Sugar Export Research Articles

The downhill journey of the Java sugar economy in the Netherlands Indies (Later Indonesia) from the late 19 th century to the mid-20 th century

Java Island was the second largest world cane sugar producer and sugar exporter to the international market next to Cuba for more than four subsequent decades around the turn of the 19th century. The economy of Java had shown a miracle development through high production efficiency and international market supply between 1870 and the 1920s. During this period colonial growth was characterized by liberal and increasingly developmental policies. However, the Java sugar market faced constraints and continued to be checked by crises in which Indonesia actually fell behind the rest of the world economy. Thus, this paper examines how and why the Java sugar industry quickly declined after 1930 from a position of hegemony in the international sugar economy to a purely domestic Indonesian market level. The paper argues that the interplay between international factors and domestic challenges resulted in a significant decline in the Java sugar economy. These factors were the global economic crisis; the Second World War and the Japanese occupation; stiff market competition; the impact of the international sugar agreement; the Indonesian revolution and the post-revolutionary crisis; complemented by policy and institutional problems. This confluence of internal and external causes precipitated the decline of the Java sugar sector and the problem of sustainable sugar production in Indonesia. Within three decades, Java’s prestige and fortune in the global sugar trade were destroyed. Political upheaval following WWII had initially crushed the sugar sector, but after 1968, Indonesia made significant efforts to revitalize it.

Replacing single-use plastics with biomaterial packaging in Thailand and impacts on the water-energy-climate Nexus

Despite the potential benefits of biomaterial packaging in reducing plastic waste, evaluating its environmental impact at a regional or national level is imperative. This study evaluated options for replacing single-use plastics in Thailand with biomaterial packaging. We focused on plastic bags, foam food boxes, and plastic trays and cups, considering their volume of consumption and end-of-life management in 2020 as a base case. We examined the effects of this replacement on water scarcity, energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions throughout the life cycle, and the reduction of waste mismanagement. Based on our findings, the optimal approach to manufacturing biomaterials and managing their end-of-life phase could lower GHG emissions by 1980 kt CO2-eq per year, reduce landfill waste by 490 kt per year, and decrease mismanaged waste by 987 kt per year in comparison to the 2020 baseline (conventional plastics). However, to achieve this scenario, a remarkable amount of biomaterial is required. The demand for sugarcane as a feedstock for biomaterial production (15 million t/y) accounts for 20 % of Thailand's total output or half of its sugar exports. However, the need for cassava as a feedstock for biomaterial production (1 million t/y) accounts for only 1 % of the entire output or less than 10 % of cassava exports. To enhance the productivity of biomass feedstocks, additional land and water resources will be necessary compared to the 2020 base case. This could result in a doubling of the water demand, which would exacerbate water scarcity compared to the 2020 base case. Using biomaterials in packaging can be an effective way to decrease plastic waste and its related environmental impacts. However, proper waste management should be prioritized. Policymakers should carefully consider the environmental impacts and resource security implications of bio-based packaging.

Sugar transporter Slc37a2 regulates bone metabolism in mice via a tubular lysosomal network in osteoclasts

Osteoclasts are giant bone-digesting cells that harbor specialized lysosome-related organelles termed secretory lysosomes (SLs). SLs store cathepsin K and serve as a membrane precursor to the ruffled border, the osteoclast’s ‘resorptive apparatus’. Yet, the molecular composition and spatiotemporal organization of SLs remains incompletely understood. Here, using organelle-resolution proteomics, we identify member a2 of the solute carrier 37 family (Slc37a2) as a SL sugar transporter. We demonstrate in mice that Slc37a2 localizes to the SL limiting membrane and that these organelles adopt a hitherto unnoticed but dynamic tubular network in living osteoclasts that is required for bone digestion. Accordingly, mice lacking Slc37a2 accrue high bone mass owing to uncoupled bone metabolism and disturbances in SL export of monosaccharide sugars, a prerequisite for SL delivery to the bone-lining osteoclast plasma membrane. Thus, Slc37a2 is a physiological component of the osteoclast’s unique secretory organelle and a potential therapeutic target for metabolic bone diseases.

Investigate How Ethanol Production Effect Sugar Industry: A Case Study of UK & Pakistan

This research shows how the ethanol process effect production in the sugar industry in UK & Pakistan. UK follows alcoholic process while Pakistan used a halal mode of production. This is a qualitative study. The data is collected through secondary sources. The primary data is gathered through an open-ended questionnaire. The goal of this project is to collect feedback from the targeted group in order to improve the feedback stage of the analysis model. Most of the quantitative data collected by the various organizations involved in the sugar industry are published by the World Bank, FAO, and research firms. The findings of the research show that the UK has more demand but less supply and imports is an alternative.But in Pakistan excess supply balance demand so exports of sugar can take place. But the difference in profitability is subject to lack of market information.

Dual effect of the presence of fruits on leaf gas exchange and water relations of olive trees.

The presence of fruits provokes significant modifications in plant water relations and leaf gas exchange. The underlying processes driving these modifications are still uncertain and likely depend on the water deficit level. Our objective was to explain and track the modification of leaf-water relations by the presence of fruits and water deficit. With this aim, net photosynthesis rate (AN), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf osmotic potential (Ψπ), leaf soluble sugars and daily changes in a variable related to leaf turgor (leaf patch pressure) were measured in olive trees with and without fruits at the same time, under well-watered (WW) and water stress (WS) conditions. Leaf gas exchange was increased by the presence of fruits, this effect being observed mainly in WW trees, likely because under severe water stress, the dominant process is the response of the plant to the water stress and the presence of fruits has less impact on the leaf gas exchange. Ψπ was also higher for WW trees with fruits than for WW trees without fruits. Moreover, leaves from trees without fruits presented higher concentrations of soluble sugars and starch than leaves from trees with fruits for both WW and WS, these differences matching those found in Ψπ. Thus, the sugar accumulation would have had a dual effect because on one hand, it decreased Ψπ, and on the other hand, it would have downregulated AN, and finally gs in WW trees. Interestingly, the modification of Ψπ by the presence of fruits affected turgor in WW trees, the change in which can be identified with leaf turgor sensors. We conclude that plant water relationships and leaf gas exchange are modified by the presence of fruits through their effect on the export of sugars from leaves to fruits. The possibility of automatically identifying the onset of sugar demand by the fruit through the use of sensors, in addition to the water stress produced by soil water deficit and atmosphere drought, could be of great help for fruit orchard management in the future.

The effect of nut growth limitation on triose phosphate utilization and downregulation of photosynthesis in almond.

There is a controversy regarding when it is appropriate to apply the irrigation restriction in almond trees (Prunus dulcis Mill.) to save water without penalizing yield. We hypothesized that knowing when plants demand fewer photoassimilates would be a good indicator of less sensitivity of the crop to water deficit. One parameter that defines the photosynthetic capacity is the triose phosphate utilization (TPU). Due to its connection to the export of sugars from the leaves to other sink organs, it is a good candidate for being such an indicator. The objective was to analyze the seasonal evolution of the photosynthetic capacity of three almond cultivars (cvs Guara, Marta and Lauranne) subjected to water stress during vegetative, kernel-filling and postharvest stages. Two sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) treatments (SDI75 and SDI65 with water reductions of 25 and 35%, respectively) and a control treatment (FI) consisting of fully irrigated trees were applied. The response of curves AN-Ci was analyzed to assess the maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax), maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax), TPU and mesophyll conductance to CO2. In addition, leaf water potential and yield were measured. Our experimental findings showed any significant differences in the variables analyzed among cultivars and irrigation treatments. However, consistent differences arose when the results were compared among the phenological stages. During the kernel-filling and the postharvest stages, a progressive limitation by TPU was measured, suggesting that the demand for photoassimilates by the plant was reduced. This result was supported by the correlation found between TPU and fruit growth rate. As a consequence, a downregulation in Jmax and Vcmax was also measured. This study confirms that the kernel-filling stage might be a good time to apply a reduction in the irrigation and suggests a method to detect the best moments to apply a regulated deficit irrigation in almond trees.

Performance and Prospects of Agricultural Commodities in India: An Economic Analysis

Agricultural exports from India have changed dramatically in recent years. Against this backdrop, the current study looked at the trend in agricultural commodity exports from India from 2000-01 to 2017-18. There was a significant growth rate in agricultural export in the last eighteen years, with wide variations between several commodity groups. The growth in the case of cotton (raw and yarn), other cereals, meat, groundnut, sugar and molasses, spices, and rice was 33.80, 21.97, 21.43, 20.32, 18.31, 16.92, and 16.45 per cent. The growth rate was low in wheat, tea, cashew, and floriculture products. The study revealed a significant increase in the share of export of rice (10.27 to 22.26 per cent), meat (5.13 to 11.90 per cent), spices (5.65 to 8.89 per cent), sugar (1.76 to 2.36 per cent) and cotton (0.77 to 4.85 per cent). The share declined in some commodities like marine products, coffee, tea, cashew, and fruits. The Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) was improved in the case of cotton, grapes, groundnuts, maize, potato, pineapples and rice but declined in the case of apple, coffee, cashew nuts, ginger, mangoes, oilseeds, onion, peas, tea and wheat. Price volatility discouraged farmers from investing in agriculture, compromising long-term sustainability.

Transcriptomic Analyses of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Virus 3 Infection in Leaves and Berries of 'Cabernet Franc'.

Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is one of the most important viruses affecting global grape and wine production. GLRaV-3 is the chief agent associated with grapevine leafroll disease (GLRD), the most prevalent and economically destructive grapevine viral disease complex. Response of grapevine to GLRaV-3 infection at the gene expression level is poorly characterized, limiting the understanding of GLRaV-3 pathogenesis and viral-associated symptom development. In this research, we used RNA-Seq to profile the changes in global gene expression of Cabernet franc, a premium red wine grape, analyzing leaf and berry tissues at three key different developmental stages. We have identified 1457 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in leaves and 1181 DEGs in berries. The expression profiles of a subset of DEGs were validated through RT-qPCR, including those involved in photosynthesis (VvPSBP1), carbohydrate partitioning (VvSUT2, VvHT5, VvGBSS1, and VvSUS), flavonoid biosynthesis (VvUFGT, VvLAR1, and VvFLS), defense response (VvPR-10.3, and VvPR-10.7), and mitochondrial activities (ETFB, TIM13, and NDUFA1). GLRaV-3 infection altered source–sink relationship between leaves and berries. Photosynthesis and photosynthate assimilation were inhibited in mature leaves while increased in young berries. The expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis increased in GLRaV-3-infected leaves, correlating with interveinal tissue reddening, a hallmark of GLRD symptoms. Notably, we identified changes in gene expression that suggest a compromised sugar export and increased sugar retrieval in GLRaV-3-infected leaves. Genes associated with mitochondria were down-regulated in both leaves and berries of Cabernet franc infected with GLRaV-3. Results of the present study suggest that GLRaV-3 infection may disrupt mitochondrial function in grapevine leaves, leading to repressed sugar export and accumulation of sugar in mature leaf tissues. The excessive sugar accumulation in GLRaV-3-infected leaves may trigger downstream GLRD symptom development and negatively impact berry quality. We propose a working model to account for the molecular events underlying the pathogenesis of GLRaV-3 and symptom development.

Performance Evaluation of Sugar Industry in India

Sugar industry is the 2nd biggest agro-based industry in India and it significantly contributes altogether to the socio-economic development of the country. The aim of the present paper is to assess the performance of sugar industry in India. Sugar production, export & import and domestic consumption are taken as performance indicators. Further, the study analysed the trends in Fair Remunerative Prices (FRP) sugarcane in India. The study based on the secondary data that has been taken from the various government reports and websites. The results of the study indicated that total agricultural cropped areas are increasing and percentage of sugarcane areas in total cropped areas are increasing and decreasing over the period. Annual growth rate of FRP of sugar was highest in 2009-10 with 59.94 %. There are zero annual growth rates of FRP of sugar during the period 2008-09, 2016-17 and 2019-20 whereas compound annual growth rate of FRP was 8.74 over the period. Export of sugar was increasing whereas import of sugar was decreasing over the period. Domestic consumption of sugar was decreasing between 2018-19 to 2019-20, after that it was continuously increasing.

Analisis Deskriptif Untuk Memprediksi Kebutuhan Gula Mempergunakan Metode Manajemen Rantai Pasok

Granulated sugar is one of the production products in the agricultural sector and is an important staple in Indonesia. The basic needs of the Indonesian people, one of which is sugar, are a significant factor in increasing state revenues from the export side. However, the national demand for sugar continues to increase along with the increase in Indonesia's population. This has become a national problem in meeting the sugar needs of the Indonesian people. This study aims to analyze descriptively the sugar needs of the Indonesian people through researchers in the distribution channel of sugar in Indonesia. The data collection process used questionnaires and interviews to support descriptive analysis of supply chain management methods. The results showed that 70% of Indonesian people need sugar in their life. Recommendations from this study indicate that it is better to postpone the sugar export policy considering that the demand for sugar in Indonesia is very high.

Evaluating the Potential Socioeconomic Impact of a Proposed Sugarcane Factory on the Village of Mueang Phia, Thailand

Thailand is the world’s second largest exporter of sugar, and under the 10-Year Cane and Sugar Strategy (2015–2024), the Thai government has granted an expansion of 13 new sugarcane factories. While most research focuses on the environmental consequences of sugarcane production, this paper examines the potential socioeconomic impact of a proposed sugarcane factory on a nearby (base) village by comparing it to a similar (treatment) village within the same region near an existing sugarcane factory. We find that treatment villagers have higher household income mainly due to their sugarcane-based village economy. They also disclose better perceived environmental quality while results for perceived health status are mixed. Yet, base villagers report higher perceived quality of life, likely due to factors beyond the socioeconomic conditions investigated in this study. Thus, the presence of a sugarcane factory, while socioeconomically favorable, may compromise other aspects of village life that contribute to its overall quality.

Emission factors of PM2.5-Bounded selected metals, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and water-soluble ionic species emitted from combustions of biomass materials for source Apportionment—A new database for 17 plant species

Over the past few years, burning agricultural or crop residues has resulted in serious air pollution, particularly in northern Thailand. In this study, constant endeavours were made to achieve the first-hand emission factors (EFs) of water-soluble ionic species (WSIS), organic carbon, elemental carbon, and selected metals emitted from the combustion of 17 plant species. The average EF values of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) ranged from 280 g kg−1 to 1441 g kg−1 and from 32 g kg−1 to 142 g kg−1, respectively. Sugarcane burning shows the highest EFs of toxic metals, such as V, Cr, Co, Ni, and Pb, which is concerning because Thailand is the world's second largest sugar exporter. The comparatively high percentage contribution of Cl− coupled with extremely low levels of K+ resulted in questions on its reliability as a chemical tracer for maritime aerosols and biomass burning particles, respectively. OC/EC ratios varied from 4.68 (Leucaena leucocephala) to 11.4 (Terminalia catappa) with the average value of 8.88 ± 1.72. Further attempts to investigate the most suitable diagnostic binary ratios of metals representing biomass burning were conducted using 2D plots of Zn/Mn, Fe/Zn, Fe/Cu, Ni/Co, Mn/Cr, Ni/V, Al/Si, and Pb/As. In this study, Mn/Cr versus Ni/V and Pb/As versus Al/Si can be used as diagnostic binary ratios to classify biomass-burning-related aerosols.

Growth, Instability and Competitiveness in Exports of Sugar and Cotton from India

The study examines the growth rate and instability and the comparative advantage of sugar and cotton exports and imports of India during 2001-02 to 2019-20. Findings of the study show that sugar and cotton export from India to the world increased at the rate of 13.54 and 26.93 percent per annum, with high instability index of 48.66 and 47.80 percent during the study periods. In the case of cotton exports, all destinations were found to have positive and significant growth. India’s total sugar imports, Brazil supplied around 80 percent during the study period, which registered the highest and most significant growth of 62.89 percent with the highest instability of 75.74 percent. Our cotton imports are of extra long staple variety, which is not produced in sufficient quantity in India. The value of revealed comparative advantage for Brazil and Thailand were greater than India so they were major competitors for India in sugar exports during the study period. In contrast, Exports competitiveness of Indian cotton was increased from 2007 because of the value of RCA registered greater than unity.

Overexpression of the vacuolar sugar importer BvTST1 from sugar beet in Camelina improves seed properties and leads to altered root characteristics.

Overexpression of the vacuolar sugar transporter TST1 in Arabidopsis leads to higher seed lipid levels and higher total seed yield per plant. However, effects on fruit biomass have not been observed in crop plants like melon, strawberry, cotton, apple, or tomato with increased tonoplast sugar transporter (TST) activity. Thus, it was unclear whether overexpression of TST in selected crops might lead to increased fruit yield, as observed in Arabidopsis. Here, we report that constitutive overexpression of TST1 from sugar beet in the important crop species Camelina sativa (false flax) resembles the seed characteristics observed for Arabidopsis upon increased TST activity. These effects go along with a stimulation of sugar export from source leaves and not only provoke optimised seed properties like higher lipid levels and increased overall seed yield per plant, but also modify the root architecture of BvTST1 overexpressing Camelina lines. Such mutants grew longer primary roots and showed an increased number of lateral roots, especially when developed under conditions of limited water supply. These changes in root properties result in a stabilisation of total seed yield under drought conditions. In summary, we demonstrate that increased vacuolar TST activity may lead to optimised yield of an oil-seed crop species with high levels of healthy ω3 fatty acids in storage lipids. Moreover, since BvTST1 overexpressing Camelina mutants, in addition, exhibit optimised yield under limited water availability, we might devise a strategy to create crops with improved tolerance against drought, representing one of the most challenging environmental cues today and in future.

Growth & Instability of International Trade of Sugar in India

India is the largest producer of sugar in the world. But, international trade doesn’t show such a scene. Hence, the study was undertaken on India’s international trade of sugar. The study is based on secondary data for a period of 20 years (1999-2018). To assess the periodic increase or decrease in international trade of sugar, the period was further divided into two sub-periods, and the exponential growth function was used to compute the growth trends and, further, Coppock’s Instability Index (CII) was used to know the instability in the sugar trade. The results of the growth rate showed a negative trend in sugar export and a declining trend in sugar import while the sugar production exhibited an increasing trend in the overall period as well as in all the sub- periods under investigation. International trade of sugar was observed instable during the study period.

Determinants of Exports in a Small and Vulnerable Economy: Fiji Islands-A Disaggregated Analysis.

The previous studies of exports performance in Fiji were carried out at the aggregate level. We conduct a disaggregated analysis of exports of three major products, namely, sugar, tourism, and gold. This analysis is useful for developing sector-based export promotion policies. The long run as well as dynamic export demand functions are estimated at the aggregate and disaggregate levels. The results identify a number of factors such as trading partner income, relative prices, productivity shocks, natural disasters, political disturbances, and the exchange rate that affect the export demand for sugar, tourism, and gold, though not in the same way. For instance, tourism and sugar enjoy the highest income elasticity. Sugar export is adversely affected by natural calamities and political upheavals. The political upheavals also affect tourism adversely in Fiji. The exchange rate affects the export of sugar more than others. The idea that devaluation will promote exports in Fiji needs careful investigation because results show that this will happen with a high cost, i.e. 5% nominal devaluation will be required to increase real exports by 1%.

A Study on Growth and Instability of India’s Sugar Exports

The aim of this paper is to study the growth and instability of India‟s sugar exports during the period from 2000-01 to 2020-21. The sugar export registered high growth rate and high instability which recommended gigantic inter-year fluctuations during the whole study period. The cyclical production is because of unsure climate conditions, lower productivity and utilization of customary strategy for production. India is net exporter of sugar notwithstanding steady government interventions in external trade of sugar is to control the ascent in prices of sugar in the domestic market. Yet, higher domestic sugar prices than global sugar prices propose the critical arrangement changes are required. Additionally, the potential for growing sugar production in India exists and can be completely taken advantage of in case changes. Unambiguously, the advancement of the sugar industry must be embraced inside the setting of more extensive domestic reforms, in view of the linkages on both demand and supply sides that succeed in agricultural commodity markets.

Russian Sugar Exports to Persia in 1900–1917

This article examines problems of selling Russian sugar in Persia towards the end of the Russian Empire’s existence during the first decades of the 20th century. The article clarifies Russian sugar exporters’ achievements and what problems they faced promoting their products on the Persian market. The source base made it possible to establish the dynamics of export indicators, the specifics of the price situation, and consumers’ demands in Persia for this period. The author examines the peculiarities of the sale of Russian sugar in the northern and southern regions of the country and the competitive advantages of the two rival powers, Russia and France. Special attention is paid to the issue of sugar sales in Persia during World War I: problems faced by sugar exporters and the project to introduce a sugar monopoly in Persia. The analysis leads to conclusions about the dynamic development of Russian sugar exports to Persia. Thanks to the simultaneous efforts by the Russian government and Russian business circles, the Russian Empire was able to monopolize the North Persian sugar market and achieve certain gains in the markets of southern Persia. A decisive role in this matter was played by the government’s initiative, thanks to which a regular sea connection with the ports of the Persian Gulf was established, as well as the opportunity to sell Russian sugar at competitive prices. It is also important that government measures were carried out in parallel with the growing activity of Russian entrepreneurs, who were engaged in the production and export of sugar to the large Middle East market.

Агропродовольственный экспорт России до 2030 г.: прогноз на основе модели частичного равновесия

Based on the applied economic and mathematical partial equilibrium model, the article estimates the volume of Russian exports of basic agri-food products until 2030. The results of simulation indicate a more dynamic increase in exports compared to the agricultural output. At the same time, grain and sunfl ower oil will remain the main products of Russian agrifood exports. Among the agri-food products presented in the study, sugar and milk exports will decline. The reduction in sugar exports is mainly due to a decrease in sugar production, while milk exports are infl uenced by growing domestic demand. In general, the supply of domestic products to Russian consumers is relatively stable, and the share of exports in agri-food products under certain conditions may increase from 19.6% in 2019 to 24.6% in 2030. Agri-food output is growing under the infl uence of technological progress, increasing consumer expenditures and export-stimulating measures by 5.6–6.5% compared to 2019, while measures to restrict the exports of grain and sunfl ower oil limit the growth of agri-food output to 0.6–0.8%.In this regard, the development of Russia’s agri-food sector is largely determined by the dynamics of real incomes of the population and the need to gradually abandon the application of export restriction measures.

The citrus plant pathogen Xanthomonas citri has a dual polyamine-binding protein

ATP-Binding Cassette transporters (ABC transporters) are protein complexes involved in the import and export of different molecules, including ions, sugars, peptides, drugs, and others. Due to the diversity of substrates, they have large relevance in physiological processes such as virulence, pathogenesis, and antimicrobial resistance. In Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, the phytopathogen responsible for the citrus canker disease, 20% of ABC transporters components are expressed under infection conditions, including the putative putrescine/polyamine ABC transporter, PotFGHI. Polyamines are ubiquitous molecules that mediate cell growth and proliferation and play important role in bacterial infections. In this work, we characterized the X. citri periplasmic-binding protein PotF (XAC2476) using bioinformatics, biophysical and structural methods. PotF is highly conserved in Xanthomonas sp. genus, and we showed it is part of a set of proteins related to the import and assimilation of polyamines in X. citri. The interaction of PotF with putrescine and spermidine was direct and indirectly shown through fluorescence spectroscopy analyses, and experiments of circular dichroism (CD) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), respectively. The protein showed higher affinity for spermidine than putrescine, but both ligands induced structural changes that coincided with the closing of the domains and increasing of thermal stability.