship between the increase of antibiotic synthesis and the increase of enzyme activity.

Changes in the non-structural carbohydrate content of cotton (Gossypium spp.) fibres at different stages of development

The neutral sugars (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) and the sugar phosphates (glucose 6-phosphate, glucose 1-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate) soluble in hot aqueous 80% methanol from the fibres of cotton - Gossypium arboreum L., G. barbadense L., and G. hirsutum L. - were determined at various stages of fibre development. In addition, the (1→3)-β-D-glucan content was measured and in the case of G. arboreum the rate of (1→3)-β-D-glucan and cellulose synthesis was determined with [(14)C]sucrose as the precursor. For each of the species a similar chronology was obtained for the changes in content of the various non-structural carbohydrates. At the early stages of secondary wall formation, glucose and fructose exhibited a maximum which was closely followed by a maximum in the (1→3)-β-D-glucan content and in the sugar phosphates. On the other hand, the sucrose content increased regularly until fibre maturity. The rates of synthesis of (1→3)-β-D-glucan and of cellulose were highest following the maximum in the (1→3)-β-D-glucan content, when the latter was being depleted.

Production of L‐ AND D‐lactate by Pediococcus pentosaceus in batch and steady‐state continuous culture

The fast growth and acid production of a strain of Pediococcus pentosaceus, used as a starter culture in the production of dry sausages, was dependent on the presence of acetate. In a batch culture on a mixture of glucose and sucrose both sugars were consumed simultaneously. Similar growth rates and product yields were obtained on glucose and sucrose, d‐ AND l‐lactate were produced via a D‐ and L‐lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), respectively, and no racemase was present. In batch cultures about 15% of the lactic acid produced was the D‐isomer, whereas in a sucrose‐limited, continuous culture the fraction of D‐lactic acid increased with decreasing dilution rate. The results are discussed in relation to the two LDH activities.

Exogenous utilization of14C sugars and14C proline as carbon source for lipid biosynthesis in the germinating Crotalaria juncea L. pollen

Abstract Of the 14C labelled sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) and 14C proline, the incorporation of label into different lipid types was least from proline while sucrose was the preferred precursor over glucose or fructose. High incorporation into phosphatidyl inositol with 14C sucrose suggested that this phosphatide besides being a membrane component served possibly as the inositol storage component. High incorporation of label into phosphatidyl choline also suggested synthesis of new membranes during pollen tube growth.

Indirect two-dimensional J spectroscopy: Measurement of proton multiplet structure via carbon-13 signals

The problem of determining proton-proton couplings in overcrowded spectra can, in favorable cases, be solved using two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy to correlate proton multiplet structure with carbon-13 chemical shifts. The method proposed is based on a recent experiment described by Bodenhausen, modified to suppress heteronuclear couplings. Spectra are presented illustrating the application of the new technique to the sugars sucrose and raffinose.

Clastogenic activity of caramel and caramelized sugars

Cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cels were exposed for 3 h to caramelized solutions of the sugars sucrose, glucose, mannose, arabinose, maltose and fructose. Each of these caramelized sugars induced a relatively high frequency of chromosome breaks and exchanges in the treated cells. The non-caramelized sugars did not increase the frequency of chromosome aberrations. A potent clastogenic effect was also observed when a commercially used caramel powder was assayed. Up to 54% of all examined metaphase plates of the treated CHO cells had at least one chromosome break or exchange. This chromosome-damaging action of commercial caramel powder was reduced in the presence of liver microsomal (S9) preparation or FeII and FeIII. The transition metals CuII and MnII neither enhanced nor reduced the clastogenic activity of the caramel powder.