Sugar In Patients Research Articles

Seizure as the first presentation of diabetes mellitus

Seizure as the first presentation of diabetes mellitus

Depot naltrexone decreases rewarding properties of sugar in patients with opioid dependence

Opioid neurotransmission mediates hedonic value of sweet tastants; their intake may be exaggerated by the consumption of exogenous opioids (e.g., opioid dependence). Sweet Taste Test (STT) is a validated quantitative instrument assessing taste perception and hedonic features of sugar (sucrose) using a randomized and double-blind administration at five different sucrose concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.83 M. The STT and cue-induced craving procedure were administered to opioid-dependent patients (n = 15) before and 1 week after the injection of a long-acting depot naltrexone (XRNT) preparation. Analyses of covariance, employing sucrose concentration and its perceived taste as covariates, showed that XRNT therapy significantly reduced the self-reported hedonic and motivational characteristics of sucrose. Greater reductions in both these characteristics were associated with more diminution in the cue-induced opioid craving. Opioid antagonism in opioid-dependent subjects leads to a smaller sweet taste reward, which, in turn, may be proportional to decreased opioid craving. These pilot results support the heuristic value of the STT as a potential marker of the XRNT treatment response and call for further inquiry into potential clinical applications of the test.

Increased serum HSP70 levels are associated with the duration of diabetes

The evolutionary conserved family of heat shock proteins (HSP) is responsible for protecting cells against different types of stress, including oxidative stress. Although the levels of HSPs can be readily measured in blood serum, the levels of HSP70 in patients with different durations of diabetes have not been studied before. We quantified serum HSP70 levels in a healthy control group (n = 36) and two groups of type 2 diabetic patients, defined as newly diagnosed diabetes (n = 36) and patients with diabetes duration of more than 5years (n = 37). The clinical characteristics and biochemical parameters were evaluated in the studied population. We found that serum HSP70 levels were significantly higher in patients with diabetes when compared with controls (p < 0.001) and it was higher in patients with disease for more than 5years than in newly diagnosed patients (p < 0.001). Serum HSP70 was inversely correlated with fasting blood sugar in patients with diabetes for more than 5years (r = -0.500, p = 0.002), positively correlated with the history of hypertension in newly diagnosed patients (p < 0.001), and positively correlated with age in patients with diabetes (r = 0.531, p = 0.001). Serum level of HSP70 is significantly higher in patients with diabetes and correlates with the duration of disease. Higher HSP70 in prolonged diabetes versus newly diagnosed diabetes may be an indicator of metabolic derangement in the course of diabetes.

Effect of cuscuta reflexa stem and calotropis procera leaf extracts on glucose tolerance in glucose-induced hyperglycemic rats and mice

Cuscuta reflexa (whole plant) and Calotropis procera (leaves) are used in folk medicine of Bangladesh to control blood sugar in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. The hypoglycemic effects of methanol and chloroform extracts of whole plants of Cuscuta reflexa, and methanol extract of leaves of Calotropis procera were investigated in oral glucose tolerance tests in Long Evans rats and Swiss albino mice, respectively. Both methanol and chloroform extracts of Cuscuta reflexa whole plant demonstrated significant oral hypoglycemic activity in glucose-loaded rats at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. The methanol extract of leaves of Calotropis procera, when tested at doses of 100 and 250 mg/kg body weight did not demonstrate any oral hypoglycemic effect when tested in glucose-loaded mice.

Abnormal glycosylation of Tamm‐Horsfall protein in patients with interstitial cystitis

To confirm abnormal glycosylation of Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) in patients with interstitial cystitis (IC). The sialic acid content of THP, a critical component of its biological activity, is reduced in patients with IC. N-glycan shows reduced levels of high molecular weight tri- and tetra-antennary sialylated oligosaccharides. These results are supported by quantitative monosaccharide analysis of neutral and amino sugars in patients vs control subjects. THP was isolated from urine samples of 23 patients with IC and 24 control subjects by salt precipitation. The sialic acid contents were measured using 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylene dioxybenzene-high performance liquid chromatography analysis. For N-glycan profiling, purified THP was treated with peptide:N-glycosidase F to release N-glycans. The purified N-glycans were labelled with 2-aminobenzamide and were profiled by high-pH anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) with fluorescence detection. The neutral and amino sugars were determined by HPAEC with pulsed amperometric detection. The total sialic acid in patients was half of that in controls. There was a pattern of reduced level of high molecular weight sialylated oligosaccharide in 17 of 23 patients vs four of 24 controls. The total neutral and amino sugars showed a approximately 30% reduction in patients. The mean (sem) for the controls was 133.79 (6.51) vs 94.76 (6.67) nmol/200 microg of THP for patients (P < 0.001). THP in patients with IC has reduced sialylation and overall glycosylation, and by inference, THP has a role in the pathophysiology of IC.

The rough road for rosiglitazone

Rosiglitazone is effective in lowering blood sugars in patients with type 2 diabetes and may be expected to reduce microvascular complications associated with hyperglycemia. Whereas preliminary studies using surrogate outcomes for cardiovascular disease have suggested the potential for cardioprotective effects, the drug is associated with fluid retention and increased risk of congestive heart failure. Long-term cardiovascular safety remains incompletely understood. In this review the potential for increased ischemic cardiovascular risk associated with rosiglitazone use is discussed. Meta-analysis of patients participating in controlled clinical trials suggests increased risk of cardiovascular events for patients using rosiglitazone. Considering only clinical trials in patients with type 2 diabetes with patient-level data, a double-masked, randomized design, and using approved doses of rosiglitazone, independent meta-analysis shows that cardiovascular event rates are low, and suggests that increased ischemic cardiovascular risk may be particularly manifest in subgroups of patients with type 2 diabetes who are using nitrates or insulin. There continues to be uncertainty about the risk of ischemic heart disease in patients with type 2 diabetes associated with the use of rosiglitazone. Caution should be used in patients with underlying heart disease using nitrates, and when added to ongoing insulin-based therapy.

Determination of the Percentage of Blood Free Leptin Hormone in Diabetic Patients after Treatment with Metformin

Objective(s) Plasma leptin exists in protein-bound and free forms, which may affect its hormonal bioactivity. The free and bound forms are changed by the body weight. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of metformin on bound and free plasma leptin concentration. Materials and Methods Subjects recruited from Yazd Diabetes Research Centre, Yazd University of Medical Sciences. The participants were new cases of obese type 2 diabetes (BMI>30 kg/ m2). Fasting bloods samples, before and after one month treatment with metformin collected. These samples used for the purification of free leptin by HPLC method and analysis of other biochemical parameters. Results The results indicated that, there was no significant difference observed between the free leptin forms before and after the one month treatment (71%±4.2 vs 72±5). Conclusion The one month treatment, reduced blood sugar in patients, but at the same time it did not have a reduction effect on the body weight. Therefore, in the free form of hormone after treatment comparing to before treatment it did not make a significant difference. This confirmed other reports which showed that the variation of free leptin depended on the body weight.

Effect of Hyperoxialiquid on Blood Sugar Level in Patients with Severe Brain-injury

目的 探讨重型脑损伤后血糖改变与静输氧疗效之间的关系.方法选取6 0例脑损伤患者为研究对象,分为治疗组和对照组,以GCS评分判断疗效,并测定两组患者治疗前、后的血糖浓度,进行比较判定.结果治疗组治疗后GCS评分为(8.7±1.5)分,对照组评分为(7.5±1.8)分,治疗组疗效明显优于对照组.治疗后治疗组血糖为(5.44±0.82)mmol/L,对照组为(6.02±0.84)mmol/L,两组比较差异有非常显著性意义(P＜0.01),治疗组血糖明显低于对照组.结论重型脑损伤后血糖显著升高;静输氧能提高受损脑组织对葡萄糖的利用,使血糖下降;静输氧治疗是脑损伤的辅助治疗新方法。

Improvement of esophageal and gastric motility after 2-week treatment of oral erythromycin in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Forty-five patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) were enrolled in the study. Before and after the 2-week treatment course of oral erythromycin, esophageal (the mean transit time, MTT) and gastric motility (the halftime of gastric emptying, GETt1/2) were evaluated by radionuclide labeled liquid and solid meals. Meanwhile, the fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels were monitored. After a 2-week erythromycin treatment, MTT shortened from 9.32±1.12 to 6.28±0.91 s and GETt1/2 shortened from 210.2±24.3 to 128.3±30.1 min. Meanwhile, FBS decreased from 198.2±30.1 to 121.5±21.3 mg/dl ( P value <.05). We conclude that a 2-week treatment course of oral erythromycin can significantly improve esophageal and gastric motility which results in a better control of blood sugar in patients with NIDDM.

Effect of Low-Dose Niacin on Glucose Control in Patients with Non--Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus and Hyperlipidemia.

BACKGROUND: High doses of niacin have been shown to impair glucose control in patients with non--insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). We undertook a study to determine if low-dose niacin has a similar effect. METHODS: Patients with stable NIDDM and hyperlipidemia underwent a 2-month observation phase where diet and diabetes medication were unchanged. Fasting blood sugar was determined every 2 weeks, and hemoglobin A(1c) and lipid profile was obtained at week 8. Patients then received niacin 500 mg three times daily for 2 months with fasting blood sugar measured every 2 weeks and hemoglobin A(1c) and lipid profile determined at week 16. Statistical analysis was performed using a t-test for related groups. RESULTS: Six of nine patients completed the protocol. Mean fasting blood sugar was statistically higher during niacin therapy versus baseline (131 mg/dL plus minus 27 vs. 161 mg/dL plus minus 40, p < 0.05). Two patients had an increase in fasting blood sugar exceeding 200 mg/dL. No change was noted in hemoglobin A(1c). There was a trend in a decrease in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride. High-density lipoprotein was statistically higher after niacin therapy. CONCLUSION: Low-dose niacin increases fasting blood sugar in patients with stable NIDDM.

Assessment of insulin sensitivity in vivo.

I. Origin of the Insulin Sensitivity Concept HISTORICALLY, the study of the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus was in the traditional pattern of endocrinology: removal of the pancreas led to experimental diabetes, and administration of insulin, a pancreatic isolate, ameliorated the diabetic symptoms (1, 2). These observations led to the widely held belief that human diabetes was primarily a disease of the pancreas, characterized by the inability of the B cell to secrete sufficient insulin to control glycemia. After insulin became available, evidence emerged suggesting that human diabetes mellitus has a multifactorial etiology. Early investigators identified an unexpected variability among diabetics in the ability of injected insulin to ameliorate hyperglycemia (3–5). Larger doses of insulin were required to normalize the blood sugar in patients with the milder nonketotic form of the disease common in the older population, whereas smaller doses were adequate for younger, ketosis-prone diabetics.

Small intestinal permeability to sugars in patients with atopic eczema.

Absorption of lactulose and mannitol was measured in eleven patients with atopic eczema and lactulose/mannitol excretion ratios were calculated. Mean lactulose absorption was increased in the patients with exzema and their excretion ratios were higher than those of controls. There was no correlation between either eczema extent or severity and the excretion ratio. We conclude that small intestinal passive permeability is increased in some patients with atopic eczema.

Abnormal small intestinal permeability to sugars in patients with Crohn's disease of the terminal ileum and colon.

The absorption of lactulose and mannitol in 20 patients with Crohn's disease limited to the ileum or colon was studied, and lactulose/mannitol excretion ratios were calculated. The results were compared to those from 16 normal controls and 6 patients with ulcerative colitis. The 13 patients with ileal Crohn's disease had significantly higher lactulose/mannitol excretion ratios than the controls (p less than 0.01) or ulcerative colitics (p less than 0.01). Similarly, the 7 patients with Crohn's disease limited to the colon had significantly higher excretion ratios than the controls (p less than 0.01) or ulcerative colitics (p less than 0.01). The results provide support for the concept that Crohn's disease may be more extensive than is apparent macroscopically.

Abnormal Small Intestinal Permeability to Sugars in Patients with Crohn's Disease of the Ileum and Colon

Abnormal Small Intestinal Permeability to Sugars in Patients with Crohn's Disease of the Ileum and Colon

Diet in Crohn's disease two studies of current and previous habits in newly diagnosed patients.

The consumption of sugar and sugar-containing foods in 32 patients with recently diagnosed Crohn's disease was significantly greater than in matched controls; the assessment was made by a questionnaire and depended upon patients recalling their eating habits. In a further study of 16 patients with Crohn's disease, all food eaten over 5 days was weighed and recorded, and no significant difference was found in the consumption of carbohydrate, protein, fats, or sugars, although the consumption of "added sugars" in patients was greater than controls. Patients who participated in both studies significantly reduced their intake of added sugar, and this was not found to correlate with either total intake of monosaccharides and disaccharides or the total carbohydrate consumption. The increased consumption of added sugar in patients with Crohn's disease does not appear to be related to other dietary abnormalities and may simply reflect a deficiency in perception of sweet taste in patients with this condition.

Decreased carbohydrate tolerance in pregnant patients with an early menarche

Carbohydrate tolerance was studied in pregnant patients with no personal or family history suggestive of diabetes, but with a menarche before 12 years of age. The mean disappearance rate constant for glucose (k) in the intravenous glucose tolerance test was 1.68 in the group of patients with an early menarche. This value is essentially the same as that found in patients with the usual criteria for screening for gestational diabetes, where k equaled 1.61. Both values are significantly different from the remaining patients studied, where k was 1.94. The mean fasting blood sugars and the mean 2 hours post-100 Gm. glucose meal blood sugars in patients with a menarche before 12 years of age and the patients with the usual criteria for screening for gestational diabetes were also the same when compared to each other, and significantly different from those of remaining patients studied. There were no apparent reasons for the early menarche group to have a decreased tolerance to glucose exept their early menarche.

Galactose-metabolizing enzymes in the rat.

The induction of galactose-type cataracts in rats with a yogurt diet (1) resembles the natural cataractogenic action of the milk sugars in patients with galactosemia, a hereditary disease characterized by galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency. The role of the transferase and other galactose-metabolizing enzymes in the pathogenesis of cataracts in rats has not been assessed, however, although enzymes in the glycolytic (2-4) and oxidative shunt pathways (5, 6) are inhibited when rats are fed strict galactose diets. Indeed, the decreasing activities of the liver enzymes, galactokinase (7), transferase (8, 9), and uridine diphosphogalactose-4-epimerase (10) in the aging rat suggest that one or all of the enzymes of the sugar nucleotide pathway limit carbohydrate metabolism in rats fed on galactose. There appears to be a similar age-dependence in the respective red cell enzymes.Materials and Methods. Male Wistar rats were bled from the heart at 1, 2, 3, 8, and 16 weeks of age in groups of three o...

Relationship between plasma mucoproteins and protein sugar in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving cortisone.

Relationship between plasma mucoproteins and protein sugar in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving cortisone.

CARBOHYDRATE COMBUSTION IN HUMAN SUBJECTS AFTER ORAL AND AFTER INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF DEXTROSE

In some studies being carried on at the New England Deaconess Hospital on the metabolism of sugars in patients with diabetes mellitus, it has been observed occasionally that intravenous administration of dextrose is not followed by the expected rise in the respiratory quotient. As intravenous injection of dextrose is a common practice in medicine, particularly after surgical procedures, it was considered worth while to make a comparative study of the changes in the respiratory quotient and in the total metabolic rate of normal human subjects after oral ingestion and after intravenous administration of this sugar. In 2 fasting rabbits given intravenous injections of dextrose (10 cc. of a 13 per cent solution in thirteen minutes and 50 cc. of a solution containing 6 Gm.—rate of injection not stated) Zuntz and von Mering 1 noted marked increases in the respiratory quotient. In another fasting rabbit, given by stomach tube 20 Gm.

Reaction to sugar in patients with stomach ulcers

Scharff (Klin. Voch., 1926, No. 4), based on his previous work, which proved that the intake of 80.0 levulose in 300 cc of water leads to an increase in blood sugar in people with a vasoneurotic constitution, produced a similar a study in 15 patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers.