Annona Squamosa Research Articles

Preparation of Value Added Cow Milk Lassi Blended with Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L.) Pulp

Lassi was prepared from different proportions of cow milk and custard apple pulp, i.e., 100:0 (T1), 90:10 (T2), 85:15 (T3), and 80:20 (T4). The mean score for the flavour was 8.17, 8.21, 8.32, and 8.27 for lassi prepared under treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. The highest score was obtained by treatment T3, while the lowest score was recorded by treatment T1. The result indicated that the lassi prepared with 15 per cent custard apple pulp was superior over 0, 10, and 20, per cent levels. The colour and appearance score of lassi was significantly affected due to the addition of different levels of custard apple pulp. The mean scores for colour and appearance of lassi were T1 (8.43), T2 (8.45), T3 (8.48), and T4 (8.46). The highest score (8.48 out of 9) was obtained from lassi prepared with 15 per cent custard apple pulp as compared to other treatments. The highest score was obtained by treatment T3, while the lowest score was obtained by treatment T1. The body and texture score of lassi was significantly affected due to the addition of different levels of pulp. The significantly highest score (8.40 out of 9) was obtained by lassi prepared with 15 per cent (T3) custard apple pulp, while the lowest score (8.35) was obtained by plain lassi (T1). The sensory scores for overall acceptability of custard apple lassi treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4 were 8.33, 8.35, 8.39, and 8.36, respectively. It was observed that the custard apple lassi prepared from 85 parts cow milk and 15 parts custard apple pulp was most acceptable and ranked between like very much to like extremely. The addition of a higher proportion of pulp in the lassi was scored towards the lower side by a panel of judges.

Annona squamosa Linn.: A Review of Its Ethnobotany, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, Toxicity, and Conservation Needs

Nature exhibits a unique beauty that is both recognized and integrated into human practices globally. Annona squamosa Linn., commonly known as “sweet sugar,” is a small medicinal shrub cultivated for its fruits. This species is widely distributed across Asia, Africa, North and South America, and Brazil. Traditionally, it has been used for its antidiabetic, antihypertensive, insecticidal, and antimicrobial properties. This article is based on the literature review collected from various sources such as Scopus, Sci-Hub, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and SciFinder. The literature review reveals that A. squamosa possesses numerous promising pharmacological activities due to its rich array of active phytoconstituents. This review provides essential knowledge for future research, guiding investigators in exploring the plant’s pharmacological activities, isolating bioactive fractions, and implementing these findings in the management of various diseases.

Analgesic and Anti-Arthritic Potential of Methanolic Extract and Palmatine Obtained from Annona squamosa Leaves

Background/Objectives: Annona squamosa is used in folk medicine to treat pain and arthritis. Palmatine is an alkaloid isolated from several plants, including A. squamosa leaves. The aim of the present study was to investigate the analgesic, anti-arthritic, and anti-inflammatory potential of the methanolic extract of A. squamosa (EMAS) and palmatine. Methods: The chemical profile of EMAS was evaluated by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization coupled to mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI/MS). EMAS and palmatine were evaluated in carrageenan-induced pleurisy, zymosan-induced joint inflammation, formalin-induced nociception, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in experimental models in mice. A cytotoxicity test of EMAS and palmatine was performed using a methylthiazolidiphenyl-tetrazolium (MTT) bromide assay. Results: The analysis of the chemical profile of the extract showed the presence of palmatine, liriodenine, and anonaine. Oral administration of EMAS and palmatine significantly reduced leukocyte migration and oxide nitric production in the carrageenan-induced pleurisy model. EMAS and palmatine reduced mechanical hyperalgesia, leukocyte migration, and edema formation in the joint inflammation induced by zymosan. In the formalin test, palmatine was effective against the second-phase nociceptive response, mechanical hyperalgesia, and cold allodynia. In addition, palmatine reduced mechanical hyperalgesia induced by TNF. EMAS and palmatine did not demonstrate cytotoxicity. Conclusions: The present study showed that A. squamosa and palmatine are analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents, and that the anti-hyperalgesic properties of palmatine may involve the TNF pathway. Palmatine may be one of the compounds responsible for the anti-hyperalgesic and/or anti-arthritic properties of this medicinal plant.

Effects of Water, Fertilizer and Heat Coupling on Soil Hydrothermal Conditions and Yield and Quality of Annona squamosa

Seasonal drought and summer soil high-temperature stress in Southern China often lead to decreased yield and quality of Annona squamosa. It is important to explore reasonable and effective water and fertilizer management measures as well as cover measures to improve the soil hydrothermal conditions in orchards to realize the increase in yield and quality of Annona squamosa. This study involved a two-year (2022–2023) field experiment in Yun County, Lincang City, Yunnan Province, using three factors and a three-level orthogonal test, resulting in nine different experimental treatments for water, fertilizer and heat. The three irrigation levels were W1 (soil moisture content of 55% of field moisture capacity), W2 (soil moisture content of 75% of field moisture capacity) and W3 (soil moisture content of 85% of field moisture capacity). The three fertilizer levels were F1 (1666 kg·hm−2), F2 (2083 kg·hm−2) and F3 (2500 kg·hm−2), and the three cover methods were A1 (no cover), A2 (fresh grass cover) and A3 (straw cover). The effects of these treatments on soil hydrothermal conditions, growth indices and fruit yield and quality of Annona s1uamosa were systematically monitored and analyzed, and the relationships between these treatments and yield and quality was analyzed based on a Mantel test. The results showed that T5 (W2F2A3) had the highest average soil moisture content over two years, followed by T7 (W3F1A3). The T7 (W3F1A3) treatment effectively reduced soil temperature by 5 °C compared to T1 (W1F1A1). T5 (W2F2A3) had the highest average yield over two years, with an increase of 33.99% compared to T1 (W1F1A1). Additionally, T5 (W2F2A3) has the highest average soluble solids, soluble sugars and vitamin C content over two years, with increases of 28.13%, 13.36% and 4.86%, respectively, compared to T1 (W1F1A1). A Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between Annona squamosa growth and soil moisture content and soil temperature, and the Mantel test showed that soil hydrothermal conditions had significant influence on the growth and yield. T5 (W2F2A3) has the highest comprehensive benefit in promoting growth, increasing yield and improving quality for the plant. The effects of different irrigation quantities, fertilizer amounts and different cover measures on the coupling interaction for soil hydrothermal status in the root zone, growth, yield and quality of Annona squamosa were investigated, providing reliable theoretical support for the scientific planting model of Annona squamosa in the low-heat river valley of Yunnan Province.

Enhanced photovoltaic efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells with natural co-sensitizers from Annona squamosa, Malus domestica and Musa fruits

This study demonstrates the enhancement of photoelectric efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) using a co-sensitization technique with natural organic dyes. Pigments from Annona squamosa, Malus domestica, and Musa peels were used as co-sensitizers in various ratios to determine the optimal concentration for photon capture. Optical characterization was performed using absorption spectroscopy, while the photovoltaic properties were evaluated through power-voltage (P–V), current density-voltage (J-V), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analyses. The co-sensitized DSSC with Annona squamosa and Malus domestica dyes achieved the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.56 %, compared to 0.95 % and 0.10 % for the individual dyes. These findings underscore the significant efficiency gains achieved through co-sensitization with natural dyes.

Investigating the effects of thermal processing on bitter substances in atemoya (Annona cherimola × Annona squamosa) through sensory-guided separation

Atemoya (Annona cherimola × Annona squamosa) is a specialty crop in Taiwan. Thermal treatment induces bitterness, complicating seasonal production adjustments and surplus reduction. In this research, sensory-guided separation, metabolomics, and orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) are used for identifying the bitterness in atemoya which originates from catechins, epicatechin trimers, and proanthocyanidins. Different thermal treatments (65 °C, 75 °C, and 85 °C) revealed that the glucose and fructose contents in atemoya significantly decreased, while total phenols, flavonoids, and tannins significantly increased. The concentration of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) increased from 23.16 ng/g in untreated samples to 400.71 ng/g (AP-65), 1208.59 ng/g (AP-75), and 2838.51 ng/g (AP-85). However, these levels are below the 5-HMF bitterness threshold of 3780 ng/g. Combining mass spectrometry analysis with sensory evaluation, OPLS-DA revealed that atemoya treated at 65 °C, 75 °C, and 85 °C exhibited significant bitterness, with the main bitter components being proanthocyanidin dimers and trimers.

Important Insect Pests on Cabbage in Lao PDR

This study was conducted in Xiengkhouang province, Vientiane province, Saravane province, Champasak province, Vientiane Capital, and Plant Protection Center, from January to March 2017. The aims of study were to investigate to major insect pests on cabbage and compared the efficacy of Jeevatu, Jeevatu+botanical pesticide and chemical pesticide to control Diamondback moth in laboratory condition. The study was divided into two treatments: 1) survey important insect pests of cabbage in 3 purposive sampling areas (field)/village, 10 points/rai, and 3 cabbages/point to identify insect pests and survey the life cycle of Diamondback moth of cabbage, and 2) conduct the efficacy experiment of Jeevatu, Jeevatu+botanical pesticide and chemical pesticide to Diamondback moth in laboratory. The experiment was done by Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The survey showed that there are 8 species of insect pests on cabbage and the most important species is Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) which was found in all provinces that had been survey than followed by striped flea beetle (Phyllotreta striolata), cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae), cabbage butterfly (Pieris rapae), taro caterpillar (Spodoptera litura), cabbage webworm (Hellula undalis), cabbage looper (Trichoplasia ni) and flea beetle (phyllotreta cruciferae). Life cycle of Diamondback moth was investigated in that laboratory, and it showed that the total of life cycle took about 14-21 days that included 3-5 days for egg stage, 8-12 days for lavae stage, 3-4 days for pupae stage, and 13-31 days of bebeing mature. The efficacy of Jeevatu+Sugar apple leaf extracts, Jeevatu+Neem extracts, and Jeevatu with water for control Diamondback moth indicated that after 5 days sprayed, the mortality percentage was up to 90%, 80% and 57% respectively. For chemical sprayed for 2 days, the mortality percentage was up to 100%. The results of this study showed that the Jeevatu+botanical pesticide can be used as a substitute for substituting chemical in preventing the control Diamondback moth.

Effect of organic inputs on yield and quality of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.)

Effect of organic inputs on yield and quality of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.)

Studies on seasonal incidence of mealy bug (Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green) and their natural enemies on custard apple (Annona squamosa L)

Studies on seasonal incidence of mealy bug (Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green) and their natural enemies on custard apple (Annona squamosa L)

Nitrogen management through different organic manures on growth and fruit yield of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.)

Nitrogen management through different organic manures on growth and fruit yield of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.)

Prediction of annona squamosa by using tools Swiss ADME and PubChem

Annona squamosa L. Belongs to the Annonaceae family and is one of the basic dietary plants.It is edible fruits & called as "custard apple”. In Annona squamosa consisting chemical constituent like ferulic acid,chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid etc.The main goal of our study to determination of chemical compound or phytoconstitutents which is predicted by using the ADME/T ,MOL.Soft and also Pubchem software etc.So the ferulic acid having GI absortion rate is good as compared to chlorogenic acid but the comparision between ferulic acid and caffeic acid the caffeic acid determine the high GI absortion. By using this software we can easily determine the bioavailibity score ,BBB permeation,log kp permeation. By the help of mol.soft and ADME/T software we can easily analyzed chemical compound. We have to stated that or assurity before any kind of clinical trials conducting. Its help to give the data. In free of cost analysis is done. It also ensure that compound would be safer or not. It also helps to researcher for investigate in vivo and in vitro studies.

Chlorine Dioxide Delays Enzymatic Browning in Postharvest Cherimoya and Enables Establishment of Kinetics Substrate Model

Cherimoya (Annona squamosa L.) is a nutrient-rich fruit. However, it is not easy to store because of its susceptibility to browning. In order to prolong the storage period of cherimoya, the fruit was treated with chlorine dioxide (ClO2) at different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg L−1) and stored at 15 °C for 8 days. The quality and biochemical indexes of the fruit were investigated using a chromameter, high-performance liquid chromatography and scanning electron microscopy, etc. The results showed that all the treatments with various concentrations of ClO2 could delay the increase in the browning index, loss of weight, and decrease in hardness. Meanwhile, ClO2 treatment effectively reduced the consumption of starch, titratable acids, and phenolics as well as inhibited the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and enzymatic oxidation. It can be seen from the Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) that the C=O stretching peak at 1731 cm−1 disappeared at a ClO2 concentration of 60 mg L−1. We think the ClO2 treatment may inhibit the oxidation of phenol to quinone. According to the Arrhenius formula, the values of the apparent activation energy (Ea) for enzymatic browning reaction were estimated. The Ea with catechol in cherimoya pericarp and flesh were 67.00 and 47.83 kJ mol−1, respectively. It was found that the phenolic enzyme reaction with catechol has a much smaller Ea and a higher affinity for PPO. Therefore, treatment with ClO2 at a suitable concentration for cherimoya stored at 15 °C could effectively maintain fruit quality and prolong the storage period; the most appropriate concentration is 60 mg L−1.

Crescimento e homeostase iônica de mudas de pinha irrigadas com águas residuais salinas

ABSTRACT Custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) is a sensitive fruit crop to salinity. One of the alternatives to minimize the deleterious effects of salt stress is adopting mineral fertilization management practices, promoting increased crop tolerance to salts. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate NPK doses to mitigate salt stress in custard apple seedlings irrigated with saline wastewater. The experiment was performed in a greenhouse, adopting a randomized block design in a 3 × 5 factorial scheme, corresponding to three irrigation waters (local-supply water of 0.53 dS m-1 electrical conductivity (control); desalination reject of 3.5 dS m-1; fish farming effluent of 3.5 dS m-1) and five proportions of the NPK recommendation (25, 50, 75, 100, and 125% of the fertilization recommendation), with four replicates. The growth, biomass accumulation, and nutrients were evaluated. Irrigation with desalination reject, and fish farming effluent restricted the growth of custard apple seedlings, regardless of the NPK dose used. The ionic homeostasis of seedlings irrigated with desalination reject and fish farming effluent is optimized by fertilization with 50% of the NPK recommendation corresponding to 50, 150, and 75 mg of N, P2O5, and K2O dm-3, respectively. For the production of seedlings irrigated with local-supply water, the dose of 75% NPK, corresponding to 75, 225, and 112.5 mg of N, P2O5, and K2O dm-3, respectively, is recommended.

Evaluation of Haemostatic Potential and HPTLC Fingerprinting of Annona squamosa Linn. Bark Extract

Objectives: The present work focuses on exploring and evaluating the hemostatic property of Annona squamosa Linn. bark. Being a renewable resource, it has the potential to contribute to the hemostatic agent. Hemostatic efficacy of the cold and hot bark extract at different concentrations of 10, 50, 100 & 250 mg/ml of saline were evaluated using whole blood clotting, platelet aggregation test, prothrombin time CAMAG HPTLC system. The hemostatic efficacy. At 250 mg/ml saline, both the extracts showed excellent hemostatic efficacy by clotting blood in 1.2 s and 3 s, respectively. The prothrombin time of cold and hot were 5 s and 5.1 s which were less than that of Liquiplastin partial prothrombin time which was Liquicelin E (13.85 s). Annona squamosa Linn. to be used as a topical hemostatic agent. Saponins, which are known to be antihemorrhagic, were detected by HPTLC. hemostatic efficacy of Annona squamosa Linn. bark was evaluated, which can contribute to the development of a fast-acting, cost-effective, easy-to-use, and sustainable topical hemostat. Keywords: Annona squamosa Linn, Hemostatic activity, Prothrombin time, Activated partial thromboplastin time, HPTLC fingerprint

Effect of Bacterial Endophytes Isolated from Tropical Fruits against Listeria monocytogenes and Cronobacter sakazakii in Model Food Products

Listeria monocytogenes and Cronobacter sakazakii are two important foodborne bacterial pathogens. Bacterial endophytes, which reside in plant cells, can produce antimicrobial compounds to protect the host organism or inhibit pathogens. This study investigated the bacterial community of tropical fruits for their potential to inactivate L. monocytogenes or C. sakazakii in cantaloupe and liquid infant formula, respectively. Tropical fruits including papayas, dragon fruits, and sugar apples, were sourced from several countries. Candidate bacterial endophytes were recovered from these tropical fruits using blood agar and Reasoner’s 2A (R2A) agar and tested for potential inhibition against L. monocytogenes and C. sakazakii. A total of 196 bacterial endophytes were recovered from papayas, dragon fruits, and sugar apples. Among these bacterial endophytes, 33 (16.8%) and 13 (6.6%) of them demonstrated an inhibition zone against L. monocytogenes and C. sakazakii, respectively. The inhibitory strains were identified using 16S rRNA sequencing as Bacillus spp., Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Microbacterium spp., Pantoea spp., and Pseudomonas spp. A cocktail of Pantoea spp. and Enterobacter spp. was used in challenge studies with cantaloupe and significantly reduced the number of L. monocytogenes by approximately 2.5 log10 CFU/g. In addition, P. stewartii demonstrated antagonistic activity against C. sakazakii in liquid infant formula, i.e., it significantly decreased the number of C. sakazakii by at least 1 log10 CFU/mL. Thus, the use of bacterial endophytes recovered from fruits and vegetables could be a promising area of research. Their use as potential biocontrol agents to control bacterial pathogens in ready-to-eat foods warrants further investigation.

Antifungal Effect of Leaf Extracts on the Groundnut Late Leaf Spot Pathogen Cercosporidium personatum

Late leaf spot of groundnut is caused by the fungal pathogen of Cercosporidium personatum. Efforts to prevent this disease generally use synthetic fungicides that can cause environmental pollution. This study aims to identify the fungal pathogen of groundnut late leaf spot and study the antifungal effect of leaf extract of some plants for leaf spot intensity suppression. Late leaf spot pathogen was identified based on morphological characteristics of hyphae and conidia. The leaf extracts of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea), Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia), basil (Ocimum gratissimum), and sugar apple (Annona squamosa) at a concentration of 25% against C. personatum were evaluated in vitro based on growth inhibition. The growth and intensity of groundnut disease attacks were assessed for seven weeks by inoculating C. personatum and application of the leaf extracts. Results showed that the pathogen was identified as C. personatum with conidia characteristics of cylindrical to obclavate, short and slightly curved with four septa, and 35.75 × 7.11 µm in size. The percentage of inhibition of C. personatum in vitro reached 94.03% by leaf extract of C. ternatea, 88.56% by T. diversifolia, 87.20% by O. gratissimum, and 84.10% by A. squamosa. Treatment of C. ternatea increased plant height up to 12.85% and reduced the most optimal percentage of the infected leaves up to 61.53%. C. ternatea leaf extract was found to be the most effective extract to suppress C. personatum infection by 77.94%, while T. diversifolia, O. gratissimum, and A. squamosa reduced disease severity by 70.15%, 65.43%, and 57.76%, respectively.

Formulation and Evaluation of Nutraceutical Tablet using Herbal Remedies by Direct Compression Method

The objective of present work was to formulate and evaluate the nutraceutical tablets with different combination of herbal remedies. The combination of nutrition and pharmaceutics i.e nutraceutical. fenugreek seeds and Annona squamosa Leaves. contribute to treat diabetes disease. It is used as antidiabetic agent.The nutraceutical tablet containing lactose and mannitol as diluent and containing natural drugs like seeds and Annona squamosa Leaves .which was tablet prepared by direct compression method. The compressed formulations were subject to several evaluation parameters like appearance, thickness, weight variation, hardness and friability. Results: The results of all evaluation parameters of nutraceutical tablet were within the acceptable limit. Pre-compression studies of nutraceutical tablet show satisfactory results. The thickness, hardness, weight variation,and friability of nutraceutical tablet were found to in acceptable range. Significant results were obtained from present study. Discussion: The obtaining of current investigation clearly found that the health promotion of the body could be done by nutraceuticals.

A holistic cure for cancer and survival from the indirect effects of nuclear attack

Background: The global search for a safe, irreversible cure after lethal radiation exposure and cancer has not been successful since World War II. Nuclear warfare cannot be recreated in a laboratory. Simulation experiments require highly classified, expensive, and approved infrastructure. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy affect both healthy and damaged cells and often lead to cancer recurrence. A lethal dose of ionizing radiation (IR) is devastating because of instant, massive, and diffuse DNA breaks, chromosomal aberrations, tissue oxidation, and the cascading generation of free radicals, and it can cause cancer. People exposed to a nuclear attack directly cannot be cured. Methods: A formulation comprising aqueous extracts of leaves of Indian bael (Aegle marmelos) and Oxalis corniculate, roots of ginseng (Panax ginseng), custard apple (Annona squamosa) or sitaphal cotyledons, methi (Fenugreek) seeds, and lytic Newcastle disease virus (nonhuman) was used. A few doses of the formulation were injected intraperitoneally into lethally gamma-irradiated mice; mice were also injected with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Breast and cervical cancer cells were treated with this formulation in vitro. Results: We have developed a solution to the lasting problem. The formulation induced apoptosis in IR-damaged cancer cells by the developed formulation in vivo and in vitro, with no subsequent regrowth. No adverse effects were observed. The control ‘DF1’ Fibroblast cells did not exhibit any change after the drug administration. A possible explanation is the loss of defense responses in damaged cells, allowing the multiplication of the killer virus. Thus, people with cancer and those who escape the direct impacts of nuclear accidents may be saved. The lyophilized components can be stored at room temperature under field conditions. Conclusion: Successful treatment with herbs and virotherapy (a nanomedicine) can be delivered as tablets (a stable formulation) to remote areas, which may be a permanent solution to the prolonged search for the treatment of radiation exposure.

Moisture‐modulated thermo‐physical analysis of sweetsop seed (Annona squamosa L.): A potential biofuel feedstock plant

AbstractSweetsop seed holds significant economic value as an oil seed, with ca. 25% oil content that finds applications as a feedstock for energy generation. The moisture‐modulated thermophysical properties of the seed were determined at varying moisture contents (8.0%–32.5%). Physical properties (length [L], width [W], thickness [T], arithmetic [Amd], and geometric mean diameters [Gmd], sphericity [Sty], surface area [SA], and bulk density [ρd]) were determined using standard methods while the thermal properties (specific heat capacity [SHC], thermal conductivity [Tcd], and thermal diffusivity [Tdf]) were analyzed using a TEMPOS thermal analyzer. The results showed that the seed L, W, T, Amd, and Gmd, Sty, SA, and ρd ranged from 13.22–14.95 mm, 7.32–7.95 mm, 5.25–5.35 mm, 8.60–8.75 mm, and 7.96–8.11 mm, 0.61–0.60, 196.72–205.28 mm2, and 210.00–270.00 kg m−3, respectively. The SHC, Tcd, and Tdf ranged from 0.14–0.52 J kg−1 K−1, 0.17–0.35 W m−1 K−1, and 0.10–0.20 m2 s−1, respectively. The ANOVA results indicated that the thermo‐physical properties studied were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected by moisture content. By utilizing the determined properties, engineers can develop efficient machines to harness the economic potential of sweetsop seed oil in various industries, including biofuel generation.Practical applicationsThe thermal and physical properties of sweetsop seed are needed by agricultural and mechanical engineers and food scientists to explore the potential application of the seed and the seed product, like oil for industrial and commercial purposes. Data obtained on the specific heat capacity of the seed would be valuable in designing of heating compartment of an oil expeller, thermal conductivity and diffusivity would be needed to design drying systems that balance efficiency and quality preservation, facilitate efficient removal of moisture from the seed while minimizing the risk of over‐drying or under‐drying. Thus, affects the design of the seed storage systems. Data on the seed axial dimensions, sphericity, mean diameters, surface area, and bulk density would be useful in the design and fabrication of agricultural equipment like sheller, grinder, packaging machines, discharge chute, aperture, and planter, to ensure proper seed placement, flow and to determine machine throughput capacity.

Amazonian Fruits for Treatment of Non-Communicable Diseases.

The Amazon region has a high biodiversity of flora, with an elevated variety of fruits, such as Camu-Camu (Myrciaria dúbia), Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), Tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum and Astrocaryum vulgare), Fruta-do-conde (Annona squamosa L.), Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), Graviola (Annona muricata L.), Guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth var. sorbilis), and Pitanga (Eugenia uniflora), among many others, that are rich in phytochemicals, minerals and vitamins with prominent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Studies evaluating the chemical composition of these fruits have observed a high content of nutrients and bioactive compounds. Such components are associated with significant biological effects in treating various non-communicable diseases (NCDs)and related complications. Regular intake of these fruits from Amazonas emerges as a potential therapeutic approach to preventing and treating NCDs as a nutritional strategy to reduce the incidence or mitigate common complications in these patients, which are the leading global causes of death. As studies remain largely unexplored, this narrative review discusses the possible health-beneficial effects for patients with NCDs.