Sudomotor Responses Research Articles

Effect of upright exercise on threshold for cutaneous vasodilation and sweating.

To find whether exercise or upright posture affected the internal temperature threshold for cutaneous vasodilation or the relationship between skin blood flow (SkBF) and sweat rate (SR), the relationship of esophageal temperature (Tes) to forearm SkBF and SR was measured in four settings: supine rest, upright rest, supine exercise, and upright exercise. All studies were performed at an elevated skin temperature (38-38.5 degrees C). Compared with values from supine rest, upright exercise was associated with an increase in the internal temperature threshold for vasodilation of 0.39 +/- 0.07 degrees C (P less than 0.01), whereas there was no significant alteration in the threshold for the onset of sweating. Neither the ultimate slope of the SkBF-Tes relationship nor that of the SR-Tes relationship was altered by upright exercise. The upright posture and exercise each contributed to the elevation in the threshold for cutaneous vasodilation, with the average shifts being 0.11 +/- 0.05 degrees C (P less than 0.05) and 0.28 +/- 0.08 degrees C (P less than 0.01), respectively. The net effect of this shift in threshold was to reduce the level of SkBF at any level of Tes during exercise and to increase the difference in threshold between vasomotor and sudomotor responses.

Effects of cholinomimetic drugs on sudomotor, metabolic, respiratory, vasomotor, and temperature response in palmar hyperhidrosis.

The effects of cholinomimetic drugs such as mecholyl (methacholine) and pilocarpine on autonomic functions (including sudomotor, metabolic, respiratory, vasomotor, and temperature responses) were assessed at room temperature (24 degrees C) in three groups of individuals, including normal, hyperhidrotic, and denervated subjects. The normal group had no palmar hyperhidrosis, with intact T2-3 ganglia, the hyperhidrotic group had palmar hyperhidrosis with intact T2-3 ganglia, and the denervated group had palmar hyperhidrosis treated with T2-3 ganglionectomy. Subcutaneous administration of mecholyl and pilocarpine each produced a fall in oral temperature in the normal group. The hypothermia was brought about by a decrease in metabolic rate, an increase in local sweating rate (mainly of the upper limb and trunk), and an increase in cutaneous circulation (estimated by an increase in the upper limb and trunk skin temperatures). The autonomic functions induced by these cholinomimetic drugs were antagonized by pretreatment with atropine sulfate (an antagonist of cholinergic receptors). Moreover, the hypothermia induced by mecholyl or pilocarpine was greatly reduced in the hyperhidrotic group. The reduction in the cholinomimetic-induced hypothermia in the hyperhidrotic group was due to the reduced sudomotor and metabolic responses after the injections of these cholinomimetic drugs, as compared to those of the normal group. However, neither the excessive sweating of the palms nor the reduced cholinergic responses in the hyperhidrotic group was observed after T2-3 ganglionectomy. The data indicate that the T2-3 ganglia play a role in the elaboration or modulation of the sudomotor and metabolic responses induced by activation of certain cholinergic receptors in humans.

Effects of stimulus site on the pattern of skin conductance responses evoked from spinal man.

The spatial organization of sudomotor responses mediated by the cervically transected human spinal cord was investigated by recording skin conductance responses from the volar surfaces of the hands and feet of 10 patients after pulse trains applied separately to the skin of each extremity. Each stimulus site tended to be associated with a distinctive pattern of skin conductance responses.

Thermoregulation of phenylketonuric children.

Extract: Children with untreated phenylketonuria exhibited abnormalities in their thermoregulatory defenses against heat and cold. At 37°, they sweated minimally, but displayed normal cutaneous vasodilatation. At 8°, they shivered and vasoconstricted normally, yet failed to maintain core temperature. 3-Methoxy, 4-hydroxy-D-mandelic acid (vanmandelic acid, VMA) excretion (at 26°) was more depressed than that of 5-hydroxy-3-indolylacetic acid (5-HIAA) in these subjects. The apparent imbalance between these amines could account, according to the monoamine hypothesis of temperature regulation, for their deficient sweating in 37°, thereby implicating norepinephrine as a possible central transmitter in the sudomotor response of man to heat. On the other hand, the inadequate heat conservation observed at 8° probably was caused by unfavorable physical characteristics, e.g., higher surface area to weight ratio, or smaller subcutaneous insulation.Speculation: The present findings suggest a possible involvement of norepinephrine and serotonin in the hypothalamic control of body temperature in man, in that the balance between these monoamines may regulate sudomotor, but not vasomotor, responses to heat.

Heat tolerance of exercising lean and heavy prepubertal girls.

ARTICLESHeat tolerance of exercising lean and heavy prepubertal girlsE. M. Haymes, E. R. Buskirk, J. L. Hodgson, H. M. Lundegren, and W. C. NicholasE. M. Haymes, E. R. Buskirk, J. L. Hodgson, H. M. Lundegren, and W. C. NicholasPublished Online:01 May 1974https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1974.36.5.566MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByBody mass index, but not sex, influences exertional heat stroke risk in young healthy men and womenGabrielle E. W. Giersch, Kathryn M. Taylor, Aaron R. Caldwell, and Nisha Charkoudian13 December 2022 | American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, Vol. 324, No. 1Human temperature regulation under heat stress in health, disease, and injuryMatthew N. Cramer, Daniel Gagnon, Orlando Laitano, and Craig G. Crandall19 August 2022 | Physiological Reviews, Vol. 102, No. 4Influence of sex and biological maturation on the sudomotor response to exercise-heat stress: are girls disadvantaged?Thomas H. Topham, James W. Smallcombe, Brad Clark, Harry A. Brown, Richard D. Telford, Ollie Jay, and Julien D. Périard11 July 2022 | American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, Vol. 323, No. 2Explained variance in the thermoregulatory responses to exercise: the independent roles of biophysical and fitness/fatness-related factorsMatthew N. Cramer and Ollie Jay1 November 2015 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 119, No. 9Dehydration and Thermal Strain in Junior Tennis22 April 2009 | American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, Vol. 3, No. 4Thermoregulation during exercise in the heat in children: old concepts revisitedThomas Rowland1 August 2008 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 105, No. 2Energy Expenditure and [Vdot]O 2 Max of Female Athletes during Treadmill Exercise17 March 2013 | Research Quarterly. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Vol. 47, No. 4 More from this issue > Volume 36Issue 5May 1974Pages 566-571 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1974 the American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1974.36.5.566PubMed4826320History Published online 1 May 1974 Published in print 1 May 1974 Metrics

Heat tolerance and acclimatization to work in the heat in relation to age.

Heat tolerance and acclimatization to work in the heat in relation to age.

Heat of evaporation of sweat: thermodynamic considerations.

Heat of evaporation of sweat: thermodynamic considerations.

Local effect of skin temperature on threshold concentration of sudorific agents.

Local effect of skin temperature on threshold concentration of sudorific agents.

Mechanism of enhancement of eccrine sweating by localized heating.

ArticleMechanism of enhancement of eccrine sweating by localized heating.B A MacIntyre, R W Bullard, M Banerjee, and R ElizondoB A MacIntyre, R W Bullard, M Banerjee, and R ElizondoPublished Online:01 Sep 1968https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1968.25.3.255MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByHuman temperature regulation under heat stress in health, disease, and injuryMatthew N. Cramer, Daniel Gagnon, Orlando Laitano, and Craig G. Crandall19 August 2022 | Physiological Reviews, Vol. 102, No. 4Independent Influence of Skin Temperature on Whole-Body Sweat RateMedicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 52, No. 11Sweating30 October 2018Sweating as a heat loss thermoeffectorHeat Loss from the Upper Extremities and Clothing Thermal Comfort27 October 2017 | Journal of Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology, Vol. 3, No. 2Sustained increases in skin blood flow are not a prerequisite to initiate sweating during passive heat exposureNicholas Ravanelli, Ollie Jay, and Daniel Gagnon14 August 2017 | American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, Vol. 313, No. 2Mild evaporative cooling applied to the torso provides thermoregulatory benefits during running in the heat6 May 2015 | Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, Vol. 25Comparison of peripheral sudomotor sensitivity to acetylcholine in endurance and non-endurance trained male subjects16 June 2014 | Muscle & Nerve, Vol. 50, No. 3Priming of the sweat glands explains reflex sweating in the heat11 January 2012 | International Journal of Hyperthermia, Vol. 28, No. 1Skin blood flow and local temperature independently modify sweat rate during passive heat stress in humansJonathan E. Wingo, David A. Low, David M. Keller, R. Matthew Brothers, Manabu Shibasaki, and Craig G. Crandall1 November 2010 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 109, No. 5Cutaneous blood flow and sweat rate responses to exogenous administration of acetylcholine and methacholineKenichi Kimura, David A. Low, David M. Keller, Scott L. Davis, and Craig G. Crandall1 May 2007 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 102, No. 5Neural control and mechanisms of eccrine sweating during heat stress and exerciseManabu Shibasaki, Thad E. Wilson, and Craig G. Crandall1 May 2006 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 100, No. 5Role of nitric oxide in methacholine-induced sweating and vasodilation in human skinKichang Lee, and Gary W. Mack1 April 2006 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 100, No. 4Effect of Skin Temperature on the Cholinergic Sensitivity of the Human Eccrine Sweat GlandThe Japanese Journal of Physiology, Vol. 53, No. 6Effect of local acetylcholinesterase inhibition on sweat rate in humansManabu Shibasaki, and Craig G. Crandall1 March 2001 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 90, No. 3Sympathetic Control of Sweating and Cutaneous Active VasodilatationHuman sudomotor responses to heating and cooling upper‐body skin surfaces: cutaneous thermal sensitivity4 January 2002 | Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 163, No. 3Influence of venous blood returning from the hand on forearm skin blood flow and sweating rate during exercise in humansJournal of Thermal Biology, Vol. 18, No. 4Significance of adrenergic transmission in thermal sweating in manJournal of Thermal Biology, Vol. 9, No. 1-2The effects of a psychological “stressor” and raised ambient temperature on the pharmacological responsiveness of human eccrine sweat glands: Implications for sweat gland hyper-responsiveness in anxiety statesEuropean Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Vol. 26, No. 2The Functions of the Atrichial (Human) Sweat GlandRESEARCH NEEDS IN 11 MAJOR AREAS IN DERMATOLOGY X. Pruritus, Pain, and Sweating DisordersJournal of Investigative Dermatology, Vol. 73, No. 5Eccrine Sweat GlandsLocal Determinants of Sweat Gland ActivityAdrenaline SweatingDer einflu� eines zentralen Reizes (thermische Anregung) auf die Schwei�aktivit�t nach lokaler Applikation von Pilocarpin und AdrenalinArchiv f�r Dermatologische Forschung, Vol. 245, No. 4Sweat Mechanisms in HeatLocal determinants of sweating and the assessment of the "set point"International Journal of Biometeorology, Vol. 15, No. 2-4Sweat function in babies with defects of central nervous systemArchives of Disease in Childhood, Vol. 46, No. 248Sodium and Chloride in Eccrine Sweat of Men and Women During Training with Acetyl-B-Methylcholine**From the Human Environmental Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801.Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Vol. 53, No. 2 More from this issue > Volume 25Issue 3September 1968Pages 255-60 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1968.25.3.255PubMed4299370History Published online 1 September 1968 Published in print 1 September 1968 Metrics

Development of microcirculation in full thickness autogenous skin grafts in mice.

Development of microcirculation in full thickness autogenous skin grafts in mice.

Cardiovascular and sweating responses to water ingestion during dehydration.

The experiments reported are concerned with cardiovascular and sudomotor events preceding, accompanying, and following ingestion of water by five dehydrating subjects 8.75 hr after entrance into a heat chamber (43.3 C DB, 29 C WB). Certain skin areas such as the cheek showed increases in evaporative heat loss before subjects came in contact with water. This reflex could be initiated by saline ingestion but the degree of skin and oral temperature changes appeared to depend on tonicity of fluid ingested. The gustatory reflex was not thought to be the initiating agent for sudomotor responses. Increases in cutaneous blood flow appeared to begin almost as promptly as sweating responses but took considerably longer to develop. Ingestion of saline, though initiating a sweating response, did not alter heart rate, blood pressure, or cutaneous blood flow. It is suggested that fluid ingestion, regardless of tonicity, triggers reflex sweating over the body surface. Intensity and duration of this sudomotor response, as well as initiation of cardiovascular changes, apparently depend on tonicity of ingested fluid. cutaneous blood flow; skin temperature; regional sweating Submitted on November 27, 1964

Vascular and sweating responses to regional heating of the body surface.

The significance of cutaneous and internal thermoreceptors in human temperature regulation was studied by exposing the subject simultaneously to environmental temperatures of 25 and 60 C. Cutaneous, rectal, and tympanic membrane temperatures were recorded along with sudomotor and vasomotor responses. Heat stress to the lower half of the body was accompanied by marked differential vasomotor responses and a pronounced caudal-to-rostral recruitment of sweating in spite of an unchanging or declining tympanic membrane temperature. Heating the upper half resulted in essentially the same vasomotor and sudomotor responses but with significant alteration in the time course and intensity of the sweat recruitment pattern. With sudden lowering of the ambient temperature, sweating on all areas disappeared while internal temperatures remained unchanged. It is clearly demonstrated that under the given experimental conditions both cutaneous and internal thermoreceptors play a significant role in human temperature regulation and that the hypothalamus is not the sole moderator of internal temperature control. Submitted on July 16, 1961

Axon reflex mechanism in sweat responses to nicotine, acetylcholine and sodium chloride.

ARTICLESAxon Reflex Mechanism in Sweat Responses to Nicotine, Acetylcholine and Sodium ChlorideMasao Wada, Tsutomu Arai, Toshikazu Takagaki, and Toshio NakagawaMasao Wada, Tsutomu Arai, Toshikazu Takagaki, and Toshio NakagawaPublished Online:01 Mar 1952https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1952.4.9.745MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited BySeparate and combined effects of KCa and KATP channel blockade with NOS inhibition on cutaneous vasodilation and sweating in older men during heat stressGregory W. McGarr, Naoto Fujii, Caroline M. Muia, Takeshi Nishiyasu, and Glen P. Kenny26 June 2019 | American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, Vol. 317, No. 1NGF-dependent neurons and neurobiology of emotions and feelings: Lessons from congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosisNeuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 87Forearm cutaneous vascular and sudomotor responses to whole body passive heat stress in young smokersNicole E. Moyen, Hannah M. Anderson, Jenna M. Burchfield, Matthew A. Tucker, Melina A. Gonzalez, Forrest B. Robinson, and Matthew S. Ganio1 July 2015 | American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, Vol. 309, No. 1Chemically and electrically induced sweating and flare reactionAutonomic Neuroscience, Vol. 114, No. 1-2Effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide on nicotine-induced sweating in manJournal of the Autonomic Nervous System, Vol. 30, No. 3Investigation of mechanisms of the flare and wheal reactions in human skin by band methodBrain Research, Vol. 449, No. 1-2Failure to produce axon reflex sweating in the volar skin of Japanese monkey (Macaca Fuscata) and crab-eating monkey (Macaca Irus)Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology, Vol. 79, No. 2Some Morphologic and Pharmacologic Observations on the Apocrine Glands in the Tail of the GoatJournal of Investigative Dermatology, Vol. 63, No. 1 More from this issue > Volume 4Issue 9March 1952Pages 745-752 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1952.4.9.745PubMed14917620History Published online 1 March 1952 Published in print 1 March 1952 Metrics