Sufficient Weight Research Articles

From Commonwealth Responsibility to the National Interest: Australia and Post-war Decolonisation in South-East Asia

ABSTRACTThis article re-examines the drivers of post-war Australian foreign policy in South-East Asia. The central argument is that the motive of Commonwealth responsibility has not been given sufficient explanatory weight in interpreting Australia's post-war engagement with South-East Asia under both Australian Labor Party and Liberal-Country Party (Coalition) governments. The responsibility expressed by Australian policy-makers for the decolonisation of the Straits Settlements, Malayan Peninsula and British Borneo Territories cannot be adequately understood within a cold war ideological framework of anti-communism. Nor can it be explained by the instrumental logic of forward defence. The concept of responsibility is theorised as a motivation in foreign policy analysis and applied to Australian involvement with British decolonisation in South-East Asia between 1944 and 1971. The article finds that in its approach to decolonisation, Australia was driven as much by normative sentiments of responsibility to the Commonwealth as it was by instrumental calculations of cold war strategic interest. This diminished with the end of Indonesia's ‘Confrontation’ of Malaysia in 1966 and subsequent British commitment to withdraw from East of Suez. Australia's policy discourse becomes more narrowly interest-based after this, especially evident in Australia's negotiations with Malaysia and Singapore over the Five Power Defence Arrangements from 1968 to 1971.

Social Inequalities in Europe The Challenge of Convergence and Cohesion

Social Inequalities in Europe The Challenge of Convergence and Cohesion

Bidirectional metal‐free ROMP from difunctional organic initiators

Bidirectional metal‐free ROMP from difunctional organic initiators

Weight change across the start of three consecutive pregnancies and the risk of maternal morbidity and SGA birth at the second and third pregnancy.

BackgroundWeight-change across parities and/or current BMI may influence maternal and fetal morbidity and requires to be differentiated to better inform weight-management guidance.MethodsDirection, pattern and magnitude of weight-change across three consecutive parities and thereby two inter-pregnancy periods was described in 5079 women. The association between inter-pregnancy weight-change versus current BMI and adverse maternal events, SGA-birth and preterm delivery at second and third pregnancy were investigated by logistic regression.ResultsMore women gained weight across the defined childbearing period than lost it, with ~35% of normal and overweight women gaining sufficient weight to move up a BMI-category. Nine patterns of weight-change were defined across two inter-pregnancy periods and 50% of women remained weight-stable throughout (within 2BMI units/period). Women who were overweight/obese at first pregnancy had higher risk of substantial weight-gain and loss (>10kg) during each of two inter-pregnancy periods. Inter-pregnancy weight-gain (> 2BMI units) between first and second pregnancy increased the risk of maternal morbidity (1or more event of hypertensive disease, caesarean-section, thromboembolism) at second pregnancy, while weight-loss (>2BMI units) increased the risk of SGA-birth. Similarly, increased risk of maternal morbidity at the third pregnancy was influenced by weight-gain during both inter-pregnancy periods but not by current BMI-category. Both weight-gain between first and second pregnancy, and being overweight/obese by third pregnancy protected the fetus against SGA-birth whereas weight-loss between second and third pregnancy doubled the SGA risk.ConclusionHalf the women studied exhibited significant weight-fluctuations. This influenced their risk of maternal morbidity and SGA-birth at second and third pregnancy.

Poly(ether ester) Ionomers as Water-Soluble Polymers for Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing Processes.

Water-soluble polymers as sacrificial supports for additive manufacturing (AM) facilitate complex features in printed objects. Few water-soluble polymers beyond poly(vinyl alcohol) enable material extrusion AM. In this work, charged poly(ether ester)s with tailored rheological and mechanical properties serve as novel materials for extrusion-based AM at low temperatures. Melt transesterification of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, 8k) and dimethyl 5-sulfoisophthalate afforded poly(ether ester)s of sufficient molecular weight to impart mechanical integrity. Quantitative ion exchange provided a library of poly(ether ester)s with varying counterions, including both monovalent and divalent cations. Dynamic mechanical and tensile analysis revealed an insignificant difference in mechanical properties for these polymers below the melting temperature, suggesting an insignificant change in final part properties. Rheological analysis, however, revealed the advantageous effect of divalent countercations (Ca2+, Mg2+, and Zn2+) in the melt state and exhibited an increase in viscosity of two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, time-temperature superposition identified an elevation in modulus, melt viscosity, and flow activation energy, suggesting intramolecular interactions between polymer chains and a higher apparent molecular weight. In particular, extrusion of poly(PEG8k-co-CaSIP) revealed vast opportunities for extrusion AM of well-defined parts. The unique melt rheological properties highlighted these poly(ether ester) ionomers as ideal candidates for low-temperature material extrusion additive manufacturing of water-soluble parts.

Extraction of terms and semantic relationships from Arabic texts for automatic construction of an ontology

The task of building an ontology from a textual corpus starts with the conceptualization phase, which extracts ontology concepts. These concepts are linked by semantic relationships. In this paper, we describe an approach to the construction of an ontology from an Arabic textual corpus, starting first with the collection and preparation of the corpus through normalization, removing stop words and stemming; then, to extract terms of our ontology, a statistical method for extracting simple and complex terms, called "the repeated segments method" are applied. To select segments with sufficient weight we apply the weighting method term frequency---inverse document frequency (TF---IDF), and to link these terms by semantic relationships we apply an automatic method of learning linguistic markers from text. This method requires a dataset of relationship pairs, which are extracted from two external resources: an Arabic dictionary of synonyms and antonyms and the lexical database Arabic WordNet. Finally, we present the results of our experimentation using our textual corpus. The evaluation of our approach shows encouraging results in terms of recall and precision.

Pharmacotherapy & Surgical Interventions Available for Obesity Management and Importance of Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Phytomolecules as Safer Anti-Obesity Therapeutics.

The humans worldwide are facing obesity as a major clinical threat because it is linked with cardiovascular diseases which often have serious consequences. Treatments available for body weight loss do not produce permanent weight loss and they often bear some side effects. To achieve safer antiobesetic therapeutics, researchers are moving towards plant-based therapeutic formulations. Many phytomolecules have been identified as anti-lipolytic functions but none of them have reached up to the clinical level. So there is an essential need to develop effective anti-obesetic medications which not only produce sufficient weight loss but also lack side effects. Plants may prove promising option for the same. In this article, medications and surgical procedures have been reviewed and dealt for weight loss and the role of phytomolecules in anti-obesetic therapeutics has been explored.

Shays’s Rebellion: Authority and Distress in Post-Revolutionary America by Sean Condon

Reviewed by: Shays’s Rebellion: Authority and Distress in Post-Revolutionary America by Sean Condon Jonathan M. Chu (bio) Keywords Shays' Rebellion, Daniel Shays, Debt, Credit, U.S. Constitution, Violence Shays’s Rebellion: Authority and Distress in Post-Revolutionary America. By Sean Condon. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015. Pp. 165. Paper, $19.95.) Shays’s Rebellion in current scholarship is one example of the widespread endemic pattern of economic distress, protest, and disorder throughout the new nation that precipitated the convening of the Constitutional Convention. Building upon this interpretation in Shays’s Rebellion: Authority and Distress in Post-Revolutionary America, Sean Condon tells a familiar story. Farmers in western and central Massachusetts, removed from commercial centers, deeply indebted, abused by private creditors, and oppressed by heavy taxes, reacted predictably by modeling their behavior upon traditions of revolutionary popular protest. More specifically, they stopped sheriffs from seizing assets for the non-payment of private debts and taxes, organized mass protests to regulate (the term of art for justifying extralegal action) self-interested public officials, petitioned for debt relief, and, ultimately, stopped civil courts from meeting. Unable to obtain redress of its grievances, the regulation spontaneously escalated into armed militias and the insurrection that came to be identified with Daniel Shays. For Condon, though, Shays’s Rebellion was also a problem of authority: how to govern the regulators and regulate the government when jurisdictional lines and political processes remained ambiguous or in flux. While Samuel Ely’s 1782 protest was resolved with a petition emanating out of the Hampshire County Convention attended by Samuel Adams and two other state legislators, later protests were met with heightened opposition. Confronted with policies imposing impossible [End Page 158] burdens upon debtors, how were ordinary folks to get relief when peaceful protest failed? The answers led to further polarization with government’s own militarization and suppression of the regulators. Condon sees the immediate resolution to the regulation in the realization of both sides that things had gotten out of hand and the moderation of discontent and lawlessness by disbanding the armed groups of regulators, electing the popular John Hancock as governor in place of James Bowdoin, allowing key leaders like Shays and Job Shattuck to escape punishment, and providing legal reforms on debt collection. The real significance of Shays’s Rebellion, however, occurred after the news of the disorders had spread to James Madison and, by means of Henry Knox’s representations, George Washington, concurrently with their recognition of the need for constitutional reform. Shays’s Rebellion, particularly for Progressive historians, has long held an important place in explaining the rise of sentiment for constitutional reform. A discrete local story, dramatic and well documented, it provides in microcosm evidence supporting two interlocking interpretations for the Constitution: the argument for robust central government and the rise of democratic movements in the early republic. The Shaysite opposition to courts especially seems to embody the polarization of political, social, and economic divisions central to these two interpretative paradigms: of Anti-Federalists and Federalists, of farmers and debtors versus merchants and creditors. Condon is careful to qualify the polarized social interests and the regionalized distribution of credit and debt and demonstrate a more complicated understanding of the difficulties of government’s exercise of authority: Any form of debt relief would have produced adverse consequences for someone somewhere and exacerbated the post-war depression. Condon’s narrative reflects the predisposition to limit the context of our reading of Shays’s to a local microcosm demonstrating the larger weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and of the inevitability of the Constitution. Historians, and especially current neo-Progressive interpretations, have not given sufficient weight to the larger context of the ways in which the inherent nature of the evidence, the framing of debtors’ legal complaints, sway us toward harsh characterizations of private and public creditors. Not surprisingly, our sympathies lie with farmers and debtors and their claims of impoverishment by rapacious creditors and hard-money policies and not with Bowdoin’s condemnation of “wicked, artful men” seeking to dilute the value of their obligations and [End Page 159] evade responsibility for their promises. Reducing legal fees, assigning small causes to justices of...

Arboreal: A Collection of New Woodland Writing by Adrian Cooper

behavior that many characterize as “inhuman ” or “inhumane.” The novelist’s mission embodies the ideal that the Roman playwright Terence enunciated when he had a character say, “Homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto” (I am human, and nothing of that which is human is alien to me). A novelist is this kind of human, who is not alien even to the vilest acts of human beings. Ganguly has written an important book, a provocative book, a sensitive book. Perhaps, in the spirit of discourse, she won’t object to some corrections and some animadversions. She writes of the “five or six world languages—English, Mandarin, Arabic, Spanish, French, and Hindi. “Mandarin” is an oral dialect of Chinese: millions of people speak “Mandarin ,” but no one writes in “Mandarin”: the Nobel Prize winner Mo Yan, for example , comes from Shandong province and speaks Shandong dialect, not Mandarin; just as Mao Zedong spoke Hunan dialect, and Deng Xiaoping spoke Sichuan dialect; but they all wrote in Chinese. I question Ganguly’s emphasis on visual witnessing. Cognitive scientists have researched visual witnessing as distinctly unreliable (see The Invisible Gorilla), and perhaps Ganguly does not give sufficient weight to the numbing effect of so much human cruelty that appears in the media. Her prose may be more accessible to academics whose tolerance for jargon is greater than mine, but I had to cancel my normal understanding of “remedial” or “remediation” because Ganguly means by these words, specifically, “rendering in another form.” These animadversions aside, I do not begrudge the time reading this thoughtful analysis, not only of the post-1989 world novel, but a sensitive report on the temper of our times. EugeneEoyang Bloomington,Indiana Arboreal: A Collection of New Woodland Writing. Ed. Adrian Cooper. Toller Fratrum, UK. Little Toller Books. 2016. 326 pages. Arboreal: A Collection of New Woodland Writing focuses on the relationship between people and trees, between societies and forests. Each selection is subtitled with the name of a particular forest or woodland. While Arboreal is set in Britain, it would be of great interest to anyone interested in history or the environment, and the collection has something to offer readers of several genres: the prose selections range from creative nonfiction to short story, and poetry and photography are also included. It is a handsome book that would be a welcome addition to the library of anyone with an interest in traditional woodcraft, arboriculture , ecology, or natural history. The poetry in this collection is superb and varied in style. Take, for example, Adam Thorpe’s “Nine Oaks: Curridge, Berkshire.” Thorpe captures the tree’s essence in the opening stanza: “Every tree is an interlude between applauses / of air, an upside-down splash or that lone cloud’s image. / The limbs go everywhere there is a taste of light.” For a demonstration of range, consider Richard Skelton’s series of concrete poems entitled “Thwaite,” from the Old Norse word for “clearing.” The prose offerings are equally strong. Ali Smith’s story “The Green Stuff: Wandlebury Wood, Cambridge” makes an old allegory fresh through her description of a “green child” and a landowner’s son. It is a haunting, incomplete narrative. The landowner’s son must confront his notions of ownership and memory when the inexplicable happens. Will Ashon’s historical piece, “The Gypsy Stone,” gives a rambling (in the best sense of the word) history of Epping Forest and the role this place had on the fortunes of the transient people who lived there before the twentieth century. Nota Bene WORLDLIT.ORG 89 Valentin Rasputin Ivan’s Daughter Trans. Margaret Winchell Three String Books Ivan’s Daughter is a collection of shorter pieces capturing the experience of postSoviet Russia from Valentin Rasputin’s pointedly ruralist viewpoint. Though often controversial in his political views, Rasputin’s perspectives on the rapid change of the Perestroika period and beyond are vital to outsiders who might seek to understand the mind-set that drives contemporary Russian social and foreign policy. Oy, Caramba! Ed. Ilan Stavans University of New Mexico Press This reissue and expansion of 1994’s Tropical Synagogues samples the crosspollination of Jewish identity with magical realism in fiction and serves as a...

Focus: Chilling Effects: The Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights

Since the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) made clear ‘that Article 10 applies also to the workplace’, the right to freedom of expression of employees is no longer disputed. Case law of the ECtHR shows that Article 10 applies both to employees of public authorities, and to employees in the private sector, as well as labour organisations and trade union officials in their relation to the employer or the management. The jurisprudence of the ECtHR shows that in many countries in Europe employers have indeed interfered with the right to freedom of expression of their employees, eventually organised or acting as trade unions’ officials. Such interference can take place in different forms, such as a refusal of promotion, disciplinary measures, non-renewal or termination of an employment contract or an immediate dismissal for serious misconduct. For a diversity of reasons employers have interfered with employees’ or trade unions’ freedom of expression, for instance because some expressions or publications were considered defamatory, insulting or dishonestly criticising the employer, the management or other employees. The crucial issue is where the limits and restrictions of the employee’s and trade unions’ right to freedom of expression lie, as the exercise of this freedom carries with it ‘duties and responsibilities’ (Article 10 § 2 ECHR). According to the standards of the ECHR, the decisive question concerns whether an interference by the employer with the employee’s or trade union’s right to freedom of expression is ‘necessary in a democratic society’. In other words: when is there ‘a pressing social need’ justifying such interference? When it concerns freedom of expression of employees this right will be enhanced even more when opinions are expressed or statements are made in the context of trade union activities. The ECtHR in some of its judgments however seems not to give pertinent or sufficient weight to this dimension of the right to freedom of expression as part of trade union activities.

Beyond Fukushima: Toward a Post-Nuclear Society by Koichi Hasegawa

Reviewed by: Beyond Fukushima: Toward a Post-Nuclear Society by Koichi Hasegawa Daniel P. Aldrich (bio) Beyond Fukushima: Toward a Post-Nuclear Society. By Koichi Hasegawa; translated by Minako Sato. Trans Pacific Press, Melbourne, 2015. xvi, 228 pages. $89.95. This important new book tackles a question that has vexed many observers since the March 11, 2011, earthquake and tsunami set off meltdowns at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plants in Japan. While in the early 2000s many observers had proclaimed the start of a global nuclear renaissance, the inability of the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) to prevent and then successfully contain a nuclear accident at Fukushima put that on hold. A number of governments around the world, including those in Germany, Belgium, Italy, and Switzerland, used Japan's nuclear accident, rated at the maximum level of the International Nuclear Event Scale, as a policy window to change their energy policies. Uranium prices have dropped precipitously as the market envisions less global demand for nuclear fuel; the countries building the most new nuclear plants are primarily authoritarian ones (for example, China and Russia). [End Page 475] Domestic critics of Japan's advanced commercial nuclear power program envisioned that Japan would follow suit. They believed that the Fukushima meltdowns along with massive antinuclear rallies (some of which had more than 150,000 participants), citizens' referenda on energy selection in several major cities, and widespread opposition to nuclear would provide sufficient weight to their arguments and shift Japan away from atomic energy. The forced evacuation of more than 140,000 residents from towns like Namie, Futaba, and Ōkuma near the Fukushima plants and the continued dislocation of thousands of evacuees in temporary shelters throughout the country even now remain front page news. TEPCO's mismanagement of the disaster site, its inability to stop the outflow of contaminated water, and its need for financial rescue from near bankruptcy due to compensation for evacuees have caused dismay. Yet the current Japanese government under Prime Minister Abe Shinzō continues to push for full nuclear restarts for its remaining 48 commercial reactors and for a closed fuel cycle complete with fuel reprocessing. In this book, Hasegawa, like other scholars, including Richard Samuels and Richard Hind-marsh and Rebecca Priestly,1 explores why Japan's energy policy has not changed course more drastically as a result of the catastrophe. Through a comparative policy analysis of Japan and other advanced, industrial democracies, Hasegawa reveals what may help move Japan beyond Fukushima. Hasegawa argues that institutions, and not ideas or interest groups, have been the primary movers behind Japan's policy choices about atomic energy. A framework of financial redistribution to depopulating host communities known in Japan as the Dengen Sanpō (Three Power Source Development Laws, Dengen sanpō kōfukin seido) has given incentives to rural towns to invite in nuclear facilities.2 Once the initial plant is completed and the town budget has been boosted by hundreds of millions of yen a year in new buildings, roads, elder care facilities, assistance for business relocation to the area, and other infrastructure, host communities often are forced to invite in additional plants. The amount of money received from the initial plant wanes over time, so local officials must ask for additional plants to keep up their budgets and avoid dropping spending levels. Critics have called this a "cycle of addiction" and a "culture of dependency,"3 and others [End Page 476] have pointed out that the actual economic impact of hosting is, at best, mixed.4 As a result, a number of towns host as many as seven nuclear power plants (such as the the city of Kashiwazaki-Kariwa in Niigata) while others, like Futaba, hosted six. Beyond the demand side for nuclear facility hosting, other institutional factors such as a well-insulated nuclear bureaucracy (p. 27), site selection in impoverished rural areas with weak civil society organizations (p. 34), and a national judicial system which rarely takes activist or antigovernment stances (p. 202) have helped Japanese authorities develop their nuclear program from the top down. Japan also lacks a Green Party which has made environmental issues a top priority and has been able to serve as a coalition...

Focus: Chilling Effects: The Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights

Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) guarantees the right to freedom of expression and information to everyone in all fortyseven member states of the Council of Europe. Article 10 was originally written with regard to the relationship between citizens and public authorities, as it sets out the right to freedom of expression ‘without interference by public authority’. Since the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) made clear ‘that Article 10 applies also to the workplace’, the right to freedom of expression of employees is no longer disputed1. Meanwhile the ECtHR has made it clear that Article 10 ECHR can also be applied in private legal relationships and it has repeatedly assessed interferences by private persons in the light of Article 10 § 2 ECHR2. Case law of the ECtHR shows that Article 10 applies both to employees of public authorities, and to employees in the private sector, as well as labour organisations and trade union officials in their relation to the employer or the management. The jurisprudence of the ECtHR shows that in many countries in Europe employers have indeed interfered with the right to freedom of expression of their employees, eventually organised or acting as trade unions’ officials. Such interference can take place in different forms, such as a refusal of promotion, disciplinary measures, non-renewal or termination of an employment contract or an immediate dismissal for serious misconduct. For a diversity of reasons employers have interfered with employees’ or trade unions’ freedom of expression, for instance because some expressions or publications were considered defamatory, insulting or dishonestly criticising the employer, the management or other employees. The crucial issue is where the limits and restrictions of the employee’s and trade unions’ right to freedom of expression lie, as the exercise of this freedom carries with it ‘duties and responsibilities’ (Article 10 § 2 ECHR). According to the standards of the ECHR, the decisive question concerns whether an interference by the employer with the employee’s or trade union’s right to freedom of expression is ‘necessary in a democratic society’. In other words: when is there ‘a pressing social need’ justifying such interference? The ECtHR has repeatedly referred to the connection between the (individual) freedom of expression and the collective exercise thereof through protests, pickets, demonstrations or associations. When it concerns freedom of expression of employees this right will be enhanced even more when opinions are expressed or statements are made in the context of trade union activities. The ECtHR in some of its judgments however seems not to give pertinent or sufficient weight to this dimension of the right to freedom of expression as part of trade union activities. Freedom of expression: a means of freedom of association In Nilsen and Johnson v. Norway (25 November 1999), the Court recognised the importance of the right of freedom of expression for members of a trade union, in connection with the rights guaranteed under Article 11 of the Convention (right of peaceful assembly and of association). The Court stated that ‘a particular feature of the present case is that the applicants were sanctioned in respect of statements they had made as representatives of police associations in response to certain reports publicising allegations of police misconduct’ and it took into account that ‘the statements in question have been made by elected representatives of professional associations in response to allegations calling into question the practices and integrity of the profession’. The ECtHR also emphasised ‘that the right to freedom of expression under Article 10 is one of the principal means of securing effective enjoyment of the right to freedom of assembly and association as enshrined in Article 11’. This approach was followed in Vellutini and Michel v. France (6 October 2011), which concerned trade unionists who had distributed leaflets with insulting and defamatory content, criticising the mayor of a municipality who had an ongoing dispute with a union member over disciplinary sanctions3. The mayor brought proceedings against the trade unionists before the criminal court, which found them guilty of ‘public defamation against a citizen holding public office’ and imposed fines, after ruling their evidence inadmissible. In addition, they were ordered to pay euro 2500 each in damages to the...

The Point of Mens Rea: The Case of Willful Ignorance

Under the “Willful Ignorance Principle,” a defendant is guilty of a crime requiring knowledge he lacks provided he is ignorant thanks to having earlier omitted inquiry. In this paper, I offer a novel justification of this principle through application of the theory that knowledge matters to culpability because of how the knowing action manifests the agent’s failure to grant sufficient weight to other people’s interests. I show that, under a simple formal model that supports this theory, omitting inquiry manifests precisely the same degree of disregard of others’ interests as manifested in knowingly acting criminally. Several surprising implications of this view are described, including that when the agent’s method of inquiry has a non-zero false positive rate, his omission of inquiry does not make the same contribution to his culpability as knowledge, while it does, by contrast, when the false negative rate is non-zero.

Effect of sulfonation degree on molecular weight, thermal stability, and proton conductivity of poly(arylene ether sulfone)s membrane

Direct copolymerization of sulfonated and non-sulfonated difluorodiphenyl sulfones as dihalide monomers with hydroquinone and also 4,4′-(4,4′-sulfonylbis-(1,4-phenylene)bis(oxy)) diphenol as diols led to preparation of two series of poly(arylene ether sulfone)s. Copolymers with different degrees of sulfonation (40, 50 and 60%) were synthesized in order to evaluate their potential for fuel cell application. 1H-NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectroscopy were used for characterization of prepared monomers and copolymers. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were applied for investigation and comparison of the thermal properties of copolymers. Laser light scattering (LLS) was employed to calculate zeta potential, conductivity, and molecular weight of copolymers. Copolymers were obtained in high and sufficient molecular weight that was basic need to reach reasonable physical and thermal properties for applications as fuel cell membrane. The effect of similar structural repeating units with different sizes on the final properties of sulfonated poly(ether sulfone)s was investigated to compare their potential in fuel cell membrane.

Population density, mobility, and cultural transmission

Prompted by the results of a series of recently published simulation models, there is an increasing tendency for archaeologists to invoke demographic variables as explanations for changes in the sophistication or complexity of material culture. Whilst these models are undoubtedly valuable, this paper draws attention to persistent failings in the interpretation and application of these models by archaeologists. Despite having quite different effects, variables such as population size and population density are often used interchangeably; and whilst increasing mobility has an effect broadly equivalent to that of increasing population density, it is rarely given sufficient weight in archaeological explanations of cultural change. The analyses reported here develop a series of new simulations based on the ideal gas model, allowing for an explicit prediction of the encounter rate – the variable for which population density and mobility are proxies, and which ultimately governs the rate of cultural transmission. This model supports the predictions of earlier studies on the effects of population density and mobility, but suggests that population size will have no effect on rates of cultural transmission. These simulations are coupled with analyses that demonstrate a reciprocal correlation between population density and mobility in a large hunter-gatherer dataset. Given this correlation, it is argued that archaeological inferences about cultural transmission based on just one of these variables are unlikely to be valid. These findings are discussed in the context of previous research, and it is suggested that future studies would gain greater explanatory power by focusing explicitly on the social network structures likely to have characterised a particular archaeological population.

Recruitment and Retention for a Weight Loss Maintenance Trial Involving Weight Loss Prior to Randomization.

ObjectiveA weight loss maintenance trial involving weight loss prior to randomization is challenging to implement due to the potential for dropout and insufficient weight loss. We examined rates and correlates of non‐initiation, dropout, and insufficient weight loss during a weight loss maintenance trial.MethodsThe MAINTAIN trial involved a 16‐week weight loss program followed by randomization among participants losing at least 4 kg. Psychosocial measures were administered during a screening visit. Weight was obtained at the first group session and 16 weeks later to determine eligibility for randomization.ResultsOf 573 patients who screened as eligible, 69 failed to initiate the weight loss program. In adjusted analyses, failure to initiate was associated with lower age, lack of a support person, and less encouragement for making dietary changes. Among participants who initiated, 200 dropped out, 82 lost insufficient weight, and 222 lost sufficient weight for randomization. Compared to losing sufficient weight, dropping out was associated with younger age and tobacco use, whereas losing insufficient weight was associated with non‐White race and controlled motivation for physical activity.ConclusionsStudies should be conducted to evaluate strategies to maximize recruitment and retention of subgroups that are less likely to initiate and be retained in weight loss maintenance trials.

Staged Repair of Complete Sternal Cleft and Interrupted Aortic Arch Associated With PHACES Syndrome in a Very Low Birth Weight Infant

Posterior fossa malformations, hemangiomas, arterial anomalies, cardiac defects, eye abnormalities, and sternal malformations' (PHACES) syndrome comprises various defects that require a concrete therapeutic plan. Herein, we report a case of a very low birth weight infant with PHACES syndrome presenting complete sternal cleft, interrupted aortic arch with ventricular septal defect, and absence of communicating cerebral arteries. Due to the infant's very low birth weight, we planned staged surgery for this complex disease. First, bilateral pulmonary artery banding was performed to improve unstable hemodynamics. Then, after sufficient body weight was obtained, aortic arch and intracardiac repair was done. However, when the tracheal tube was removed 2 weeks after surgery, the patient could not breathe well due to paradoxical chest movement related to complete sternal cleft. Consequently, to improve chest wall compliance, the upper sternum was constructed with dislocated ribs. After these treatments, the patient gained adequate weight and was in stable condition. Staged surgical treatment of sternal cleft and congenital heart defects is a potential therapeutic option for PHACES syndrome, particularly in very low birth weight infants with complex cardiovascular disease.

Teleseismic P wave tomography of South Island, New Zealand upper mantle: Evidence of subduction of Pacific lithosphere since 45 Ma

AbstractA P wave speed tomogram produced from teleseismic travel time measurements made on and offshore the South Island of New Zealand shows a nearly vertical zone with wave speeds that are 4.5% higher than the background average reaching to depths of approximately 450 km under the northwestern region of the island. This structure is consistent with oblique west‐southwest subduction of Pacific lithosphere since about 45 Ma, when subduction beneath the region began. The high‐speed zone reaches about 200–300 km below the depths of the deepest intermediate‐depth earthquakes (subcrustal to ~200 km) and therefore suggests that ~200–300 km of slab below them is required to produce sufficient weight to induce the intermediate‐depth seismicity. In the southwestern South Island, high P wave speeds indicate subduction of the Australian plate at the Puysegur Trench to approximately 200 km depth. A band with speeds ~2–3.5% lower than the background average is found along the east coast of the South Island to depths of ~150–200 km and underlies Miocene or younger volcanism; these low speeds are consistent with thinned lithosphere. A core of high speeds under the Southern Alps associated with a convergent margin and mountain building imaged in previous investigations is not well resolved in this study. This could suggest that such high speeds are limited in both width and depth and not resolvable by our data.

Effects of perceptual body image distortion and early weight gain on long-term outcome of adolescent anorexia nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa (AN), a severe mental disorder with an onset during adolescence, has been found to be difficult to treat. Identifying variables that predict long-term outcome may help to develop better treatment strategies. Since body image distortion and weight gain are central elements of diagnosis and treatment of AN, the current study investigated perceptual body image distortion, defined as the accuracy of evaluating one's own perceived body size in relation to the actual body size, as well as total and early weight gain during inpatient treatment as predictors for long-term outcome in a sample of 76 female adolescent AN patients. Long-term outcome was defined by physical, psychological and psychosocial adjustment using the Morgan-Russell outcome assessment schedule as well as by the mere physical outcome consisting of menses and/or BMI approximately 3years after treatment. Perceptual body image distortion and early weight gain predicted long-term outcome (explained variance 13.3%), but not the physical outcome alone. This study provides first evidence for an association of perceptual body image distortion with long-term outcome of adolescent anorexia nervosa and underlines the importance of sufficient early weight gain.

Making a difference in the Religious Education classroom: integrating theory and practice in teachers’ professional learning

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the research literature on continuing professional development and School Improvement demonstrate that teachers who have the opportunity to develop ‘knowledge of practice’ by integrating theory and practice have a positive impact on student attainment. It is argued in this article that we have sufficient weight of evidence to indicate that engaging in curriculum development as a participant in a community of inquiry is the optimal context for professional learning to develop knowledge of practice. However, establishing participation in communities of inquiry as integral to teachers’ professional learning remains a challenge and we need better ways of sharing and interrogating what we (think we) know. Examples of ‘experiments in practice’ to promote professional learning and make a difference in the Religious Education classroom, are used to indicate what has worked and what has not and what we might do next.