Sugarcane Research Articles

3D electro-Fenton augmented with iron-biochar particle electrodes derived from waste iron bottle caps and sugarcane bagasse for the remediation of sodium dodecyl sulphate

The present work demonstrates a novel strategy of synthesizing iron-biochar (Fe@BCSB) composite made with the waste iron bottle cap and sugar cane bagasse for implementation in the three-dimensional electro-Fenton (3DEF) process. The catalytic ability of the Fe@BCSB composite was explored to remediate the sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) surfactant from wastewater at neutral pH. At the optimum operating condition of Fe@BCSB dose of 1.0 g L−1, current density of 4.66 mA cm−2, and Na2SO4 dose of 50 mM, nearly 92.7 ± 3.1% of 20 mg L−1 of SDS abatement was attained during 120 min of electrolysis time. Moreover, the Fe@BCSB showed significant recyclability up to six cycles. Besides, other organics were successfully treated with more than 85% abatement efficiency in the proposed Fe@BCSB-supported 3DEF process. The total operating cost obtained during SDS treatment was around 0.31 US$ m−3 of wastewater. The phytotoxicity test revealed the positive impact of the 3DEF−treated effluent on the germination of the Vigna radiata. The electron paramagnetic resonance conveyed •OH as the prevailing reactive species for the oxidation of SDS in the 3DEF process. Further, about 81.3 ± 3.8% of SDS and 53.7 ± 4.1% of mineralization efficacy were acquired from the real institutional sewage.

The effects of E80D20 ethanol-diesel blend on combustion and exhaust emissions in SI engine

One of the renewable fuels is ethanol, which is widely used in internal combustion engines. Ethanol is produced from renewable sources such as sugar cane, corn, potato, and biomass. It has high octane number, however, lower calorific value than that of gasoline and diesel. Since ethanol is a corrosive fuel, it cannot be used completely pure, so it is used as a mixture in internal combustion engines. Therefore, ethanol was mixed with diesel fuel to both eliminate its corrosive effect and increase its calorific value and used to examine engine performance and exhaust emissions in an SI engine at partial loads in this study. Four-stroke and four-cylinder test engine was used, and the experiments were carried out at constant speed of 2000 rpm, at 25 Nm and 50 Nm load, and with different excess air ratios (λ). The fuel mixture used in experimental studies was set as 80%Ethanol+20%Diesel (E80D20). To see the effect of the E80D20 mixture more clearly, the same experiments were also repeated with pure gasoline and pure ethanol, and these three fuel conditions were presented comparatively. At 25Nm and λ= 0.9, the use of E80D20 resulted in a 15% reduction in BSFC compared to the use of pure ethanol. When emissions are considered, the use of E80D20 in lean mixture (λ=1.1) showed a decreasing trend in HC and NOx emissions.

Nutrient requirement of Pre-release Sugarcane Varieties in Vertisols of Northern Telangana Zone

A field experiment was conducted at Regional Sugarcane and Rice Research Station, Rudrur during the two successive seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20 to find out the performance of three sugar cane varieties (97 R 129, 2010 R 854 and Co 86032) under four fertilizer levels (75, 100, 125 and 150 % RDF). The experiments consist of 12 treatments replicated thrice in a Randomized Block Design with factorial concept. The highest cane yield (119.1 t ha-1) was recorded with application of 150 % RDF which was on par with application of 125% RDF (114.4 kg ha-1) and significantly superior over rest of the treatments. The lowest yields recorded under 75 % RDF (87.50 t ha-1). Among the varieties tested, 2010 R 854 recorded highest cane yield (112.2 t ha-1) which was significantly out yielded than the rest of the two varieties (97 R 129 and Co 86032). The highest benefit cost ratio recorded in 125% RDF followed by 150 % RDF and 100% RDF. Among the varieties, 2010 R 854 recorded highest benefit cost ratio over rest of the varieties. Based on the results of the investigation it is concluded that adoption of promising sugarcane variety 2010 R 854 with 125 % RDF (312.5-125-125 kg N-P2O5-K2O ha-1) is recommended for Vertisols of Northern Telangana Zone.

Factors Relating to the Presence of Escherichia Coli Bacteria in Beverages at the Area of Junior High School 1 Sukoharjo

Introduction: There are many traders who sell beverages at the school at a cheap price, but delicious with a variety of flavors. A preliminary study at Junior High School 1 in Sukoharjo showed that 5 kinds of beverages sold at school contained Escherichia coli (E.coli) and some problems with food handlers occurred, such as not wearing head coverings and aprons. This study aimed to determine the association between food handler hygiene, equipment sanitation, water quality, and sanitation facilities with the presence of E. coli bacteria in beverages sold at the Junior High School 1 Sukoharjo area.Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. The sampling method was total sampling. The sample size was 32 traders. Beverage samples of red and white syrup milk ice, macapuno coconut ice, milk tea ice, grass jelly ice, iced tea, milkshakes, hot tea, lemon tea ice, young coconut ice, sugar cane ice, Thai tea, chocolate ice, sour sugar ice. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and laboratory tests using total germ numbers. Chi-Square and Fisher Exact tests were used for the analysis.Results: There were associations between food handler hygiene, equipment sanitation, water quality, and sanitation facilities with the presence of E.coli bacteria in beverages in the Junior High School 1 Sukoharjo area, with the p values of 0.001, 0.001, 0.004, and 0.015 respectively.Conclusion: To reduce E. coli infection among the students, food handler hygiene, equipment sanitation, water quality, and sanitation facilities at the school should be improved., especially at Junior High School 1 Sukoharjo.

Physiological changes in captive elephants in Northern Thailand as a result of the COVID-19 tourism ban - muscle, liver, metabolic function, and body condition.

The international travel ban initiated in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected how captive elephants were managed in Thailand. A lack of tourists and associated income meant elephants were chained longer with reduced food provisions, had fewer mahouts, and limited exercise like riding, which likely affected health and welfare. Fifty-eight elephants from six tourist camps were assigned a body condition score (BCS) and blood samples were collected monthly for 2 years during the travel ban to measure: (1) muscle enzymes [creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)]; (2) liver enzymes [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)]; (3) lipids [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low (LDL) and high (HDL) density lipoproteins]; and metabolic function [glucose, insulin, fructosamine]. Serum CK concentrations were lower at the end of the study, possibly due to no tourist activities like riding. Changes in liver function included increased AST and ALP, also possibly due to physical inactivity. Feeding less bananas and sugar cane was associated with fewer elephants in the obese category and lower TG concentrations. However, increases in glucose, insulin and fructosamine were observed as local people returned to feed elephants after lifting travel restrictions. In sum, changes in several health biomarkers were observed in association with restricted activities and food resources. Camps need better plans to meet the health and welfare needs of elephants during any future disruptions to the tourism industry, although reduced feeding of sweet treats appeared to have positive effects on body condition and metabolic function.

The Effect of Adding Sugar Cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Water in Skim Milk and Egg Yolks on The Quality of Simmental Cow

Sugarcane is a type of grass plant that is widely cultivated by the community and has a fairly high nutritional content. Sugarcane juice contains sucrose which consists of glucose and fructose. Sucrose contained in sugarcane juice serves as a source of energy for spermatozoa. This study aims to determine the effect of adding sugarcane juice to skim milk diluent and egg yolk on motility, viability and semen abnormalities of Simmental cattle. This research was conducted at the UPT Artificial Insemination Department of Food Security and Animal Husbandry of North Sumatra Province. The method used in this study was a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replications consisting of P0: Skimmed milk and egg yolk diluent without sugarcane juice, P1: Skim milk and egg yolk diluent + 25 ml of sugarcane juice, P2: Milk diluent skim and egg yolk + 35 ml of sugarcane juice, P3: Diluent of skim milk and egg yolk + 45 ml of sugarcane juice. Parameters measured were motility, viability and sperm abnormalities of Simmental cattle semen. The results of this study indicate that the P1 treatment with 25 ml of sugarcane juice was able to maintain motility during 72 hours of storage by 40%, the highest mean value of spermatozoa viability during 144 hours of storage (60.90% ± 1.08), and the lowest spermatozoa abnormality value during storage 144 hours (17.10% ± 1.08). The conclusion of this study was that 25 ml of sugarcane juice in skimmed milk and egg yolk diluent could maintain the quality of Simmental cattle spermatozoa.

Implementation of the Smart Method in Determining Organic Fertilizer in Palm Oil Plantations At PTPN IV Bah Jambi

Organic fertilizer is fertilizer composed of living creature material, such as weathered remains of plants, animals and humans. Organic fertilizer can be in solid or liquid form and is used to improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Organic fertilizer contains more organic material than its nutrient content. Sources of organic material can be compost, green manure, manure, harvest residues (straw, stover, corn cobs, sugar cane bagasse, and coconut husks), livestock waste, industrial waste that uses agricultural materials, and municipal waste (garbage). One solution for choosing the best organic fertilizer is to use a decision support system for selecting the best organic fertilizer using the Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Timely (SMART) method. Where the author carries out calculations using the formulas available in the SMART method. A web-based application that has been created with a decision support system can make it easier for workers to choose the best organic fertilizer. The method used, namely the SMART method, has quite accurate results by going through several calculation processes.

Comparison between Calculated, Simulated and Actual Plant Data of Multiple Effect Evaporators to Concentrate Sugarcane Juice

Multiple effect evaporators systems operating at steady state can be described by a series of nonlinear algebraic equations that include total and solute mass balances, energy balances, heat transfer rate equations, and the composition and temperature dependence of related thermodynamic properties such as vapor pressures and enthalpies. The main objective is to compare between the manual calculations, simulation and real data collected from Asalaya plant for validation the best design of multiple effect evaporators system in forward feed used in Asalaya Sugar Factory. In this design a short tube vertical evaporator, Calandria type has been used. The models include overall equations of materials balance, equations of energy balance and equations of heat transfer rate for measurement area for all the effects. These equations were solved using manual calculations methods and MATLAB coded program. The results of the present investigations have been compared with the data obtained from the Asalaya Sugar Factory with five evaporators. The results showed that the concentration of sugar cane juice at the final stage is equal to 60 Brix for the manual calculations, simulation and actual plant data with zero error. The temperature of solution in the pre- effect evaporator was found to be about (114.94, 114.94, 115)ºC, with a relative error equal to 0.05% and the steam temperature in the pre effect was found about (120)ºC for the manual calculations, simulation and actual plant data, with zero error. The area and number of tubes in the (pre, second, third and fourth) effect, are in a good agreement, with the standard value (Er=3.26%). The above results show great similarity with the real behavior of evaporator unit. This can be used as a reliable tool\for the simulation of different operating conditions.

Identification of Bioethanol Quality for Motorcycle Fuel

The availability of crude oil as a raw material for vehicle fuel is dwindling and limited in nature. One of the renewable energies worth developing is bioethanol, which is one of the alternative fuels that can be used as a biofuel and can be processed from plants containing starch and glucose. In this research, the entire bioethanol identification system in a sugar cane drip distillation apparatus was examined. The distillation process using MQ3 and MQ135 sensors resulted in an alcohol percentage of 42% and 46%. The maximum temperature measured by a thermocouple during distillation was 88°C, while the minimum temperature recorded was 87°C. This study utilized a backpropagation artificial neural network method to identify the detected bioethanol. The architecture of the artificial neural network included 2 input nodes, 4 neuron nodes, and 2 output nodes. The training and testing results showed that the formed backpropagation was able to identify and differentiate the detection of bioethanol according to the given inputs with a success rate of 88.86% for detected bioethanol and 94.86% for undetected bioethanol..

SOCIALIZATION AND TRAINING IN THE PRODUCTION OF BIOETANOL FROM SUGAR CANE IN LUBUK RUMBAI VILLAGE, RUPIT DISTRICT, MUSI RAWAS UTARA DISTRICT

This community service activity was carried out in Lubuk Rumbai Village, Rupit District, Musi Rawas Regency, targeting the people of Lubuk Rumbai Village. Most of the people of Lubuk Rumbai Village earn their living as farmers or planters, therefore it is considered very appropriate for lecturers to provide community service in Lubuk Rumbai Village. Considering the large number of sugar cane plants in the area. TIM invites local communities to process sugar cane plants in the form of molasses into bioethanol fuel. The local community's lack of knowledge and skills regarding the use of sugar cane molasses has made TIM interested in applying appropriate technology to utilize sugar cane molasses as an alternative energy source, namely bioethanol. With the presence of bioethanol, it is hoped that people will no longer depend on fossil energy considering that energy supplies are currently decreasing. Apart from that, when compared to energy from fossils, the use of bioethanol is more environmentally friendly because it comes from biological material. The method that TIM uses is the method of socialization and training on how to make bioethanol from sugar cane molasses. Based on the results of the skills questionnaire given by TIM to 15 respondents, it was found that 80% of the community were satisfied with this training activity.

Respon Pertumbuhan Bibit Tebu (Saccharum Officinarum L.) Pada Aplikasi Biostimulan Dari Ekstrak Bawang Merah

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is a plantation commodity that has an important role in the economy in Indonesia. The demand for sugar increases with the increase in population. Therefore efforts to increase sugar production by increasing the productivity of sugarcane, one of which is through the use of high quality seeds. Sugarcane Bud Chip seeds have the potential to produce sugarcane with high yields, but efforts to stimulate seedling growth really need to be increased. The use of natural Growth Regulatory Substances (PGR) from shallot extract needs to be tested on sugarcane seedlings because shallots contain the hormone auxin and vitamin B1 which are very necessary to increase the growth of sugarcane seedlings. Therefore this study aims to determine the effect of shallot extract concentration on the initial growth of sugarcane plants using the bud chip method and determine the best concentration. This study was conducted for 2.5 months and was designed using a non-factorial randomized block design with 5 concentrations of shallot extract including B0 (control/no extract); B1 (20%); B2 (40%); B3 (60%); B4 (80%). The parameters include the number of tillers, plant height, number of leaves, and root length. The results of this study indicated that the shallot extract gave a significantly different response to the growth of sugar cane seedlings, as seen in the parameters of the number of tillers, the number of leaves and root length. From the data obtained, shallot extract at a concentration of 40% was the best concentration for all parameters.

Cachaça production: from sugar cane to spirit

Why was the work done: Cachaça, the oldest distilled beverage in the Americas, has great historical and cultural significance. A review of cachaça production is important to preserve tradition, standardise industry processes, promote innovation and quality. This review offers a comprehensive overview of current knowledge and advancements in cachaça production, covering regulation, process control, product quality and future developments. What are the main findings: Thev production of Cachaça works within well defined regulations, with its production encompassing both field and industrial practice. The review focuses on sugar cane cultivation, fermentation, distillation, and ageing in wooden barrels. It underscores the significance of regional factors such as climate, soil, and sugar cane variety in shaping the sensory profile of cachaça. While a range of sugar cane cultivars have been developed and grown in different environments, further research on the adaptation of sugar cane crop is necessary. The fermentation of cachaça is spontaneous utilising the microbiota in the sugar cane juice. However, the use of wild sugar cane yeasts, complemented with commercial strains is increasingly used by producers. With regard to distillation, production of the spirit in copper still pots and ageing in tropical wood barrels remain prevalent in the industry. Why is the work important: This review contributes to ongoing efforts to enhance the quality of cachaça. Whilst the importance of traditional production methods is recognised, this review embraces advancements in technology coupled with insights to future perspectives.

Kinetic Study of Non-Isothermal Reactions on the Pyrolysis of Various Biomass Waste by using Thermogravimetric Data

Population growth causes an increase in the need for petroleum. However, petroleum as primary energy is currently increasingly limited in availability. Required alternative energy sources that can be renewed to overcome these problems, one of which is bio-oil. Bio-oil is produced by a pyrolysis process using biomass such as sugarcane bagasse, rice husk, and empty oil palm fruit bunches (EFB), by heating in the absence of oxygen. Kinetic studies on pyrolysis of this type of biomass (sugar cane bagasse, rice husk, and empty oil palm fruit bunches) were carried out using the thermogravimetric method. The Coats-Redfern method was used in this study. The purpose of this study is to obtain the most appropriate reaction kinetics model to represent the pyrolysis process for each type of biomass. In addition, to determine the optimal temperature used in forming bio-oil. Approximately 5 g of each biomass is used with a heating rate of 10°C/minute. Pyrolysis was carried out until the temperature reached 750°C. The results of the research on the selected kinetic model for each biomass is a geometric model with a correlation coefficient (R2) close to 1 and the optimum temperature for producing bio-oil is around 550 - 600°C.

Microbial Quality Assessment of Fresh Sugarcane Juice in Retail Shops Inside Kathmandu Valley

This study aims to assess the microbial quality of fresh sugarcane juice sold in retail shops inside Kathmandu Valley, as there is limited information available on the safety of popular fresh juices like sugarcane juice, which can cause food-borne illnesses when improperly prepared, despite the known health benefits of consuming fresh fruits juices. Sixty fresh sugar cane juice samples were collected from selected thirteen areas inside Kathmandu Valley. Out of 60 samples, 42 samples were contaminated with bacteria. The quality of each sample was assessed by total plate count, total coliform count, yeast and mold count, and isolation of pathogenic bacteria. The isolated bacteria were identified based on biochemical characteristics. The pH of collected samples ranged from 4.33 to 6.34, acidity from 0.01% to 0.09%, and total soluble solids from 13 to 21⁰Brix. The mean bacterial count was 5.26 log10 CFU/ml, the coliform count was 4.67 log10 CFU/ml, and the yeast mold count was 4.94 log10 CFU/ml. E. coli was present in 38.1%, Citrobacter freundii in 47.6%, and Salmonella species in 14.3% of the total sample. Vibrio cholerae was not detected. Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, and Ofloxacin were effective, while Ampicillin was less effective. The study found that sugarcane juice samples from shops in Kathmandu Valley have high levels of contamination, including a high microbial load and slightly acidic pH with high total soluble solid values. The bacterial isolates exhibited varied degrees of antimicrobial susceptibilities and resistances, and the contamination was attributed to poor hygienic conditions during juice processing and handling, possibly due to the use of poor-quality water and a lack of training on food hygiene and safety. These findings suggest potential health hazards for consumers of fresh sugarcane juice.

Novel coating of slow-release nitrogen fertilizers: Characterization and assessment

Developing novel fertilizers that reduce nitrogen release rate receives worldwide interest as a potential means for improving nitrogen utilization efficiency. Making these fertilizers sustainable, this work introduces various attempts to prepare slow-release nitrogen using different materials comprised of agro-industrial wastes such as sugarcane (SC) and beet filter cakes (mud) besides, sulfur, gypsum, and zeolite to cover two nitrogen sources. The prepared coated nitrogen fertilizers were characterized using SEM-EDX. Afterward, an incubation trial was conducted to appraise the produced slow-release fertilizers via mixing with three soils (from Egypt and Sudan) at various incubation periods. The tested coating process enhanced the surface morphology of the fertilizer grains, in which the surface became smoother and all the cracks and cavities were filled with the coating material, which is critical for the physical barrier property and preventing moisture penetration into the core. ANOVA analysis indicated that the released values of N were significantly varied according to the soil type, source of N, and the coating material. Zeolite was effective as a coating material for all nitrogen fertilizers. The coated granules by SC material provided a steady, adequate nitrogen supply throughout the incubation. Beet mud treatments showed the lowest N release among all coating materials, but the liberation of N gradually increased with time elapsed. The beet and sugarcane mud can be considered promising covering materials for developing environmentally friendly and cost-effective slow-release fertilizers. The results showed continuous release of N in the soils from all prepared coated fertilizers til the end of the incubation, enhancing the feasibility for agricultural application.

Pengaruh Perceived Organizational Support dan Kepuasan Kompensasi terhadap Kinerja Karyawan dengan Employee Engangement Syariah sebagai Variabel Intervening (Studi pada Karyawan PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IX, Kebun Balong, Kab. Jepara, Jawa Tengah)

Indonesia has a plantation area of 25,302,200 hectares (BPS Data, 2021). One of the business entities that is a source of foreign exchange for the country is PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IX, a state-owned company and a subsidiary of PTPN III (Holding) which owns palm oil, sugar cane, rubber, coffee and tea commodities. PTPN IX has 15 gardens spread throughout Central Java province, one of which is Balong Gardens. Balong Gardens is one of the business units owned by PTPN IX located in the Kab. Jepara, Central Java whose main commodity is rubber plants which produce RSS (Ribbed Smoked Sheet) and Lump. Company goals can be achieved if human resource management is managed professionally so that the company can get employees who work optimally and make a positive contribution to the company. The aim of this research is to analyze the direct and indirect roles in improving employee performance The type used in this research is quantitative. This research has a population, namely workers at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IX Kebun Balong, Jepara Regency, Central Java, as many as 539 people. Perceived organizational support has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IX, Balong Gardens. The better the PT support. Perkebunan Nusantara IX, Kebun Balong to employees will further improve the quality of performance of all employees. Employee satisfaction also has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IX, Balong Gardens. Compensation practices that have been implemented by PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IX, Kebun Balong is on the right track by carrying out digitalization in the process of distributing employee rights both financially and non-financially. The comfort felt by employees makes employees feel satisfied and tries to improve their performance for the company. The variables examined in this research include perceived organizational support and employee satisfaction. The most influential variable is employee satisfaction compared to perceived organizational support on employee performance at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IX, Balong Gardens. PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IX, Kebun Balong needs to take strategic steps to increase employee engagement, especially when climate conditions do not allow employees to work. Maintain employee motivation and maintain employee physical fitness so that they are more connected to the company.

Let the Timid Speak: The Woman/Nature Metaphor in Zora Neale Hurston’s “Sweat”

This article explores Zora Neale Hurston’s short story “Sweat” (1926) from an ecofeminist perspective. When it comes to the role of nature in Hurston’s writing, ecocritical as well as feminist discussions often romanticize the role of nature in the lives of Hurston’s characters. Hurston’s short story “Sweat,” however, has generally been overlooked by ecocritics and ecofeminists, despite the fact that the story’s female protagonist Delia is repeatedly linked with nature or animals in the text. The aim of this paper is thus to examine the manner in which the main character Delia as well as her abusive husband Sykes are associated with nature, including animals, in order to critically assess the abuse Delia is subjected to. Particular attention is then devoted to three main parts of the story: Delia’s connection to her pony, the village men’s conversations and their subsequent comparison of Delia to sugar cane as well as Hurston’s reenactment of the fall from the Garden of Eden. Throughout the analysis, the focus is on the presence of dehumanization related to animalization or naturalization as well as on Hurston’s depiction of the dualistic character of the metaphors woman/nature and woman/animal along with the impact such associations have on Hurston’s characters.

Characteristics of root endophytic fungi communities associated with genetically modified plants

Root endophytic fungi (EF) spend at least parts of their life cycle inside plant tissues without apparent harm to the host. There is a hypothesis that the endophytic lifestyle is a common strategy for most fungi and they have endophytic ancestors [1]. By receiving habitat and nutrients EF can increase the solubility of nutrients in the plant rhizosphere, stimulate plant growth, and activate the plant’s systemic resistance to stress. One of the alternatives to the use of pesticides is the use of resistant transgenic plants, but the potential effects of crop modifications on their associated microorganisms are poorly studied.
 The EF communities of transgenic lines of cotton, sugar cane, and maize containing the expressed Cry1 protein from Bacillus thuringiensis were compared with communities of non-transgenic plants. There were no significant differences in the composition of the EF community [2, 3]. The introduction of phosphinothricin-N-acetyltransferase and imazapyr herbicide resistance genes for corn and sugar cane also did not affect on EF communities but did affect the bacterial community [3, 4]. The similar effect was observed for transgenic maple plants [5]. The stage of plant development had a more significant effect on EF community than the fact of transformation itself [1].
 We believe that the fungal community is more conservative and the introduction of herbicide resistance or toxin synthesis genes into the plant genome has a significantly lesser effect on EF community than on the bacterial one.

Effect of Temperature and Amount of Nickel Catalyst on Yield and Bio-Oil Composition in Pyrolysis of Sugarcane Bagasse

The abundance of bagasse waste from sugar cane processing needs special attention apart from being used for direct combustion in boilers. Sugarcane bagasse waste can be further processed by pyrolysis so that it will produce bio-oil, bio-gas and char products which have the potential to be used as fuel or high-value chemicals. Pyrolysis of bagasse was carried out to study the effect of temperature and the ratio of the amount of Ni catalyst on the yield and composition of bio-oil in the form of oxygen to carbon (O/C) ratio, hydrogen to carbon (H/C) ratio, higher heating value (HHV), content of oxygenated compounds and range of aromatic compounds. Pyrolysis of bagasse is carried out in a fixed bed reactor with a heating rate of 10-12 ºC/minute to the desired temperature. Pyrolysis with and without a catalyst was carried out at a temperature range of 300-600 ºC with a variation of Ni catalyst weighing 2.5 grams and 5 grams. Liquid product analysis was tested using GCMS (Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy) to determine the compound content in the liquid product resulting from pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. Bio-oil resulting from pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse contains several dominant compounds including alcohol, fatty acids, esters, carotenoids and levoglucosan. However, the yield of sugarcane bagasse bio-oil without catalyst was dominated by high levoglucosan, namely 70.52%. Meanwhile, the bio oil resulting from pyrolysis which varied with 2.5 grams and 5 grams of Ni catalyst was dominated by esters, namely 69.07% and 81.68% respectively. These compounds have different chemical properties and applications, and understanding the composition of bio-oil can help in deciding how to use it efficiently.

MODEL KINETIKA KEKERASAN GULA CETAK TEBU DENGAN PENAMBAHAN BUBUK KAYU MANIS SELAMA PENYIMPANAN

The sugar cane juice produced through evaporation is processed into molded cane sugar. Adding cinnamon powder to cane sugar provides additional benefits for body health. One of the quality criteria for molded cane sugar is its hardness. The hardness value of printed cane sugar changes during storage; the sugar becomes softer and less complicated. Reaction kinetics can be used to observe changes in the hardness of printed cane sugar. The Arrhenius method was used in this research to determine how adding cinnamon powder affects the quality of molded cane sugar. This research used molded cane sugar with two concentrations of cinnamon powder, namely 0% and 0.255%. The sugar was then stored at three different temperatures, seven °C, 27 °C, and 45 °C, over 30 days, with daily observations. Kinetic analysis of molded cane sugar shows that when cinnamon powder is added, the quality decreases more quickly compared to control molded cane sugar, which has a k value of 0.3378 N/cm2/day at a temperature of 7°C, 0.4629 N/cm2/day at a temperature of 27°C, and 2.2728 N/cm2/day at a temperature of 27°C. Compared with storage temperatures of 27°C and 45°C, a temperature of 7°C showed a slower decline in the quality of molded cane sugar.