Sugar Beet Cultivars Research Articles

Effect of boron concentrations and application time on the productivity and quality of some sugar beet cultivars

Effect of boron concentrations and application time on the productivity and quality of some sugar beet cultivars

Wrażliwość 24 odmian buraka cukrowego na niedobór wody podczas wschodów

Wrażliwość 24 odmian buraka cukrowego na niedobór wody podczas wschodów

Seed pre-soaking on Gibberellic acid (GA3) enhance growth, histological and physiological traits of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under water stress Enas, S. Ibrahim Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, Egypt

THE PRESENT study aimed to evaluate the effect of three levels of gibberellic acid solutions (50, 100 and 150 mg/L) on two sugar beet cultivars. (Farida and Sultan) under three field capacity (50 , 75 and 100%). This experiment was carried out at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, during the two growing successive seasons of 2013/14 and 2014/15. Results showed that all GA3 tested treatments statistically improved growth parameters, i.e., number of leaves, fresh and dry weights of leaves/plant, as well as, root yield, sucrose%, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a, b and carotenoids), relative water content (RWC), leaf osmotic pressure (LOP) and the studied anatomical characters (thickness of mysophyll, thickness of midrib, thickness of palisade tissue, thickness of spongy tissue, average number of xylem vessels/vascular bundle, thickness of vascular bundle, thickness of collenchaymatous tissue and upper epidermis). Conclusively, this study indicates that, soaking seeds in GA3 solutions especially at 150 mg/L can decrease the effects of drought on growth and yield of sugar beet.

Long Term Management of Rhizomania Disease-Insight Into the Changes of the Beet necrotic yellow vein virus RNA-3 Observed Under Resistant and Non-resistant Sugar Beet Fields.

Rhizomania disease, caused by the Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), is considered as one of the major constraints for sugar beet production, worldwide. As a result of the introgression of major resistance genes (Holly, Rz2) in commercially available sugar beet varieties, the virus has endured strong selection pressure since the 90s'. Understanding the virus response and diversity to sugar beet resistance is a key factor for a sustainable management of only few resistance genes. Here we report rhizomania surveys conducted in a rhizomania hot spot, the Pithiviers area (France) during a 4-year period and complementary to the study of Schirmer et al. (2005). The study aimed at evaluating the intra- and inter-field BNYVV diversity in response to different sources of resistance and over the growing season. To follow rhizomania development over the sugar beet growing season, extensive field samplings combined with field assays were performed in this study. The evolution of the BNYVV diversity was assessed at intra- and inter-field levels, with sugar beet cultivars containing different resistance genes (Rz1, Rz1 + Heterodera schachtii resistance and Rz1Rz2). Intra-field diversity was analyzed at the beginning and the end of the growing season of each field. From more than one thousand field samples, the simultaneous presence of the different A, B and P types of BNYVV was confirmed, with 21 variants identified at positions 67–70 of the p25 tetrad. The first variant, AYHR, was found most commonly followed by SYHG. Numerous mixed infections (9.93% of the samples), mostly of B-type with P-type, have also been evidenced. Different tetrads associated with the A- or B-type were also found with a fifth RNA-genome component known to allow more aggressiveness to BNYVV on sugar beet roots. Cultivars with Rz1+Rz2 resistant genes showed few root symptoms even if the BNYVV titre was quite high according to the BNYVV type present. The virus infectious potential in the soil at the end of the growing season with such cultivars was also lower despite a wider diversity at the BNYVV RNA3 sequence level. Rz1+Rz2 cultivars also exhibited a lower presence of Beet soil-borne virus (BSBV), a P. betae-transmitted Pomovirus. Cultivars with Rz1 and nematode (N) resistance genes cultivated in field infected with nematodes showed lower BNYVV titre than those with Rz1 or Rz1+Rz2 cultivars. Overall, the population structure of BNYVV in France is shown to be different from that previously evidenced in different world areas. Implications for long-term management of the resistance to rhizomania is discussed.

Evaluating Responses of Sugar Beet Cultivars to Fusarium Species in Greenhouse and Field Conditions

Evaluating Responses of Sugar Beet Cultivars to Fusarium Species in Greenhouse and Field Conditions

Salinity effect on germination, seedling growth and cotyledon membrane complexes of a Portuguese salt marsh wild beet ecotype

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) high yields have been achieved through irrigation and this crop is described as coping with mild salinity (40–120 mM NaCl). However, during seed germination, sugar beet is salinity sensitive and soil salinity should not exceed 3 dS/m. Wild beets, ancestors of sugar beet, are naturally able to germinate and grow in saline environments. Salinity tolerance during germination and early seedling development of three Portuguese wild beet ecotypes [Comporta (CMP), Oeiras (OEI), Vaiamonte (VMT)] and one sugar beet cultivar (Isella) was evaluated. Concerning germination, VMT outperformed all the other beets, with 98% (± 2%) of glomerules germinating in 200 mM NaCl after 14 days of scarification. However, in 500 mM NaCl, only CMP was able to initiate and maintain radicle emergence, though in a very small extension (< 3%). On the basis of the relative salinity tolerance index, CMP is the less affected by salinity, despite reduced seedling growth and biomass. Since cotyledons length and membrane proteins abundance were negatively affected by salinity, the hypothesis was raised that membranes functionality, including the photochemical multiprotein complexes, was compromised. To test this hypothesis, a blue-native two-dimensional electrophoresis was applied to CMP seedlings. In the cotyledonary leaves, complexes LC1 and LC4 and several components of LC2, LC5, LC6 complexes were negatively affected by salinity. The components of the complexes of photosystem I and ATP synthase were less abundant what points out to a lower cotyledon capacity for ATP synthesis and ferredoxin reduction. Lower availability of ATP and reduced ferredoxin imply reduced photosynthetic assimilation and, therefore, lower carbon availability for growth.

Investigation of the induced antibiosis resistance by zinc element in different cultivars of sugar beet to long snout weevil, Lixus incanescens (Col: Curculionidae)

Investigation of the induced antibiosis resistance by zinc element in different cultivars of sugar beet to long snout weevil, Lixus incanescens (Col: Curculionidae)

Management of beet rust in accordance with IPM principles

High disease pressure from beet rust (Uromyces beticola) has been registered in Denmark in recent years, increasing the need to manage this pathogen in accordance with principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). A revised disease cycle with all major steps has been proposed including spread of the disease by sea beets (Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima) acting as a green bridge. Locations with early onset of beet rust were investigated and indicated a connection between early rust occurrence and the presence of local wild sea beets. The impact of the disease was investigated through data from 15 years of testing. In field trials with significant infection, yield reductions up to 11% have been measured and two treatments with reduced doses of epoxiconazole + pyraclostrobin resulted in the highest economic returns on average. Fungicide efficacy and susceptibility of sugar beet cultivars were tested in greenhouse and under field conditions. Results indicated high sensitivity of the pathogen to major fungicides. In greenhouse trials high efficacy was obtained by all conventional fungicides (epoxiconazole, pyraclostrobin, epoxiconazole + pyraclostrobin, difenoconazole + propiconazole) both as preventive and curative treatments. Hydrogen peroxide was tested as control agent, but was not significantly different from the untreated control. The biological control agent Bacillus subtilis QST 713 provided 76% control of beet rust when used preventively (not significant). A ranking of relevant cultivars showed variation across years and differences in susceptibility where the least susceptible cultivar on average reduced disease severity to 66% of the most susceptible cultivar. Based on the relevant literature and the findings in this study an IPM management strategy for beet rust should include less susceptible cultivars, fungicides with different modes of action, appropriate doses and application should be carried out according to monitoring and predictions.

Distribution of resistance-breaking isolates of beet necrotic yellow vein virus differing in virulence in sugar beet fields in Turkey

ABSTRACTRhizomania, caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), is one of the most devastating diseases on sugar beet throughout the world. A total of 235 BNYVV-infested soil samples taken from 29 provinces during the growing seasons of 2004–2005 and 2010–2011 were investigated for resistance-breaking properties of BNYVV isolates. BNYVV resistant (Rz1, Rz1 + R2, Rz1 + C48 + minor genes) and susceptible (rz1) sugar beet cultivars were grown in the BNYVV-infested soils by the bait plant technique, and virus infection was evaluated based on disease symptom and DAS-ELISA. Of the soil samples tested, 57.4% produced infection in the roots of sugar beet cultivar (cv.) containing the Rz1 gene, 51.9% in cv. carrying the Rz1 + Rz2 and 18.9% in cv. carrying the Rz1 + C48 + minor genes. Also, the presence of Beet soil-borne virus (BSBV) was evaluated by TAS-ELISA. Additionally, the presence of BNYVV RNA-5 component was investigated by RT–PCR using the primers specific for p26 coding region. Our results revealed that BNYVV isolates compromising resistance genes are highly common and widespread in sugar beet production areas in Turkey, and it seems unlikely that BSBV and/or RNA-5 were directly involved in RB-event.

Genetic diversity and pathogenicity of Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata isolated from sugar beet

Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata is the causal agent of bacterial leaf spot disease of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). During 2013, 250 samples were collected from leaf lesions with typical symptoms of bacterial leaf spot in commercial fields of sugar beet in Serbia, and 104 isolates of P. syringae pv. aptata were obtained. Identification and characterization was performed using biochemical, molecular and pathogenicity tests. Identification included LOPAT tests and positive reactions using primers Papt2F and Papt1R specific for P. syringae pv. aptata. Repetitive (rep) sequence‐based PCR typing with ERIC, REP and BOX primers revealed high genetic variability among isolates and distinguished 25 groups of different fingerprinting profiles. Pulse‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of representative isolates showed higher genetic variability than in rep‐PCR analysis and distinguished three and four major genetic clusters, respectively. A pathogenicity test performed with 25 representative isolates on four cultivars of sugar beet confirmed the occurrence of leaf spot disease and showed correlation between the most aggressive isolates and the genetic clusters obtained in MLSA. All these findings point to the existence of several lines of P. syringae pv. aptata infection in Serbia that are genetically and pathologically different.

Characteristics of Some Sugar Beet Cultivars in Yamagata Prefecture and A Simple Sugar Manufacturing Method in Small Scale

Characteristics of Some Sugar Beet Cultivars in Yamagata Prefecture and A Simple Sugar Manufacturing Method in Small Scale

Influence of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus and Freezing Temperatures on Sugar Beet Roots in Storage.

Rhizomania caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is a yield-limiting sugar beet disease that was observed to influence root resistance to freezing in storage. Thus, studies were conducted to gain a better understanding of the influence of BNYVV and freezing on sugar beet roots to improve pile management decisions. Roots from five commercial sugar beet cultivars (one susceptible and four resistant to BNYVV) were produced in fields under high and trace levels of rhizomania pressure and subjected to storage using five temperature regimes ranging from 0 to -4.4°C for 24 h. After cold treatment, eight-root samples were stored in a commercial indoor storage building (set point 1.1°C) for 50 days in 2014 and 57 days in 2015. Internal root temperature, frozen and discolored tissue, and moisture and sucrose loss were evaluated. The air temperature at 0, -1.1, and -2.2°C matched internal root temperature but internal root remained near -2.2°C when air temperature was dropped to -3.3 and -4.4°C. In a susceptible cultivar produced under high rhizomania pressure, the percentage of frozen tissue increased (P < 0.0001) from an average of 0 to 7% at 0, -1.1, and -2.2°C up to 16 to 63% at -3.3°C and 63 to 90% at -4.4°C, depending on year. Roots from the susceptible cultivar produced under low rhizomania pressure and those from the resistant cultivars from both fields only had elevated (P ≤ 0.05) frozen tissue at -4.4°C in 15 of 18 cultivar-year combinations. Frozen tissue was related to discolored tissue (r2 = 0.91), weight loss (r2 = 0.12 to 0.28), and sucrose reduction (r2 = 0.69 to 0.74). Consequently, BNYVV will not only lead to yield and sucrose loss in susceptible sugar beet cultivars but also to more frozen root tissue as temperatures drop below -2.2°C. Based on these observations, the air used to cool roots in nonfrozen sugar beet piles throughout the winter should not drop below -2.2°C to maximize sucrose retention.

Biocontrol of Sugar Beet Pathogens Fusarium Wilt by Trichoderma viride

Six fungal strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of sugar beet cultivars in Egypt. Two fungal isolates were effective against three phytopathogenic fungi: Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium dimerum.The two strains were identified and belonged to Trichoderma viride. In vivo the highest percentages of survival plants were 72.5, 75 and 82.5%by T.viride codeNo. (2) for the control of F. solani, F. oxysporum and F. dimerum, respectively while more than T.viride codeNo. (1). T. viride isolates produced HCN, chitinase and cellulase, but it failed to produce IAA. The usage of T. viride as seed treatment reduced the percentage of damping-off of sugar beet under greenhouse conditions. This result shows that these T. viride are very effective biocontrol agents and should be harnessed for further biocontrol applications.

Effect of drought stress on root yield and some morpho-physiological traits in different genotypes of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

To study the effects of different levels of drought stress on root yield and some morpho-physiological traits of sugar beet genotypes, a study was conducted in the research farm of Islamic Azad University of Birjand, Iran in 2013 as strip-split plot experiments based on randomized complete block design. Different levels of drought stress were considered as vertical factor in three levels including normal irrigation, moderate stress, and severe stress. Horizontal factor was assigned to five varieties of sugar beet. Drought stress had a significant effect on root dry weight, total dry weight, root yield, and leaf temperature at 1% probability level and on leaf dry weight, crown dry weight, and harvest index at 5% probability level. Drought stress had an adverse effect on root yield of investigated genotypes of sugar beet. Under normal conditions, the mean of root yield was higher than middle and severe drought stress. Different investigated genotypes of sugar beet responded to drought stress based on their yield potential. The highest positive correlation of root yield was observed with root dry weight (r=0.977**). Stepwise regression analysis and path coefficient analysis showed that root dry weight and petiole dry weight are the most important traits that can affect root yield of sugar beet under drought stress and can used as selection criteria in investigated cultivars of sugar beet. Finally, 7221 genotypes can be considered as tolerant genotypes in the next studies. In comparison, Jolgeh cultivar (as susceptible control) yielded well in areas with normal irrigation, but under moderate and severely stresses its root yield was reduced.

Morphological and Physiological Responses of Sugar Beet to Alkaline Stress

To explore the morphological and physiological responses of sugar beet to alkaline soils, four levels of alkaline (NaHCO3 + Na2CO3) concentration, including 0.0% (designated as A0.0%, control), 0.5% (designated as A0.5%), 0.7% (designated as A0.7%), and 0.9% (designated as A0.9%), were applied to sugar beet cultivars KWS0143 and Beta464 in a pot experiment in 2015 and 2016. The growth indexes, osmolyte content, and antioxidase activity of both cultivars were measured. Alkaline stress significantly decreased the emergence rate of both cultivars. Dry matter weight per plant and leaf chlorophyll content first increased but then decreased with increasing alkaline concentration at different stages in both years. The content of leaf osmolytes and the activity of antioxidases were enhanced at A0.5% and A0.7% but inhibited at A0.9%. These findings suggested that sugar beet adapted well to alkaline soil stress by osmotic adjustment and antioxidation and that its growth increased when stress was relatively low (A0.5% and A0.7%) at different stages. Moreover, proline content, CAT activity, and APX activity of KWS0143 under the same treatment were higher than those of Beta464. Our results confirmed that sugarbeet variety KWS0143 was showing tolerant behaviour to alkalinity.

A Novel Penicillium sp. Causes Rot in Stored Sugar Beet Roots in Idaho.

Penicillium vulpinum along with a number of other fungi can lead to rot of stored sugar beet roots. However, Penicillium isolates associated with necrotic lesions on roots from a recent sugar beet storage study were determined to be different from P. vulpinum and other recognized Penicillium species. Phylogenies based on sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-5.8S, β-tubulin (BenA), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) DNA regions indicate that these isolates are novel, but most closely related to the following Penicillium spp. in the section Fasiculata: P. aurantiogriseum, P. camemberti, and P. freii. Macro- and micromorphological data also support designating these isolates as a new species for which we propose the name, Penicillium cellarum sp. nov. Inoculation studies with the P. cellarum isolates on roots of the commercial sugar beet cultivar B-7 led to the formation of necrotic lesions 23 to 25 mm in diameter after 86 days in storage. These lesions were similar to those observed on sugar beet roots in commercial storage piles. These data indicate that P. cellarum is a pathogen which can cause root rot in stored sugar beet roots.

Influence of Gibberellic Acid on Beta vulgaris L. Plants under Drought Conditions

THIS INVESTIGATION was carried to assess whether gibberellic acid could be improved suffering beet plants from water deficit under drought. two cultivars of Beta vulgaris L. (Farida and Sultan) and three concentrations of gibberellic acid (50-100-150 mg/l) were used to study their responses to three water regimes (100-75-50 % fc). The experiment was used to determine the tolerance indices, genetic parameters and anatomical and thermal images of various treatments for beet cultivars. The results showed an increase in mean values in studied traits like fresh and dry weight of root, sucrose, proline content, length of stoma and length of stoma pore related with increasing of gibberellic acid concentration up to 150mg/l. Tolerance indices like MP-TOL-YSI-GMP indicated that Farida cultivar was more drought tolerant than Sultan cultivar; and gave the highest yield under the three water regimes at 150 mg/l GA3. Moreover values of genetic parameters; PVC , GVC,GA and h2 showed increasing in number of studied traits of shoot and root can used it for selection in successive breeding program. Recent developments in imaging technology such as thermal imaging, normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI), chlorophyll picture (SPAD reading) and water stress indices were used to agreement particular opportunities to develop robust high-throughput phenotyping. The surface temperature of crop canopies decreases with increasing transpiration as a result of evaporative cooling, therefore, sugar beet cultivars which had high leaves thermal temperature might be drought tolerance. The results, also, indicated that temporal ground-based NDVI was most current for studying the quantitative drought by a significant effect.

Retrieving LAI, chlorophyll and nitrogen contents in sugar beet crops from multi-angular optical remote sensing: Comparison of vegetation indices and PROSAIL inversion for field phenotyping

Remote sensing has gained much attention for agronomic applications such as crop management or yield estimation. Crop phenotyping under field conditions has recently become another important application that requires specific needs: the considered remote-sensing method must be (1) as accurate as possible so that slight differences in phenotype can be detected and related to genotype, and (2) robust so that thousands of cultivars potentially quite different in terms of plant architecture can be characterized with a similar accuracy over different years and soil and weather conditions. In this study, the potential of nadir and off-nadir ground-based spectro-radiometric measurements to remotely sense five plant traits relevant for field phenotyping, namely, the leaf area index (LAI), leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen contents, and canopy chlorophyll and nitrogen contents, was evaluated over fourteen sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivars, two years and three study sites. Among the diversity of existing remote-sensing methods, two popular approaches based on various selected Vegetation Indices (VI) and PROSAIL inversion were compared, especially in the perspective of using them for phenotyping applications.Overall, both approaches are promising to remotely estimate LAI and canopy chlorophyll content (RMSE≤10%). In addition, VIs show a great potential to retrieve canopy nitrogen content (RMSE=10%). On the other hand, the estimation of leaf-level quantities is less accurate, the best accuracy being obtained for leaf chlorophyll content estimation based on VIs (RMSE=17%). As expected when observing the relationship between leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen contents, poor correlations are found between VIs and mass-based or area-based leaf nitrogen content. Importantly, the estimation accuracy is strongly dependent on sun-sensor geometry, the structural and biochemical plant traits being generally better estimated based on nadir and off-nadir observations, respectively. Ultimately, a preliminary comparison tends to indicate that, providing that enough samples are included in the calibration set, (1) VIs provide slightly more accurate performances than PROSAIL inversion, (2) VIs and PROSAIL inversion do not show significant differences in robustness across the different cultivars and years. Even if more data are still necessary to draw definitive conclusions, the results obtained with VIs are promising in the perspective of high-throughput phenotyping using UAV-embedded multispectral cameras, with which only a few wavebands are available.

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Two Sugar Beet Cultivars with Contrasting Drought Tolerance

In a changing climate, drought stress accounts for significant crop yield loss. To test the hypothesis that proteins play an important role in plant drought tolerance, we conducted physiological and proteomic analyses to investigate the stress responses of two sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivars with contrasting tolerance to drought stress. Under drought, the tolerant cultivar had higher relative water content, root length, dry weight, and root system area than the drought-sensitive cultivar. In addition, the tolerant cultivar had higher antioxidant enzyme activities than the sensitive cultivar to prevent ROS damage under drought stress conditions. Proteomic analysis resulted in identification of 23 and 27 drought-responsive proteins in the sensitive and tolerant cultivars, respectively. Based on their functions, these proteins were classified into nine categories. Many proteins in several different biological processes showed different abundance patterns between the genotypes (for example, oxygen-evolving enhancer proteins, choline monooxygenase, and malate dehydrogenase). Although some proteins changed similarly in trend between the two genotypes, they showed different levels of changes (for example, S-adenosylmethionine synthase). Furthermore, the poor correlation between transcription and protein levels was confirmed in this study. Our findings would lead to an improved understanding of the integrated physiology and proteome responses of the different sugar beet genotypes under drought stress.

Control of Rhizoctonia solani in Sugar Beet and Effect of Fungicide Application and Plant Cultivar on Inoculum Potential in the Soil.

Rhizoctonia solani (AG 2-2 IIIB) is the causal agent of Rhizoctonia root and crown rot, a disease that causes severe economic problems in sugar beet growing areas worldwide. In the United States, azoxystrobin is the most important active ingredient for fungicidal control of R. solani in sugar beet, showing efficacy superior to other substances. First reports on resistance development in R. solani, however, underline the importance of a careful fungicide resistance management. For this reason, the efficacy of a new fungicide mixture of azoxystrobin and difenoconazole was compared with a fungicide containing only azoxystrobin. Field trials were carried out under natural infection conditions as well as with inoculation in the years 2012, 2013, and 2014. Evaluation of the disease severity and the obtained white sugar yield of different sugar beet cultivars demonstrated that both fungicide treatments possess a similar efficacy, reducing the diseased beet surface by up to 78% and preventing yield losses. Additionally, a real-time PCR assay, based on DNA extracts from representative soil samples (250 g), was used to directly determine the effect of chemical treatment and plant cultivar on the soil-borne inoculum. Fungicide application significantly reduced the concentration of soil-borne inoculum by up to 97%. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the cultivation of a susceptible cultivar significantly increases the concentration of R. solani in the soil by a factor of 200. In conclusion, the study implies that only a combination of resistant cultivar and fungicide application can prevent an accumulation of R. solani inoculum under conducive conditions in infested fields.