Gasification Of Sugarcane Bagasse Research Articles

Using response surface methodology for multi-objective optimization of an efficient/clean combined heating/power system based on sugarcane bagasse gasification for environmental sustainability

Using response surface methodology for multi-objective optimization of an efficient/clean combined heating/power system based on sugarcane bagasse gasification for environmental sustainability

CO2-Assisted Sugar Cane Gasification Using Transition Metal Catalysis: An Impact of Metal Loading on the Catalytic Behavior.

To meet the increasing needs of fuels, especially non-fossil fuels, the production of "bio-oil" is proposed and many efforts have been undertaken to find effective ways to transform bio-wastes into valuable substances to obtain the fuels and simultaneously reduce carbon wastes, including CO2. This work is devoted to the gasification of sugar cane bagasse to produce CO in the process assisted by CO2. The metals were varied (Fe, Co, or Ni), along with their amounts, in order to find the optimal catalyst composition. The materials were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron diffraction, and were tested in the process of CO2-assisted gasification. The catalysts based on Co and Ni demonstrate the best activity among the investigated systems: the conversion of CO2 reached 88% at ~800 °C (vs. 20% for the pure sugarcane bagasse). These samples contain metallic Co or Ni, while Fe is in oxide form.

Simulation and Optimization of Bio-Methanol Production from Steam Gasification of Sugarcane Bagasse Using Aspen Plus

The detrimental environmental impacts of fossil fuels are increasing due to the growing global energy consumption. Thus, energy recovery from waste materials will inevitably become the dominant option in the future with population growth and the reduction in fossil resources. A model for the production of Bio-methanol was developed using Aspen Plus and design of experiment and optimization were carried out using Design Expert software. Factors selected for the design of experiment were the gasification temperature, gasification pressure and steam / biomass ratio with their values ranging from 500 – 800oC, 1 - 3 bar and 0.5 - 2.5 respectively. The effects of interaction between the variables and the response were studied using the Box-Behnken design. The developed model was validated using the yield of bio-methanol from experimental data in literature. The model gave bio-methanol yield as 4.54% while the bio-methanol yield from experimental data obtained was 5.93%. The results from Response surface methodology (RSM) gave the quadratic model as best fit for the production of bio-methanol. The coefficient of determination for bio-methanol yield was found to be 0.9435. The optimum gasification conditions were found to be; temperature of 800oC, pressure of 1 bar and steam / feed ratio of 0.5 and these gave rise to the maximum bio-methanol yield of 86.32%. High temperature, low gasification agent (steam/feed ratio) and low pressure favours optimum bio-methanol yield.

Process Modeling and Simulation of Sugarcane Bagasse Gasification using different Oxidizing Medium: A Universal Gasification Model

Biomass gasification is gaining significant interests among the researchers as the syngas/producer gas obtained from gasification of biomass can be versatile in usage. However, the outcome of gasification (gas composition/LHV/CGE) varies with the gasification medium employed. This article presents the process modeling of sugarcane bagasse gasification for three different gasifying media, namely air, steam and air-steam, using cycle tempo software to identify the best among different gasification processes for the considered response variables. A process model has been developed, and the gas composition predicted by the proposed model is validated with published experimental results for different biomass feeds. The influence of important operational parameters such as SBR, ER and gasification temperature on gas composition, LHV, and CGE were analyzed and compared for all three gasifying media. SBR, ER and gasification temperature have a very strong impact on the gas composition, LHV, and CGE. With the increase in SBR value, H2 concentration increases, whereas the concentration of CO decreases. The maximum concentration of H2 was observed to be 57.81 % at an SBR of 2 and at a gasification temperature of 750ºC for steam gasification. For air-steam gasification, optimum values of SBR and ER are observed to be 0.5 and 0.2, respectively, at a gasification temperature of 750ºC, where LHV (9.91 MJ/kg) and CGE (84.14%) were found to be maximum.

Process simulation and economic evaluation of an integrated production plant for methanol, acetic acid and DME synthesis via sugarcane bagasse gasification

Process simulation and economic evaluation of an integrated production plant for methanol, acetic acid and DME synthesis via sugarcane bagasse gasification

Valorization of Sugarcane Bagasse for Hydrogen-Rich Gas Production using Thermodynamic Modeling Approach

Hydrothermal gasification also known as supercritical water gasification (SWG) has been considered a promising approach for converting wet biomass such as sugarcane bagasse into high-quality syngas. This study presents the thermodynamic modeling of the hydrothermal gasification of sugarcane bagasse using Aspen Plus. The effects of process parameters on the composition and yield of product gases were also investigated. It was found that the effect of temperature and biomass concentration were significant in the production of hydrogen-rich gas, while less impact was observed with pressure. The hydrogen gas (H2) produced with the highest mole fraction (56.70 mol%) and yield (103.26 kmol/kg) was obtained at 750°C and low biomass concentration of 10 wt%, while the lowest yield (1.52 kmol/kg) and mole fraction (2.45 mol%) of H2 were obtained at 450°C and high biomass concentration of 50 wt%. Findings from this study also showed that the highest net calorific value (17.55MJ/kg) was reached at 450˚C and 50 wt% of biomass concentration. This study would help to consolidate research on hydrothermal gasification of sugarcane bagasse and optimization of experimental processes and also serve as an important benchmark in the utilization of biomass as a clean energy source for future projects.

Oxidative catalytic steam gasification of sugarcane bagasse for hydrogen rich syngas production

Reactive Flash Volatilization (RFV) is an emerging thermochemical method to produce tar free hydrogen rich syngas from waste biomass at relatively lower temperature (<900 °C) in a single stage catalytic reactor within a millisecond residence time. Here, we show catalytic RFV of bagasse using Ru, Rh, Pd, or Re promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalysts under steam rich and oxygen deficient environment. The optimum reaction conditions were found to be 800 °C, steam to carbon ratio = 1.7 and carbon to oxygen ratio = 0.6. Rh–Ni/Al2O3 performed the best, resulting in highest hydrogen concentration in the synthesis gas at 54.8%, with a corresponding yield of 106.4 g-H2/kg bagasse. A carbon conversion efficiency of 99.96% was achieved using Rh–Ni, followed by Ru–Ni, Pd–Ni, Re–Ni and mono metallic Ni catalyst in that order. Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal species present in the bagasse ash and char, that deposited on the catalyst, was found to enhance its activity and stability. The hydrogen yield from bagasse was higher than previously reported woody biomass and comparable to the microalgae.

Techno-Economic and Environmental Assessment of Ammonia Production From Residual Bagasse Gasification: A Decarbonization Pathway for Nitrogen Fertilizers

This work evaluates the potential to produce synthetic nitrogen fertilizers by using sugarcane bagasse gasification in the São Paulo state, Brazil, aiming to increase the economic revenues and to decarbonize a chemical sector traditionally based on natural gas. The partial or total substitution of natural gas by consuming bagasse and enabling an intensive import of electricity from the Brazilian electricity mix is studied. The comparative assessment of the alternative production routes considers a reference case in which the residual bagasse is used only to generate surplus power at the cogeneration unit of the sugarcane mill, whereas ammonia is typically produced by consuming only natural gas. Unlike the conventional scenario, the proposed alternative routes employ surplus bagasse to produce ammonia. Regarding the unit exergy cost of ammonia, an increase between 50% and 100% is expected for the biomass-based routes (2.4498–3.1780 kJ/kJNH3) when compared to the conventional case (1.5866 kJ/kJNH3). In contrast, the net CO2 emissions balance of the alternative scenario achieve negative values (−2.5017 tCO2/tNH3), in comparison to the net CO2 positive emissions (1.75 tCO2/tNH3) of the conventional scenario. Additionally, the best location of the ammonia plant is nearby a sugarcane mill with a milling capacity of 10 Mt/y and 20 km far from another smaller sugarcane mill, in order to achieve an ammonia production potential of 1,200 tNH3/day. Concerning the economic analysis, if no carbon taxes are considered, the net present value (NPV) of the alternative scenarios drops up to 52%, compared to the conventional scenario. Finally, since 1.6 MtCO2/y can be avoided by using the residual bagasse as feedstock in the ammonia plant, the alternative scenarios become competitive vis-à-vis the conventional scenario in terms of NPV when carbon taxes of 40–50 USD/tCO2 are adopted. In the absence of carbon taxes, the drawback of the seasonality of the sugarcane crops (240 days of operation compared to 340 days for the conventional scenario) contributes to the decrease (39%–51%) of the NPV for the alternative scenarios.

Numerical investigation of sugarcane bagasse gasification using Aspen Plus and response surface methodology

• Gasification process is optimized using multi-objective response surface methodology. • High gasification temperatures and low moisture contents yield high. L H V S y n g a s . • Gasification temperature and equivalence ratio are the most effective parameters. • The generated regression models are found to have a high degree of accuracy. • Optimal settings in the optimization model yield favorable results in all responses. Efficient utilization of biomass as an alternative energy resource to fossil fuel has been considered the most promising clean energy option. Gasification technology is at the forefront of biomass conversion amidst other technologies due to its high flexibility in utilizing various kinds of biomass feedstocks. In this study, a thermodynamic model of gasification of sugarcane bagasse with air as the gasifying agent is developed to predict the composition of syngas in a downdraft gasifier using Aspen Plus software at various operating conditions. The model is validated with published experimental results from previous studies. A sensitivity analysis is performed to study the influence of the main operating parameters, namely; gasification temperature, moisture content (MC), and equivalence ratio (ER) on the syngas composition, syngas yield ( Q y i e l d ), lower heating value of syngas ( L H V S y n g a s ), cold gas efficiency (CGE), and carbon conversion efficiency (CCE). Furthermore, response surface methodology is applied to study the combined effects of the main operating parameters and thus determine the optimized zone of the operating condition for maximum L H V S y n g a s , CGE, hydrogen production, and minimum carbon dioxide production. The regression models for lower heating value, cold gas efficiency, and the concentration of syngas (CO 2 , and H 2 ) generated from the ANOVA tool are found to have a high degree of accuracy. The optimal operating condition of the gasification temperature, equivalence ratio, and moisture content for maximum L H V S y n g a s , CGE, H 2 concentration and minimum carbon dioxide concentration is found to be 877.27 °C, 0.08, and 10%, respectively with the corresponding optimal product values of 7.92 MJ/Nm 3 , 74.22 %, 31.24%, and 3.91%. The findings of this study show that a blend of simulation with advanced optimization tools can indeed achieve optimal operating conditions of a gasification system at a more refined precision.

Configuration optimization of a multi-generation plant based on biomass gasification

Abstract Heat integration and configuration optimization of a unique cycle based on biomass gasification are presented. The system provides heat, freshwater, and electricity to an area located in the southern part of Iran using the gasification of sugarcane bagasse. The main question to be responded is to find the optimum configuration which minimizes the total external utility consumption. It is assumed that 34500 kg/day of bagasse is available and the electricity, heating, and water demand of the area should be covered. It is concluded that the total utility consumption is 3113.69 kW if no heat integration is utilized. On the other hand, partial heat integration results in a total utility consumption of 590.93 kW. The least possible utility consumption which occurs in full heat integration condition is 214.6 kW. By increasing the gasification temperature from 900 °C to 915 °C, it is possible to enhance the integration by removing one of the heaters. The sensitivity analysis shows that the highest CHP efficiency occurs for a biomass flow rate of 32970 kg/day. It is concluded that energy integration techniques serve well in the identification of the optimum gasification temperature and biomass flow rate which lead to the minimum utility consumption and highest CHP efficiency.

CO2 Gasification of Sugarcane Bagasse Char: Consideration of Pyrolysis Temperature, Silicon and Aluminum Contents, and Potassium Addition for Recirculation of Char

In sugarcane bagasse gasification, char recirculation to the gasifier improves the syngas quality and process efficiency. To determine the effect of char properties on the reaction kinetics, in thi...

Thermodynamic analysis of sugarcane bagasse plasma gasification

Plasma thermal gasification can be one of the most relevant and environmentally friendly technologies for waste treatment and has gained interest for its use in thethermos-conversion of biomass. In this perspective, the objective of this study is to evaluate the gasification of sugarcane bagasse by studying the effective areas of operation of this process and to establish a comparison with conventional autothermal gasification. A thermochemical equilibrium model was used to calculate the indicators that characterize the performance of the process on its own and integrated with a combined cycle. As a result, it was obtained that plasma and gasification of bagasse is technically feasible for the specific net electrical production of 4 MJ with 30 % electrical efficiency, producing a gas with higher calorific value than autothermal gasification. The operating points where the electrical energy production and the cold gas efficiency reach their highest values were determined; then the effects of the operational parameters on these performance indicators were analyzed.

Life cycle assessment of electricity generation from combustion and gasification of biomass in Mexico

One measure to mitigate some of the nowadays environmental problems is the generation of products from renewable resources. In this context, this study's objective is to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with the use of sugarcane and agave bagasse from Mexico as a raw material for the generation of bioenergy, applying a life cycle assessment approach. Four scenarios were compared to determine the optimal feedstock (sugarcane or agave) and processing routes (combustion or gasification) from an environmental perspective. Life cycle assessment is performed according to the cradle-to-gate approach. In the case of the two-feedstocks studied, it was observed that the feedstock processing stage has high impact values in almost all impact categories. In this sense, it was observed that the combustion scenarios have high impact values in terms of ozone depletion potential (4.73 × 10−6 and 7.59 × 10−7 kg CFC11 eq), terrestrial acidification potential (1.41 × 10−2 and 7.82 × 10−3 kg SO2 eq), and fossil fuel potential (9.30 × 10−2 and 0.12 kg oil eq) for sugar extraction and bacanora production, respectively). For the gasification scenarios, the highest impact values ​​were observed for the terrestrial acidification potential (1.27 × 10−2 kg SO2 eq) and fossil fuel potential (8.41 × 10−2 kg oil eq) for sugar production and the ozone depletion potential (6.85 × 10−7 kg CFC11 eq), human toxicity potential - non-cancer (2.05 × 10−2 kg1,4-DCB) and fossil fuel potential (0.11kg oil eq) for bacanora production. Furthermore, it was observed that the sugarcane cultivation stage generates between 2 and 6 times more impact than the agave cultivation stage for almost all impact categories. Regarding the stages related to thermochemical processes, the impact values were relatively low, except for the following categories global warming potential, photochemical oxidation formation potential - humans, photochemical oxidation formation potential - ecosystems, terrestrial acidification potential, and water consumption potential, between 21 % and 88 % for the combustion process and between 32 % and 63 % for the gasification process. The main results of the comparisons between the four scenarios showed that the best scenario from an environmental perspective is agave bagasse combustion, followed by agave bagasse gasification, sugarcane bagasse gasification, and sugarcane bagasse combustion.

Publisher's Note: “Numerical modeling of the sugarcane bagasse gasification in a fast fluidized bed reactor” [J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 12, 043102 (2020)

Publisher's Note: “Numerical modeling of the sugarcane bagasse gasification in a fast fluidized bed reactor” [J. Renewable Sustainable Energy <b>12</b>, 043102 (2020)

Parametric study and exergy analysis of the gasification of sugarcane bagasse in a pressurized circulating fluidized bed gasifier

The present work is to study the effect of pressure on the gasification of sugarcane bagasse in a pressurized circulating fluidized bed reactor. The range of operating pressure is maintained at 1–4 bar, and thereby the composition of generated syngas is measured with the help of gas chromatography. The gasification parameters like dry gas yield, lower heating value (LHV), cold gas efficiency (CGE), and carbon conversion efficiency (CCE) have been calculated from the syngas composition. The output yields some interesting results, i.e., with the increase in pressure from 1 to 4 bar, and there is an increment of concentration value by 26% for CH4 as well as CO2. However, a decreasing trend of H2 concentration (7.62–6.75% by volume) is observed for the same pressure rise. In addition, it has been observed a little deviation in the trend for CO (16.39–16.86%), which bears an increasing trend from a pressure of 1–2 bar and a decreasing trend thereafter. Following a similar trend for CO, the LHV first increases from 4013 to 4200 kJ Nm−3 with an increase in pressure from 1 to 2 bar and thereafter decreases gradually to 4081 kJ Nm−3 at a pressure of 4 bar. Apart from these parameters, gas yield, CCE, and CGE values imparted positive effects with pressure rise, and the magnitudes increased from 0.93 to 1.27 Nm3 kg−1, 38.3–57.5 and 23.3–32.3%, respectively, with an increase in pressure from 1 to 4 bar. The exergy destruction and exergy efficiency are observed to be 140 MW and 76% at 4 bar operating pressure.

Influence of the pyrolysis and heterogeneous char reactions modeling in the simulation of sugarcane bagasse gasification in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor

The present work investigates different kinetic models for the pyrolysis and heterogeneous char reactions for numerical simulation of the sugarcane bagasse gasification in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor. A two-dimensional Euler-Euler approach is considered, and the reaction rate correlations are implemented in the open code MFIX (Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchanges) via Fortran sub-routines. The impact of the considered kinetic models for pyrolysis and heterogeneous char reactions upon the prediction of the composition and temperature of the produced gas is evaluated. Six sets of kinetic correlations describing the reactions involved during the sugarcane bagasse gasification are used to perform the computational simulations. Results for the syngas composition obtained in all simulations are compared to available experimental data from literature. Axial profiles for the volumetric fractions of sugarcane bagasse and char, and gas temperature distribution along the reactor are analyzed. Based on the evaluations of this computational study, it is identified that the multiple components parallel competitive reactions pyrolysis model designated as RAN model is superior in the simulations of sugarcane bagasse gasification due to smaller deviations and better prediction of the char formed in the primary pyrolysis. Furthermore, it is shown that the Boudouard and steam gasification reactions modelling have a smaller impact over the predictive capability of the simulations than the char oxidation reaction. Finally, because the results tend to underpredict the O2 amount in the yielded gas, the present work suggests that an improved kinetic correlation for the sugarcane bagasse char oxidation can enhance the simulation predictive capability.

Numerical modeling of the sugarcane bagasse gasification in a fast fluidized bed reactor

This article presents results for Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) tests for sugarcane bagasse drying and devolatilization, for five experimental tests for the gasification of sugarcane pellets in a Circulating Fluidized Bed gasifier pilot plant and for a Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling to describe the sugarcane bagasse gasification process. Initially, TGA tests were conducted to obtain kinetic parameters to describe the drying and devolatilization of sugarcane bagasse pellets, providing activation energies for sugarcane bagasse drying and devolatilization. Experimental tests were conducted for a bed temperature of 850 °C, equivalence ratio ranging from 0.25 to 0.29 and for a steam-to-biomass mass flow ratio of 1.0 and 1.2. The kinetic parameters for drying and devolatilization obtained in the TGA tests and a stoichiometric equation proposed here for sugarcane bagasse devolatilization are employed in a CFD code together with kinetic correlations from the literature for the remaining reactions occurring during the gasification process. The conditions of the experimental tests are simulated using a methodology based on a 3D CFD Euler–Euler model to describe the multiphase, multi species, heat, and mass transfer phenomena. Three gasification models are investigated and the predicted syngas composition from numerical simulation is compared with experimental data values. The gasification model with the smallest deviation with respect to the experimental values is used to simulate the other experimental tests and to evaluate the axial behavior quantities of interest.

Estimación del potencial energético del gas pobre obtenido de la gasificación del bagazo de caña de azúcar en el Perú

Estimación del potencial energético del gas pobre obtenido de la gasificación del bagazo de caña de azúcar en el Perú César Humberto Zavala Inga1, Victor Hugo Petrell Huamán2 1Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias con Mención en Energética, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica, Av. Tupac Amaru 210, Rímac, Lima, Perú 2Laboratorio de Investigación de Procesos Termoquímicos, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Facultad de Petroquímica, Av. Tupac Amaru 210, Rímac, Lima, Perú Recibido el 24 de noviembre del 2019. Revisado el 2 de marzo del 2020. Aceptado el 4 de marzo del 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2020.0007/ Resumen El propósito de este trabajo fue estimar el potencial energético del gas pobre obtenido de la gasificación del bagazo de caña de azúcar de manera computacional en gasificadores de lecho fijo de corriente descendente, a través de un modelo matemático que ha considerado el tamaño de los fragmentos de biomasa. Para este propósito, se ha tenido que determinar el área dedicada al cultivo de la caña de azúcar, la cantidad de caña de azúcar producida por cada área cultivada, la cantidad de bagazo obtenida de la caña de azúcar y la proporción de humedad y residuos secos, utilizando datos estadísticos peruanos. La humedad del bagazo debe ser inferior al 20% pero no debe estar completamente seca. Se ha considerado el modelo matemático de Prokash Roy incidiendo en las constantes del equilibrio químico y las tasas de reacciones químicas que se controlan cinéticamente a velocidad finita. Se ha utilizado una nueva codificación en el lenguaje de programación Python versión 3.x, en una plataforma interactiva llamada Jupyter Notebook. Se ha estimado que el potencial energético del gas pobre para la gasificación del bagazo de la caña de azúcar fue de 19396.6 TJ por año como valor máximo y 16843.7 TJ por año como valor mínimo. Descriptores: Gasificación, potencial energético, gasificador de tiro descendente, residuos agrícolas. Abstract The purpose of this work was to estimate the energy potential of producer gas obtained from sugarcane bagasse gasification of computational way in gasifiers downdraft, through of a mathematical model that has considered the size of biomass fragments. For this purpose, we have had to determine the area dedicated to the cultivation of sugarcane, the amount of sugarcane produced by each cultivated area, the amount of bagasse obtained from sugarcane and the proportion of moisture and dry residue, using Peruvian statistical data. The humidity of the bagasse should be less than 20% but should not be completely dry. The mathematical model of Prokash Roy has been considered, having an impact on the constants of chemical equilibrium and the rates of chemical reactions that are kinetically controlled at finite speed. A new coding has been used in the Python programming language version 3.x, using an interactive platform called Jupyter Notebook. It has been estimated that the energy potential of the poor gas from the gasification of sugarcane bagasse was 19396.6 TJ per year as a maximum value and 16843.7 TJ per year as a minimum value. Keywords: Gasification; energy potential; downdraft gasifier; agricultural residues.

Derivation of Entropy and Exergy Transport Equations, and Application to Second Law Analysis of Sugarcane Bagasse Gasification in Bubbling Fluidized Beds

Abstract In the present work, the transport equations for mass, momentum, energy, and chemical species as given by the Euler–Euler formulation for multiphase flows are used together with the second law of thermodynamics to derive the entropy and exergy transport equations, suitable to the study of gas-particle reactive flows, such as those observed during pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion of biomass particles. The terms of the derived equations are discussed, and the exergy destruction contributions are identified. Subsequently, a kinetic model is implemented in a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) open source code for the sugarcane bagasse gasification. Then, the derived exergy destruction terms are implemented numerically through user-defined Fortran routines. Next, the second law analysis of the gasification process of sugarcane bagasse in bubbling fluidized beds is carried out. Detailed results are obtained for the local destructions of exergy along the reactor. This information is important to help improve environmental and sustainable practices and should be of interest to both designers and operators of fluidized bed equipment.

Sugarcane bagasse gasification: Simulation and analysis of different operating parameters, fluidizing media, and gasifier types

Abstract Sugarcane bagasse gasification is a promising thermochemical process that converts this residue mainly into syngas, which may be applied to generate heat, electricity, and liquid fuels. However, little attention has been given to the study of bagasse gasification conditions that generate syngas for future production of liquid fuels and chemicals. Therefore, this work aimed at studying several sugarcane bagasse gasification scenarios in Aspen Plus™ to obtain syngas mixtures to be further conditioned for synthesis processes. The scenarios included the study of the influence of operational parameters (temperature, pressure, steam-to-biomass ratio S/B, and moisture content), fluidized bed configurations (bubbling and circulating), and gasifying media (steam and steam-O2) on syngas composition and process performance. Among the operating parameters, temperature was crucial for higher H2 and CO production, CO2 consumption, higher syngas lower heating value (LHV), and higher cold gas efficiency (CGE). Also, S/B was the only key factor to adjust the H2/CO ratio. In the gasifier configuration analysis, circulating fluidized bed reactor was the most suitable gasifier in most assessed scenarios, since it led to higher H2 and CO generation, lower CO2 and CH4 production, as well as higher H2/CO, dry syngas flow rates, and CGEs. The use of oxygen as an oxidizing agent decreased H2 content and increased CO concentration, and reduced syngas H2/CO ratio, LHV, and CGE. The steam-blown circulating fluidized bed was advised for future synthesis processes, and its corresponding response surfaces for H2/CO ratio and CGE were obtained.