Sufficient Justification Research Articles

An overview of major depression disorder: The endocannabinoid system as a potential target for therapy.

Major depressive disorder is the psychiatric disease with the highest global prevalence, impacting social functioning and decreasing the quality of life. The partial pathophysiological knowledge of the disease, the economic burden and the low remission rates are sufficient justification to carry out an update on the subject in the search for new therapeutic approaches and targets. The endocannabinoid system has been linked to the development of depression, and its stimulation or antagonism is a promising approach in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Cannabidiol (CBD) and its properties have been widely studied recently; its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic and neuroprotective roles have even been reported in animal models and clinical trials, achieving its approved use for certain neurodegenerative pathologies. The use of CBD in depression biomodels and clinical trials has not been the exception, and here we contrast the current evidence of its administration and pharmacology against the pathological mechanisms of major depressive disorder.

Несколько замечаний к запискам Афанасия Никитина «Хожение за три моря» (XV в.)

The paper is devoted to several nonobvious places in the Afanasy Nikitin’s travel notes “Journey Beyond Three Seas” and proposes to revisit their discussion. The first part of the paper deals with toponyms. Thus, it is explained why Afanasy prefers the Arabic toponym Misyur to Egypt. In the next section attempts are made to interpret the doubtful toponym Myar/Myara, which is usually identified with Baku without sufficient justification, although among other toponyms it would be more appropriate to see in this name a distorted Myakka – Mecca. Then a new localization of the country of Shabat and the Shabait shelter of the Indian Sea on the map of the Indian peninsula is proposed, which connects geographical realities with the ethno-political context of the Bengal Sultanate. Further in the article, based on an analysis of the text, an assumption is made about which books might have been lost by Afanasy, on what the traveler’s lamentations about their absence are based, and why they could not have helped Afanasy to celebrate Christian holidays on time. It is proved that Afanasy can be considered as an “unbalanced bilingual,” since the text of the notes reflects the process of his loss of a sense of language. It is justified that the preserved version of the notes was created later, almost at the end of the journey.

Accuracy of the geometric shape of the hole in the longitudinal section during honing

The wide application of honing as a finishing treatment of internal cylindrical surfaces for cylinder-piston systems, used in some structures, is caused by high accuracy measured in tenths of a micrometer, and high productivity of the process. The most important indicator of reliable operation of cylinder-piston systems are high requirements for the geometric accuracy of holes. Due to the lack of sufficient theoretical justification for the selection of honing parameters ensuring the accuracy of the geometric shape of the hole in the longitudinal section, the authors proposed a model for the formation of errors in the geometric shape of the hole. The model is built on the kinematic characteristics of the process including the ratio of the honing stone dimensions, the length of the hole, the stroke of the honing head, the ratio of the speeds of translational and rotational movements, and the force action in the processing zone, which changed due to the presence of an overrun of the honing stone. To obtain analytical dependencies ensuring the minimisation of form deviations, the conditions for stock removal for the points of the machined surface were considered, the value of which was taken proportional to the path of movement, and the pressure value. For this purpose, graphs of the distribution functions of displacements and pressure changes were constructed depending on the coordinate of the point location on the generating line of the hole being machined. Using the obtained analytical dependencies, the potential occurrence of a shape error in the form of a saddle shape was found, the dominant factor influencing the value of which is the value of the honing stone overrun. At the same time, it was identified that the ratio of the speeds of translational and rotational movements has an insignificant effect on the violation of the form in the longitudinal section.

Academic Spin-offs through the Lens of Pragmatism and Mixed Methods

In conclusion, this paper explores the intricate dynamics of improper omission as an amplifying device within the Colombian legal context. A detailed analysis has demonstrated how improper omission allows the imputation and punishment of individuals who, without fulfilling the typical description of conduct, incur criminal liability when they abandon their role as guarantors in the absence of a nexus of avoidability. This occurs when they fail to prevent the typical results that, in the context of legal assets in their charge, the perpetrator can update their conduct, but refuses to do so without sufficient justification. It is crucial to differentiate between the general clause of equivalence of improper omission and the special clause of equivalence. While the former pertains to all legal assets, the latter is limited to specific legal assets mentioned in Article 25 of the Criminal Code. This distinction is vital to guarantee coherence and proportionality in the application of criminal law, thus preventing potential arbitrariness and violations of fundamental rights while enabling effective protection of positive duties of protection of legal rights with criminal protection. In particular, the issue of extending the position of guarantor to the protection of legal interests beyond those contemplated in the first paragraph of Article 25 of the Criminal Code has been addressed. By means of practical examples and analyses of case law, it has been demonstrated how improper omission can be constituted in a variety of contexts, including situations in which typical behaviors may arise as a result of the negligence or eventual inaction of an individual, whereby the individual in question removes himself from the protection of the legal assets in his control, which he has assumed voluntarily, so that an omission is constituted without sufficient justification. In conclusion, the clarification of the concepts presented here will contribute to the ongoing academic and legal discourse on improper omission in Colombia. It will provide a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of its application and implications within the country's legal framework. Through rigorous and thoughtful analysis, we encourage continued exploration and debate on this complex issue, with the aim of enhancing and strengthening the administration of justice in Colombia.

Should we use legitimate fallacies? A case study of whataboutism in the discourse on the Russian-Ukrainian war

Although the use of argumentative fallacies is generally prohibited in discourse, a significant part of fallacy studies consists in identifying the specific circumstances where the use of a fallacy is permissible. However, this literature often remains silent on whether a fallacy should be used even when deemed legitimate. This silence is problematic, as it suggests that the legitimacy is the sole criterion for deploying a fallacy. In this paper, I challenge this approach by demonstrating that even when a fallacy is legitimate, its use could still jeopardize the arguer’s goals. I base this argument on an analysis of a specific instance of the whataboutism fallacy used by Noam Chomsky in his commentary on the Russian invasion of Ukraine. I show that Chomsky’s references to the United States’ actions in Afghanistan and Iraq are better understood as broadening the context of the discussion rather than distracting or even justifying Russian actions. This is what makes Chomsky’s whataboutisms plausibly legitimate. But while these whataboutisms might be legitimate, I argue, drawing on a cost-benefit analysis of decision to argue framework, that Chomsky has compelling reasons to avoid using them. Real-life examples show that such arguments are prone to misunderstanding and misuse. I conclude that the risks associated with Chomsky’s whataboutism outweigh the potential benefits, suggesting that he should avoid their deployment. This case study reveals a broader lesson for the fallacy literature: it must explicitly address whether the legitimacy of a fallacy is sufficient justification for its use.

Labour Market Arrangements and Competition Law in Australia: Time for Change?

AbstractAs part of an ongoing review of Australia's Competition and Consumer Act (CCA) by Treasury, consideration is being given to removing the exemption from that law for conduct related to the labour market. This article considers whether there is sufficient justification to do so and, if so, how such conduct should be assessed under the CCA. No‐poach agreements are cartel conduct and other restrictive agreements may substantially lessen competition in labour markets. Nevertheless, in some circumstances there are legitimate reasons for some of these arrangements. Some suggestions are made as to how restrictive labour arrangements could be addressed by competition law.

Adult sickle cell disease and SARS-CoV-2: an increasingly common comorbidity for a rare disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a collection of genetic lesions that manifest in the diminished effectiveness of hemoglobin. We collected and reviewed the recent and extant literature on SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and SCD. We posit an answer to the question associated with any adaptive responses to COVID-19 in individuals with SCD. We collected papers from MEDLINE and all available published papers on COVID-19 and SCD. Unlike a formal meta-analysis, given the early phase of this review in the pandemic, we did not seek unpublished papers. We found an emerging literature where case studies dominated, and traditional large N epidemiological studies were absent. Patients with SCD share many comorbid illnesses with an increased risk of mortality associated with contracting COVID-19. There is sufficient empirical justification to accelerate research on the impact of a viral pathogen like COVID-19 on individuals with SCD. *************************************************************** List of all authors: Michaela Boggan,1,2,3 Christopher L. Edwards,1,2,3 Jordan Meek,1,2,3 Mary Wood,4 W. Jeff Bryson,5 John J. Sollers,1,2,3 Debra O. Parker,1,2,3 Camela S. Barker,2,5 Jessica Miller,2,6 Brianna Downey,2,5 Asha Lockett,2,5 Jazmin Rosales,1,2,3 Courtney Munroe, Jr.,2 Noa Wax,2,5 Sharena Scott,1,2,3 Bridget Pittman,1,2,3 Merell Turner,1,2,3 Hillary T. Dietahin,1,2,3 Eric Smith,1,2,3 Alexandria McDougald,1,2,3 Samantha Beavers,1,2,3 Lakaiya Meadows,1,2,3 Maya Walker,1,2,3 Andrea Richardson,1,2,3 John J. Sollers, IV,2,8 Grace D. Donahue,2,8 Goldie Byrd,7 Malik Muhammad,1,2 Alvin Kidd,9 Walter Charles,1,2 Jonathan Livingston,1,2,3 Shiv Sudhakar10 1North Carolina Central University; 2NCCU Psychoneuroendocrine and Rare Diseases Laboratory; 3NCCU Debra O. Parker Research Incubator; 4Duke University Medical Center; 5Fielding Graduate University; 6Bridges Point Sickle Cell Foundation; 7Wake Forest Medical Center; 8Thomas Moore University; 9Livingston College; 10California Northstate University, United States

The Constitutional Constraints on Altering Property Rights After Relationship Breakdown

Section 79(2) of the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) provides that the court shall not make an order altering property rights unless it is just and equitable to do so. This article argues that s 79(2) is required by the constitutional foundations upon which the power to alter property rights rests. The discretion of trial judges may be wide, but it is constrained by the parameters of constitutionality and by the purposes for which Parliament may authorise the alteration of property rights. Because existing legal and equitable titles are the starting point for consideration in family property proceedings, courts must always ask whether there is a sufficient justification for stripping a party of their legal or equitable rights. The fact of relationship breakdown is insufficient. While the broad discretion given to courts to alter property rights was originally seen as a means of providing justice for women who took on the role of homemaker and parent, the practice of the family courts of giving little weight to legal title has often worked a profound injustice to women. An understanding of the constitutional constraints on judicial discretion is also very important to give effect to the assumptions that underpinned the marital relationship.

Цифровая валюта, цифровые права и цифровой рубль: перспективы использования в российской юрисдикции

The work examines the emergence and development in Russian legal reality of such objects of civil rights as digital currency, digital rights and digital ruble. A common feature for all these categories is their digital form, as well as their existence and circulation in a certain information system that satisfies the criteria established by law. The differences between these objects lie in the degree of their legalization, the presence of restrictions as regards to their turnover, as well as in those areas in which they can be used by participants of civil legal relations. Thus, despite certain legislative prohibitions, digital currency is allowed for circulation in the Russian Federation, as well as in foreign trade relations. Digital rights are used in those areas and by those parties that are determined by the legislator. The digital ruble is intended to partially replace cash payments and become a new form of ruble, even more in demand today than the previous ones. Having analyzed the above, we can come to the conclusion that these objects of civil rights expand the opportunities of participants of civil law relations to exercise their rights and obligations in the digital environment, as well as the areas in which digitalization penetrates. It also seems that there is not sufficient scientific justification for mixing these categories, recognizing digital currency as a type of digital law, etc.

Legal Framework for ensuring observance of rights of undertakings during inspections of The Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine in the context of antimonopoly reform in Ukraine

The article is devoted to analysis and general description of legal framework for ensuring observance of rights of undertakings during inspections of the bodies of the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine (the “AMCU”), considering provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Improving Legislation on the Protection of Economic Competition and Activities of the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine” No. 3295-IX dated 9 August 2023 (the “Law No. 3295-IX”), which initiated the antimonopoly reform in Ukraine. The article analyses the main changes introduced by the Law No. 3295-IX in terms of conduct of inspections of undertakings and certain procedural actions (seizure, arrest of property, etc.) by the AMCU’s bodies, and provides a general assessment of these changes from perspective of ensuring observance of rights of undertakings during exercise of investigative powers by the AMCU’s bodies.
 Following analysis of the above law, it is concluded that it significantly altered the rules for conducting inspections of undertakings and related procedural actions by the AMCU’s bodies and, in general, changed them for the better in terms of ensuring observance of rights of undertakings. The most significant positive development is that after entry of the Law No. 3295-IX into force (1 January 2024) inspections, access to premises, other possessions, other places of information storage owned and/ or used by undertakings, and/or performance of certain procedural actions in the form of examination, sealing, seizure of property, and arrest of property by the AMCU’s bodies should be subject to prior authorisation by the commercial court. The AMCU’s bodies, in turn, are required to provide sufficient justification of the need for inspections and the above-mentioned procedural actions, so that the latter could be authorised by the court.
 The need to obtain prior authorisation from the commercial court to conduct inspections of undertakings and procedural actions such as seizing, imposing arrest on property, etc. in theory should prevent unjustified interference of the AMCU’s bodies in operational activities of undertakings and contribute to ensuring observance of their rights to a greater extent compared to situation when commercial courts would continue to carry out only ex post control over legality of inspections of the AMCU’s bodies and their procedural actions. Time will show whether the above idea will find its practical implementation and to what extent. As the AMCU’s bodies utilize the investigative toolkit provided to them by the Law No. 3295-IX, time will also reveal imperfections and problematic aspects of the new legal regulation of inspections and procedural actions by the AMCU’s bodies in part of ensuring observance of rights of undertakings.

Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling of small molecules: How Much Progress Have We Made?

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of small molecules have become mainstream in drug development and academic research. The use of PBPK models is continuously expanding with the majority of work now focusing on predictions of drug-drug interactions, drug-disease interactions, and changes in drug disposition across lifespan. Recently, publications that use PBPK modeling to predict drug disposition during pregnancy and in organ impairment have increased reflecting the advances in incorporating diverse physiological changes into the models. Due to the expanding computational power and diversity of modeling platforms available, the complexity of PBPK models has also increased. Academic efforts have provided clear advances in better capturing human physiology in PBPK models and incorporating more complex mathematical concepts into PBPK models. Examples of such advances include the segregated gut model with a series gut compartments allowing modeling of physiological blood flow distribution within an organ and zonation of metabolic enzymes, and series compartment liver models allowing simulations of hepatic clearance for high extraction drugs. Despite these advances in academic research, the progress in assessing model quality and defining model acceptance criteria based on the intended use of the models has not kept pace. This review suggests that awareness of the need for predefined criteria for model acceptance has increased but many manuscripts still lack description of scientific justification and/or rationale for chosen acceptance criteria. As artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches become more broadly accepted, these tools offer promise for development of comprehensive assessment for existing observed data and analysis of model performance. Significance Statement PBPK modeling has become a mainstream application in academic literature and is broadly used for predictions, analysis and evaluation of pharmacokinetic data. Many significant advances have been made in developing advanced PBPK models that better capture human physiology but oftentimes sufficient justification for the chosen model acceptance criterion and model structure is still missing. This review provides a summary of the current landscape of PBPK applications used and highlights the needs for advancing PBPK modeling science and training in academia.

African communitarian ethics: An externalist justification for altruism

AbstractThe most popular defense of altruism has come from ethicists, mostly Western ethicists, who argue that for an action to hold any justification as it pertains to altruistic commitments, such an altruistic action must stem from the agent's internal states such as beliefs, practical reasoning, desires, or deliberative attitudes. I refer to this as the internalist justification for altruism. On this internalist approach, the mere recognition of others—which I shall refer to as an externalist justification—albeit necessary for an agent who wants to perform an altruistic act, is insufficient in accounting for the agent's altruism. This paper offers an African model of communitarian ethics (ACE) under which the externalist justification for altruism is satisfied. I argue that at its core, ACE holds a normative conception of community and personhood that accounts for a sufficient externalist justification for altruism, which proponents of internal altruism have argued is insufficient.

Decision-Making for Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria.

Legislation banning gender-affirming medical care (GAMC) for minors is inconsistent with the Consensus Recommendations for Pediatric Decision-Making (Salter et al. 2023). Gender dysphoria is a medical condition, and GAMC promotes adolescents' health interests. The evidence for GAMC is comparable to the evidence for other types of pediatric medical care. Parents are permitted to consent for similar risks in the treatment of other conditions. Evaluation of the potential benefits, risks, and treatment alternatives is contingent on individual patients' clinical conditions and adolescents' and their parents' values and preferences. Such decisions are within the scope of parental discretion and should be made through shared decision-making with health-care providers. Parents' declining GAMC does not inherently create a significant risk of serious imminent harm required to justify state intervention. Usurping parental discretion for GAMC is unjust: it treats this medical care differently than other comparable types of medical care without sufficient justification.

ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ РОБОТИЗАЦИИ

The increase in labor costs, the shortage of qualified employees, the reduction in the cost of acquiring advanced technologies and the need to find technical solutions to increase competitiveness and strengthen the market position of companies leads to the fact that automation and robotization have become considered by entrepreneurs as business strategies. Opportunities to compete in international markets due only to cheap labor will soon disappear, so the dynamics of global demand for robots and other components of industrial automation in the next few years will remain in double digits. The unemployment rate and the aging of the population are already causing difficulties in finding workers. In some cases, the small scale of production, the wide variety of assortment and the simplicity of the products produced lead to the fact that automation of technological chains does not have sufficient economic justification. However, robotization should not be associated exclusively with mass monotonous production. It can be successfully used in the production of even single products, with a high degree of personalization and higher quality. Mental barriers are a significant obstacle to making a decision on the robotization of production. The article focuses on modern technological changes, as well as the identification of positive and negative consequences of the robotization of the economy.

Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Conversion Therapy: Or, Who Put The ‘GI’ in ‘SOGI’?

In the last few years, many countries have introduced (or are proposing to introduce) legislation on ‘conversion therapy’, prohibiting attempts to change or suppress sexual orientation and/or gender identity. This legislation covers ‘aversion therapy’, a form of torture that has already been criminalized in most progressive countries, and also ‘talk therapy’, involving things like counselling, psychoanalysis, and prayer. Focusing on this latter category of practices, I explain what is at stake in the fact that sexual orientation and gender identity have been paired for the purposes of this legislation. I use a particular law reform institute’s approach to this legislation as a case study, and review their literature review in mind to discovering whether they provided sufficient empirical justification for including gender identity in their conversion therapy legislation. I conclude that they did not, and suggest that the pairing of sexual orientation and gender identity may be purely political.

Verbalismus, Epistemizismus und die Debatte um personale Identität

It is a startling fact that, despite its long and rich history, the debate about per- sonal identity is far from settled. The present paper examines two deflationary explanations for this: a) the dispute is merely verbal (verbalism); b) there cannot be sufficient justification for preferring one theory of personal identity over the others (epistemicism). As this paper argues, there is evidence that either verba- lism or epistemicism provides a correct account of the personal identity debate.

CALCULATION OF AN ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM FOR THE MAIN DEPOSIT OF THE DANILOVSKOYE OIL AND GAS CONDENSATE FIELD

The article provides a calculation of an alternative development system for deposit 3 (Main deposit ) of the Danilovskoye oil and gas condensate field. At the time of the analysis, this deposit is in the pilot development stage, with six development variants proposed in the trial operation project, which assume a principled arrangement of wells along an areal homogeneous grid. At the same time, due to the need to maintain the energy of the formation (that is, certain values of thermodynamic conditions), three provide for a transition to pressure maintenance, with the resulting four-point scheme of effect on the deposit (intensity 1:2; one well for injection, two for production). In the alternative model under consideration, the development method also involves a subsequent transition to pressure maintenance, but with a more active, five-point waterflooding system (intensity 1:1, equal ratio of production and injection wells), if necessary, as will be shown in the work, easily convertible to a nine-point one. The latter is an objective advantage, since the formation has low permeability and high vertical and lateral heterogeneity, and during waterflooding, zones not affected by the impact may appear, and, consequently, zones with high residual oil saturation. When calculating the characteristics of the proposed alternative method, modeling using the Peaceman method is used. Peaceman’s method is based on determining the well-reservoir connectivity of each individually opened cell, used to calculate flow rates (taking into account different values of average water cut for wells). The method is classical and, although it includes a large number of limiting assumptions, it is applicable everywhere and can provide sufficient justification for the effectiveness of the chosen development variant. General recommendations for the development of the entire field are also given (taking into account the low viscosity and lightness of oil and the properties of reservoir rocks). Such as the use of acid fracturing technology, the use of surfactants, hydrochloric acid treatments (HAT) and a complexing phosphorus-containing reagent — AFC.

The dilemma and improvement of anti-suit injunctions in standard-essential patent litigation in China

Allocating jurisdiction and harmonizing anti-suit injunctions (ASIs) in concurrent litigation is a challenging task due to the complex and transnational nature of standard essential patent (SEP) licensing concerns. Notably, in the case of Huawei v. Conversant, the supreme people's court (SPC) of China demonstrated ingenuity by applying the act preservation system to issue the country's first ASI. This was done using a “five-factor framework” that considered the fairness and necessity of preservation measures, the parties’ interests, the public interest, and international comity. Chinese courts have subsequently utilized this framework in several cases to issue ASIs with more extensive and varied scopes. This shift indicates China's transition from a passive recipient to an active participant in ASI matters. Nevertheless, it is important to note that China lacks a legal foundation that explicitly permits the use of ASIs, necessitating further clarification regarding their circumstances of application.This article argues that directly applying the act preservation system to the ASI system lacks sufficient justification or may be constrained by the law, thereby granting judges greater discretion. By comparing Chinese ASI with traditional Western ASI, it becomes apparent that the impact of act preservation does not extend to international litigation and is more akin to an “injunction,” restricting the parties’ tort. Consequently, China should adopt a construction model of the act preservation system, incorporating the guiding principles of the ASI system, as well as the supporting appeal and retrial system, into its Civil Procedure Law. Additionally, providing judicial interpretation to elucidate the specific conditions for ASI application would be beneficial. These efforts have the potential to foster the development of a more predictable and stable international patent system. This, in turn, would benefit both patent owners and implementers, promote innovation, and facilitate global economic development.

Are menthol smokers different? An economic perspective

AbstractMore than 18.5 million current smokers in the United States usually smoke menthol cigarettes. The Food and Drug Administration recently proposed a tobacco product standard to prohibit menthol as a characterizing flavor in cigarettes. We explore whether there are internality‐based market failures that provide an applied welfare economics rationale to prohibit menthol. Our empirical approach provides descriptive evidence from the 2018 to 2019 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey on how menthol use is associated with smokers' market demand along multiple intensive and extensive margins. We also use measures of smoking‐related misinformation and internalities, and stated preference data, from a 2021 Cornell Online Survey. We acknowledge that the associations we document in observational data might reflect bias due to self‐selection into menthol use. We leave it to the reader whether there is convincing evidence that differential levels of internality‐based market failures are a sufficient justification for the proposed prohibition of menthol cigarettes.

Application of international standards and methods of determining the amount of property damage in civil claims in criminal proceedings regarding persons who have been suffered from armed aggression against Ukraine

In the article, the author examines the legislation, modern approaches and methods of valuations when determining the amount of property damage, analyzes the international experience of damage assessment and the possibility of applying relevant methods and international standards in criminal proceedings. Outlines the main regulatory and legal acts that implement the registration of damages caused by armed aggression, registers created in Ukraine, compensation funds, the purpose of which is to ensure that victims receive compensation both out of court, and that victims receive compensation through the mechanism of filing a lawsuit , in particular, a civil claim in criminal proceedings, as well as regulatory developments in the direction of international compensation mechanisms. The purpose of the article is the analysis of scientific sources, professional publications, in particular, methods and standards published by the Council of International Assessment Standards, which have long been used around the world. It is substantiated that in the case of proper application of such methods as TEGOVA, RICS, in combination with the methods accepted in modern conditions (for example, the Methodology for determining the damage and amount of damage caused to enterprises, institutions, organizations of all forms of ownership due to the destruction and damage of their property in connection in connection with the armed aggression of the Russian Federation, as well as the lost profit from the impossibility or obstacles to the conduct of economic activity) will ensure sufficient justification of judicial decisions made by national courts. Based on the results of the study, a conclusion was drawn about the need to comply with international standards of justice, in particular, regarding the collection of evidence and methods of calculating the amount of property damage caused to the victim, in order to unhindered execution of a court decision of national jurisdiction, including abroad or through international institutions.